1
|
Mehari KR, Morgan S, Stevens LT, Coleman JN, Schuler K, Graves C, Lindsey DRB, Smith PN. Mixed methods evaluation of a jail diversion program: Impact on arrests and functioning. J Community Psychol 2024; 52:551-573. [PMID: 38491998 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
This mixed methods study had two aims: (1) to examine the effectiveness of a jail diversion program in reducing recidivism and promoting educational and employment outcomes; and (2) to qualitatively explore mechanisms through which the program was effective. Participants were 17 individuals arrested for drug offenses who participated in an intensive, law enforcement-based jail diversion program, and 17 individuals in a comparison group. Arrests were extracted from police records, and education and employment were extracted from program data. Four intervention participants completed qualitative interviews. Arrest rates in the intervention group decreased significantly postintervention, and arrest rates in the intervention group were numerically lower than those in the comparison group. Participants experienced significant increases in employment and driver's license status. Participants also identified mechanisms through which the program was effective. This jail diversion program shows promise in reducing recidivism and promoting adaptive functioning. Jail diversion programs that include mentorship, peer support, and removal of barriers to success may be particularly effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista R Mehari
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Savannah Morgan
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Jasmine N Coleman
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Schuler
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Dakota R B Lindsey
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Phillip N Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gilbert E, Viggiani ND, de Sousa Martins J, Palit T, Sears J, Knights D, Roulston A, Turner M, Selman LE. How do people in prison access palliative care? A scoping review of models of palliative care delivery for people in prison in high-income countries. Palliat Med 2024:2692163241242647. [PMID: 38623718 DOI: 10.1177/02692163241242647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An ageing prison population with complex health needs combined with punitive sentencing practices means palliative care for incarcerated individuals is increasingly important. However, there is limited evidence regarding the models of care delivery in high-income countries, and their associated challenges and benefits. AIM To develop a typology of models of palliative care provision for incarcerated individuals, synthesise evidence of their outcomes and describe facilitators of and challenges in delivering different models of palliative and end-of-life care in prisons. DESIGN Scoping review following Arksey and O'Malley, with narrative synthesis. The protocol was registered prospectively (reviewregistry1260). DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, the Social Sciences Citation Index and grey literature were searched on 15th March 2023. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used for quality appraisal. RESULTS A total of 16,865 records were screened; 22 peer-reviewed articles and 18 grey literature sources met the inclusion criteria. Three models were identified: Embedded Hospice, Outsourcing Care and Community Collaboration. The Embedded Hospice model shows potential benefits for patients and prisons. Outsourcing Care may miss opportunities for comprehensive care. Collaborative Care relies on proactive prison-community relationships that could be formalised for improvement. Psychosocial and bereavement needs of those dying in prison and their caregivers lack sufficient documentation. CONCLUSION Further research is needed to evaluate prison hospice costs and examine how prison hospices impact compassionate release usage. Beyond the USA, policies might formalise care pathways and recognise best practices. Further investigation to address psychosocial needs of people in prison with life-limiting illnesses and post-death bereavement support is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gilbert
- Palliative and End of Life Care Research Group, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol UK
| | - Nick De Viggiani
- School of Health and Social Wellbeing, Unversity of the West of England, UK
| | - Joana de Sousa Martins
- Palliative and End of Life Care Research Group, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol UK
| | - Tanuka Palit
- Academic Clinical Fellow Centre of Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Audrey Roulston
- Professor of Social Work in Palliative Care, School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Mary Turner
- Reader in Health Services Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Lucy E Selman
- Palliative and End of Life Care Research Group, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
We reviewed data obtained in October 2021-May 2023 from youth who reported a history of sexual activity upon admission to 1 of 12 juvenile justice facilities in Utah, USA, that offered screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Urinalysis revealed C. trachomatis positivity of 10.77%, N. gonorrhoeae positivity of 1.08%, and coinfection C. trachomatis N. gonorrhoeae) of 0.90%. Prevalence of infection was similar for youths in rural and urban facilities. A total of 12.01% of those identifying as male and 14.01% of those identifying as female tested positive for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, or coinfection. Of young adults who tested positive, 74.65% received their results while incarcerated, all of whom accepted treatment. Our research underscores the feasibility of providing prompt C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae screening and treatment in juvenile correctional facilities. The pervasiveness of infection emphasizes the urgent need for early identification and treatment for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in incarcerated youth nationwide.
Collapse
|
4
|
Chan J, Akiyama MJ, Julian E, Joseph R, McGahee W, Rosner Z, Yang P, MacDonald R. Treating Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Jails as an Offset to Declines in Treatment Activity in the Community, New York City, NY, 2014-2020. AJPM Focus 2024; 3:100185. [PMID: 38322001 PMCID: PMC10844960 DOI: 10.1016/j.focus.2024.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Introduction There are scant data on implementation of large-scale direct-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C virus in jails in the U.S. New York City Health + Hospitals/Correctional Health Services aimed to scale up hepatitis C virus treatment in the New York City jail system. This study describes the trends in annual hepatitis C virus treatment in New York City jails compared with those in Medicaid-funded treatment in the New York City community from 2014 to 2020. Methods In this observational study, we extracted annual counts of direct-acting antiviral prescriptions for hepatitis C virus for those (1) in the New York City community who were covered by Medicaid and (2) those detained in New York City jails for 2014-2020. Data sources were New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene annual reports and Correctional Health Services treatment records, respectively. We used linear regression analysis to test for significant trends in annual treatment in these 2 cohorts during 2015-2019. Results From 2015 to 2019, treatments started in New York City jails increased annually (p=0.001), whereas Medicaid-funded prescriptions in the New York City community declined since a peak in 2015 (p<0.001). In 2019, New York City jail-based treatment initiations totaled the equivalent of 10% of treatment covered by Medicaid in New York City, up from 0.3% in 2015. Conclusions Scale up of jail-based hepatitis C virus treatment is an important strategy to offset declines observed in the community. Addressing barriers to care in jail, such as improving testing, linkage to care, and affordability of direct-acting antivirals for jail-based health services, can help sustain high levels of treatment in U.S. jails and other carceral facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Chan
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Matthew J. Akiyama
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Correctional Health Services, NYC Health + Hospitals, New York, New York
- Montefiore Einstein Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Emily Julian
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Correctional Health Services, NYC Health + Hospitals, New York, New York
| | - Rodrigue Joseph
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Correctional Health Services, NYC Health + Hospitals, New York, New York
| | - Wendy McGahee
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Correctional Health Services, NYC Health + Hospitals, New York, New York
| | - Zachary Rosner
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Correctional Health Services, NYC Health + Hospitals, New York, New York
| | - Patricia Yang
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Correctional Health Services, NYC Health + Hospitals, New York, New York
| | - Ross MacDonald
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Woodhull, NYC Health + Hospitals, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Porter LJ, Rapheal E, Huebsch R, Bastian T, Robinson TJ, Chakoian H, Martin KG, Zipprich J. Development and Evaluation of Surveillance System for Identifying Jail-Associated COVID-19 Cases in Minnesota, USA, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:S28-S35. [PMID: 38561640 PMCID: PMC10986828 DOI: 10.3201/eid3013.230719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Confinement facilities are high-risk settings for the spread of infectious disease, necessitating timely surveillance to inform public health action. To identify jail-associated COVID-19 cases from electronic laboratory reports maintained in the Minnesota Electronic Disease Surveillance System (MEDSS), Minnesota, USA, the Minnesota Department of Health developed a surveillance system that used keyword and address matching (KAM). The KAM system used a SAS program (SAS Institute Inc., https://www.sas.com) and an automated program within MEDSS to identify confinement keywords and addresses. To evaluate KAM, we matched jail booking data from the Minnesota Statewide Supervision System by full name and birthdate to the MEDSS records of adults with COVID-19 for 2022. The KAM system identified 2,212 cases in persons detained in jail; sensitivity was 92.40% and specificity was 99.95%. The success of KAM demonstrates its potential to be applied to other diseases and congregate-living settings for real-time surveillance without added reporting burden.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chakraborty R, Yang R, Felix T, Coldren J, Decker SH. Using Agent-Based Modeling to Examine Risk for COVID-19 Infection in Custodial Settings. J Correct Health Care 2024; 30:33-39. [PMID: 38232488 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.23.05.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Research on pandemics in institutional settings often assumes that all human interactions within a jail pose similar viral transmission risks. We developed an agent-based model (ABM) called Simulation Applications for Forecasting Effective Responses in Corrections (SAFER-C™) to simulate nine scenarios of possible interactions and virus transmission among incarcerated individuals and jail staff and tested this assumption. We found that resumption of high-contact activities has a greater impact on the number of infections, while out-of-cell group sizes and initial vaccination rates had lower impact. This work emphasizes the importance of understanding and modeling human interactions in confinement facilities, as well as understanding, responding to, and limiting the mechanism of viral transmission in jails. Insights from ABMs provide correctional administrators with realistic options for managing responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebekah Yang
- Institute for Public Research, CNA Corporation, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Tammy Felix
- Institute for Public Research, CNA Corporation, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - James Coldren
- Institute for Public Research, CNA Corporation, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Scott H Decker
- Institute for Public Research, CNA Corporation, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Narita Z, Oh H, Koyanagi A, Wilcox HC, DeVylder J. Association of a History of Incarceration and Solitary Confinement with Suicide-Related Outcomes in a General Population Sample from Two U.S. Cities. Arch Suicide Res 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37937913 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2023.2279523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether a history of incarceration was associated with increased odds of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, and to determine if this association was further strengthened when combined with a history of solitary confinement. METHODS We collected cross-sectional data from a general population sample in New York City and Baltimore in March 2017. Participants were categorized based on their history of incarceration and solitary confinement: (1) no incarceration, (2) incarceration-only, and (3) incarceration plus solitary confinement. We compared these three groups, utilizing hierarchical adjustments for sociodemographic factors and adverse childhood experiences. Missing data were accounted for utilizing multiple imputation via chained equation. RESULTS A total of 1221 individuals were analyzed. Those who experienced both incarceration and solitary confinement consistently had higher odds of suicidal ideation (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.43 to 5.48) and suicide attempts (OR, 6.98; 95% CI, 2.77 to 17.61) than never incarcerated individuals. Those who experienced incarceration without solitary confinement had higher odds of suicide attempts (OR, 3.77; 95% CI, 1.35 to 10.56) than never incarcerated individuals, whereas this association was not evident for suicidal ideation. Solitary confinement increased the odds of suicidal ideation even compared to incarceration without solitary confinement (OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.09 to 6.74). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the need to address the higher likelihood of suicide-related outcomes among those in contact with the criminal justice system, and to consider alternatives to solitary confinement.
Collapse
|
8
|
James JE. The Problem Is Not (Merely) Mass Incarceration: Incarceration as a Bioethical Crisis and Abolition as a Moral Obligation. Hastings Cent Rep 2023; 53:35-37. [PMID: 38131492 DOI: 10.1002/hast.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mass incarceration is an ethical crisis. Yet it is not only the magnitude of the system that is troubling. Mass incarceration has been created and sustained by racism, classism, and ableism, and the problems of the criminal legal system will not be solved without meaningfully intervening upon these forms of oppression. Beyond that, incarceration itself-whether of one person or 2 million-represents a moral failing. To punish and control, rather than invest in community and healing, is antithetical to the values of the field of bioethics. This commentary, which responds to the article "Fifty Years of U.S. Mass Incarceration and What It Means for Bioethics," by Sean Valles, considers abolition as a crucial form of justice that must be centered in the work of bioethics. Abolition is both an antiracist intervention and a means of considering the ways health care broadly and bioethics specifically have allowed for the perpetuation of carcerality in the United States.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jenness SM, Wallrafen-Sam K, Schneider I, Kennedy S, Akiyama MJ, Spaulding AC. Dynamic Contact Networks of Residents of an Urban Jail in the Era of SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv 2023:2023.09.29.23296359. [PMID: 37873313 PMCID: PMC10593002 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.23296359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Background In custodial settings such as jails and prisons, infectious disease transmission is heightened by factors such as overcrowding and limited healthcare access. Specific features of social contact networks within these settings have not been sufficiently characterized, especially in the context of a large-scale respiratory infectious disease outbreak. The study aims to quantify contact network dynamics within the Fulton County Jail in Atlanta, Georgia, to improve our understanding respiratory disease spread to informs public health interventions. Methods As part of the Surveillance by Wastewater and Nasal Self-collection of Specimens (SWANSS) study, jail roster data were utilized to construct social contact networks. Rosters included resident details, cell locations, and demographic information. This analysis involved 6,702 residents over 140,901 person days. Network statistics, including degree, mixing, and turnover rates, were assessed across age groups, race/ethnicities, and jail floors. We compared outcomes for two distinct periods (January 2022 and April 2022) to understand potential responses in network structures during and after the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant peak. Results We found high cross-sectional network degree at both cell and block levels, indicative of substantial daily contacts. While mean degree increased with age, older residents exhibited lower degree during the Omicron peak, suggesting potential quarantine measures. Block-level networks demonstrated higher mean degrees than cell-level networks. Cumulative degree distributions for both levels increased from January to April, indicating heightened contacts after the outbreak. Assortative age mixing was strong, especially for residents aged 20-29. Dynamic network statistics illustrated increased degrees over time, emphasizing the potential for disease spread, albeit with a lower growth rate during the Omicron peak. Conclusions The contact networks within the Fulton County Jail presented ideal conditions for infectious disease transmission. Despite some reduction in network characteristics during the Omicron peak, the potential for disease spread remained high. Age-specific mixing patterns suggested unintentional age segregation, potentially limiting disease spread to older residents. The study underscores the need for ongoing monitoring of contact networks in carceral settings and provides valuable insights for epidemic modeling and intervention strategies, including quarantine, depopulation, and vaccination. This network analysis offers a foundation for understanding disease dynamics in carceral environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Jenness
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Karina Wallrafen-Sam
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Isaac Schneider
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shanika Kennedy
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew J. Akiyama
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Anne C. Spaulding
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
So M, Fields D, Ajoku N, Wyatt C. Training on Corrections and Health Within U.S. Academic Health Professions Education: A Scoping Review. J Correct Health Care 2023; 29:370-383. [PMID: 37676994 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.22.06.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the scale, inequity, and consequences of mass incarceration, health care provider knowledge and awareness on correctional health remain limited. Understanding the educational experiences of health professions learners and the studies used to evaluate them can provide useful information about current gaps to guide future curricular improvement. To address this need, we conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed studies examining United States-based academic health professions educational programs on correctional health. Studies were coded based on study characteristics, learner outcomes, and degree to which they contained elements described in relevant position statements by two professional medical associations. Overall, 27 articles (1975-2021) were included. Learner outcomes were primarily documented at the "reactions" (93%) and "learning" (52%) levels of the Kirkpatrick model (1979), relative to "behaviors" (11%) and "long-term outcomes" (0%). Comparison of curricula to select position statements revealed multiple content gaps in the realms of prevalent conditions requiring expertise (e.g., violence and self-harm); ethical and medical-legal considerations (e.g., privatization of correctional health care); and correctional health care systems, structures, and administration. Taken together, findings highlight gaps in, and opportunities for, correctional health educational programs. Addressing health care workforce training needs is a necessary yet insufficient step to achieving health equity for populations affected by incarceration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin So
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- LifeLong Medical Care William Jenkins Health Center, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Donte Fields
- Bemidji State University, Bemidji, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nneka Ajoku
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher Wyatt
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
El-Sabawi T, Weizman SR, Brown SM, LaBelle RM. Dying Inside: Litigation Patterns for Deaths in Jail Custody. J Correct Health Care 2023; 29:275-281. [PMID: 37267214 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.22.04.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Millions of dollars are spent annually in private litigation against jails. This article analyzes a novel dataset developed from dockets and reports of cases filed against jails by the estates of individuals who died in jail custody. The total amount of plaintiffs' awards represented in the sample was over $292,234,224. Cases attributing the cause of death to officer use of force had the highest average award ($2,243,079). Our findings suggest that suicide is still the most common cause of death for people in jail custody. Yet complications from a physical illness were not far behind, and nearly 20% of all cases in the sample were drug or alcohol related. In the first 24 hours of custody, people in jail were most at risk of drug-related deaths and suicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taleed El-Sabawi
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown Law Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Elon University School of Law, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelly R Weizman
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown Law Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Somer M Brown
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown Law Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Regina M LaBelle
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown Law Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bakely L, Correa-Salazar C, Rangel Gómez MG, González-Fagoaga JE, González AAA, Parrado EA, Riosmena F, Martinez-Donate AP. Exploring the Association Between Detention Conditions, Detention-Related Abuse, and Mental Health Among Deported Mexican Migrants. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2023; 34:1021-1036. [PMID: 38009112 PMCID: PMC10671122 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2023.a903060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Migration, detention, and deportation are often rife with violence. This study sought to examine associations between pre-migration experiences, detention conditions, and mental health among Mexicans deported from the U.S. to Mexico between 2020 and 2021. Data from the Migrante Project (N=306, weighted N=14,841) were analyzed using descriptive statistics and unadjusted and adjusted multivariate regression models. The prevalence of a lifetime mental health diagnosis was 18.5%. Exposure to adverse conditions in detention (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=17.56, p<.001) and having been detained in both immigration and non-immigration facilities (AOR=9.70, p=.042) were significantly associated with increased odds of experiencing abuse during migrants' most recent detention. Experiencing abuse during migrants' most recent detention was, in turn, associated with increased odds of a lifetime mental health diagnosis (AOR=4.72, p<.005). Targeted, trauma-informed mental health services are needed for deported Mexican migrants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Bakely
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University
| | | | - María Gudelia Rangel Gómez
- Executive Secretary, Mexico Section of the United States-Mexico Border Health Commission, Research Professor, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte
| | | | | | - Emilio A Parrado
- Dorothy Swaine Thomas Professor of Sociology, Director, Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Fernando Riosmena
- Professor, Demography and Sociology, Director, Institute for Health Disparities Research
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Easter MM, Schramm-Sapyta NL, Tackett MA, Larsen IG, Tang B, Ralph MA, Huynh LN. Reliance on Community Emergency Departments by People Ever Detained in Jail: Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. J Correct Health Care 2023; 29:282-292. [PMID: 37335965 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.22.02.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Millions are confined in U.S. jails each year, often with unmet health and social needs. After release, many will visit the emergency department (ED). To illuminate their patterns of ED use, this study linked records from all individuals detained at a Southern urban jail over a 5-year period with health records from a large health care system with three EDs. Over half used the ED at least once, and of those who received care at the health system, 83% visited the ED. Jail-involved people made up 4.1% of the health care system's ED users but 21.3% of its chronic frequent ED users. Frequent ED use was associated with more frequent jail bookings and with co-occurring serious mental illness and substance use disorder. Health systems and jails have a common interest in addressing the needs of this population. Individuals with co-occurring disorders should be prioritized for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Easter
- Duke University School of Medicine and Wilson Center for Science and Justice at Duke University School of Law, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Becky Tang
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nelson V, Victor G, Comartin E, Zaller N, Kubiak S. Assessing Rural-Urban Differences in Screening for Mental Health Needs Among Individuals in County Jails. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2023:306624X231176015. [PMID: 37269128 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x231176015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Rural jails are increasingly contributing to the overall jail population and little is known about how they differ from non-rural jails. This study compares demographic, behavioral health and criminal/legal histories of 3,797 individuals who booked into three rural jails and seven non-rural jails. In addition, the study assessed how jails identify mental illness, which was compared to an objective screening instrument (Kessler-6). Individuals in rural jails were more likely to be white, female, have a history of mental health services, misuse substances, and to recidivate. After controlling for these differences, they had 1.5 times greater odds of having a mental illness but lower odds of being identified by the jails. Individuals in rural jails have more behavioral health needs and other criminogenic risk factor and their needs are less likely to be identified by jail staff, which may result in poor connection to diversion or treatment opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nick Zaller
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wilma, Hamid AYS, Handiyani H, Darmawan ES. Nursing services as perceived by inmates in correctional facilities in Jakarta, Indonesia: A qualitative study. Belitung Nurs J 2023; 9:184-191. [PMID: 37469579 PMCID: PMC10353623 DOI: 10.33546/bnj.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nursing services play a crucial role in addressing the healthcare needs of inmates in correctional facilities while upholding their human rights. However, delivering nursing services in this context is challenging. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of research on this topic in Indonesia. Objective This study aimed to explore the experiences of inmates in receiving nursing services in order to provide insights into professional nursing services in the correctional context in Indonesia. Methods A qualitative phenomenological approach was used in this study. Twenty inmates were selected purposively from four prisons, three jails, and one child penitentiary in Jakarta, Indonesia. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted from August to October 2021, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results Five themes were generated: (1) conditions requiring nursing services, (2) types of nursing services received, (3) nurse competence, (4) barriers to receiving nursing services, and (5) expectations for nursing services in the future. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of nursing services in correctional facilities and the unique challenges that correctional nurses face in providing services professionally and ethically. Strategies to enhance nursing services, advance nurse competence, and reduce barriers to accessing care are needed to improve inmates' health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilma
- Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Megarezky, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | - Hanny Handiyani
- Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ede Surya Darmawan
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jones MD, Jones K, Almirol E, Payne G, Graves B, Schneider JA, Rijos D, Zawitz C, Zimmerman R, Seal DW, Brewer R, DrPH RB. Examining the Awareness, Acceptability, and Adoption of Conventional and non-conventional Forms of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Prevention Among jail-involved Black Sexual Minority men (BSMM) and Black Transgender Women (BTW) in Two Diverse US Cities. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:1304-1313. [PMID: 36264406 PMCID: PMC10038813 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Black sexual minority men (BSMM) and Black transgender women (BTW) are disproportionately impacted by HIV and incarceration in the United States. In-depth interviews (N=34) and ongoing thematic analysis guided by the Exploration Phase of the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment framework were conducted to uncover key themes focused on the awareness, acceptability, and early adoption of conventional (i.e., daily oral pill) and non-conventional forms of PrEP (i.e., long-acting injectable, e-prescription for pick up post release) among jail-involved BSMM and BTW in Chicago, Illinois and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The majority of participants were cisgender BSMM (88%) and were enrolled in Chicago (65%). There was greater awareness, availability, and adoption of conventional PrEP and non-conventional PrEP e-prescription for pick up post release among Chicago participants compared with Baton Rouge participants. Participants were largely receptive to all three forms of PrEP and stated a high need for HIV prevention in jails and immediately following release. PrEP stigma emerged as a major barrier to conventional daily PrEP adoption while incarcerated; potential misuse (e.g., pill selling) as a potential barrier to PrEP eprescription; and needle aversion and added clinic time as potential barriers to longacting injectable (LAI)-PrEP. Participants indicated that PrEP e-prescription could help support continuity of care post release and highlighted reduced stigma, convenience, and longer-term HIV protection as benefits for LAI-PrEP. Study findings provided context-specific information to inform the implementation of future PrEP interventions for jail-involved BSMM and BTW in two highly HIV-impacted jurisdictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keyira Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ellen Almirol
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gjvar Payne
- Capitol Area Reentry Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Bobby Graves
- Capitol Area Reentry Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rick Zimmerman
- College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David W Seal
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Russell Brewer
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bunting AM, Nowotny K, Farabee D, McNeely J, Beckwith CG. Characteristics of Substance Use Screening at Intake in a Sample of U.S. Jails. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2023; 34:180-191. [PMID: 37464488 PMCID: PMC10938471 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2023.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite high rates of substance use among justice-involved populations, the use of substance screening tools in justice settings varies. METHODS Data are from the National Jail Health Care Study, which surveyed jails across the U.S. about their health care practices (n=371). Jails were asked to voluntarily submit their medical intake forms. A content analysis of intake forms (n=63) specific to questions about substance use was completed. RESULTS Seventy-three percent (73%) of intake forms used non-standardized questions to assess current substance use, and 27% did not ask any questions about substance use. Alcohol use was most assessed (52%), followed by tobacco (30%), and marijuana (22%). Less than 11% of jails asked about use of opioids and 40% of forms asked about withdrawal history. CONCLUSIONS The lack of adequate substance use screening in jails hinders identification of substance use disorders, potential for withdrawal symptoms, and appropriate connection to treatment resources.
Collapse
|
18
|
Silverman KD, Solimo A, Glowa-Kollisch S, Kim S, Bell CJ, Katyal M. Assessing the Association of Solitary Confinement Ban With Adolescent Self-Harm in New York City Jails. J Correct Health Care 2022; 28:396-404. [PMID: 36383107 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.21.07.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate the association of a solitary confinement ban with self-harm among adolescents in New York City's jail system. Data were extracted from medical records on 5,038 adolescent incarcerations from October 1, 2013, through July 12, 2016, and compared incarcerations before the ban (February 20, 2015) with those after the ban. Of the 2,503 adolescent incarcerations pre-ban, there were 171 self-harm gestures among 106 incarcerations (4.2% of incarcerations). Post-ban, there were 2,100 adolescent incarcerations and 105 self-harm gestures among 71 incarcerations (3.4% of incarcerations; p < .01). The post-ban group experienced significantly lower self-harm risk compared with the pre-ban (Crude incident rate ratio, 1.35 vs. 1.81; p < .05). In adjusted analysis, the hazard of self-harm associated with solitary confinement exposure was 1.51 times that of incarcerations with no solitary exposure (p < .05) . This signifies negative health outcomes of adolescent solitary confinement and the need for policy change consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Silverman
- Mental Health Service, Correctional Health Services, New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angela Solimo
- Mental Health Service, Correctional Health Services, New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Glowa-Kollisch
- Department of Monitoring and Evaluation, Correctional Health Services, New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Semmie Kim
- Department of Monitoring and Evaluation, Correctional Health Services, New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Connor J Bell
- Mental Health Service, Correctional Health Services, New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Monica Katyal
- Department of Monitoring and Evaluation, Correctional Health Services, New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wong JSH, Masson S, Huang A, Romm D, Fong M, Porter T, Sharifi N, Azar P, Mathew N. Cost Analysis of Buprenorphine Extended-Release Injection Versus Sublingual Buprenorphine/Naloxone Tablets in a Correctional Setting. J Correct Health Care 2022; 28:368-371. [PMID: 36342953 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.21.07.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Incarcerated clients experience high rates of opioid use disorder and overdose. It is critical that opioid agonist treatment (OAT) is provided in correctional facilities. However, few receive OAT due to concerns about diversion, misuse, and safety. Buprenorphine extended-release (BUP-XR), a monthly buprenorphine depot injection, could be especially advantageous in the correctional setting as it can prevent diversion and misuse, saving staff resources and time. An injection of BUP-XR is costly compared with a monthly supply of buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP/NX) tablets. We demonstrate that when factoring in the added costs of medication preparation, administration, monitoring, and personnel, it is more economical to provide BUP-XR than BUP/NX. Other facilities, by utilizing our cost breakdown, can determine whether BUP-XR is economically advantageous at their own facility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James S H Wong
- Correctional Health Services, BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Provincial Health Services Authority, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Masson
- Correctional Health Services, BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Provincial Health Services Authority, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alan Huang
- Correctional Health Services, BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Provincial Health Services Authority, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deanna Romm
- Correctional Health Services, BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Provincial Health Services Authority, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maylene Fong
- Correctional Health Services, BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Provincial Health Services Authority, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tony Porter
- Adult Custody Divisions, BC Corrections, Government of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nader Sharifi
- Correctional Health Services, BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Provincial Health Services Authority, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pouya Azar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nickie Mathew
- Correctional Health Services, BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Provincial Health Services Authority, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
CARDA‐AUTEN JESSICA, DIROSA ELENAA, GRODENSKY CATHERINE, NOWOTNY KATHRYNM, BRINKLEY‐RUBINSTEIN LAUREN, TRAVERS DEBBIE, BROWN MERSEDES, BRADLEY‐BULL STEVE, BLUE COLLEEN, ROSEN DAVIDL. Jail Health Care in the Southeastern United States From Entry to Release. Milbank Q 2022; 100:722-760. [PMID: 35503872 PMCID: PMC9576246 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Policy Points As a consequence of mass incarceration and related social inequities in the United States, jails annually incarcerate millions of people who have profound and expensive health care needs. Resources allocated for jail health care are scarce, likely resulting in treatment delays, limited access to care, lower-quality care, unnecessary use of emergency medical services (EMS) and emergency departments (EDs), and limited services to support continuity of care upon release. Potential policy solutions include alternative models for jail health care oversight and financing, and providing alternatives to incarceration, particularly for those with mental illness and substance use disorders. CONTEXT Millions of people are incarcerated in US jails annually. These individuals commonly have ongoing medical needs, and most are released back to their communities within days or weeks. Jails are required to provide health care but have substantial discretion in how they provide care, and a thorough overview of jail health care is lacking. In response, we sought to generate a comprehensive description of jails' health care structures, resources, and delivery across the entire incarceration experience from jail entry to release. METHODS We conducted in-depth interviews with jail personnel in five southeastern states from August 2018 to February 2019. We purposefully targeted recruitment from 34 jails reflecting a diversity of sizes, rurality, and locations, and we interviewed personnel most knowledgeable about health care delivery within each facility. We coded transcripts for salient themes and summarized content by and across participants. Domains included staffing, prebooking clearance, intake screening and care initiation, withdrawal management, history and physicals, sick calls, urgent care, external health care resources, and transitional care at release. FINDINGS Ninety percent of jails contracted with private companies to provide health care. We identified two broad staffing models and four variations of the medical intake process. Detention officers often had medical duties, and jails routinely used community resources (e.g., emergency departments) to fill gaps in on-site care. Reentry transitional services were uncommon. CONCLUSIONS Jails' strategies for delivering health care were often influenced by a scarcity of on-site resources, particularly in the smaller facilities. Some strategies (e.g., officers performing medical duties) have not been well documented previously and raise immediate questions about safety and effectiveness, and broader questions about the adequacy of jail funding and impact of contracting with private health care companies. Beyond these findings, our description of jail health care newly provides researchers and policymakers a common foundation from which to understand and study the delivery of jail health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JESSICA CARDA‐AUTEN
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - ELENA A. DIROSA
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | - MERSEDES BROWN
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - STEVE BRADLEY‐BULL
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - COLLEEN BLUE
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - DAVID L. ROSEN
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lofgren ET, Lum K, Horowitz A, Mabubuonwu B, Meyers K, Fefferman NH. Carceral Amplification of COVID-19: Impacts for Community, Corrections Officer, and Incarcerated Population Risks. Epidemiology 2022; 33:480-492. [PMID: 35473918 PMCID: PMC9148636 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is challenging many societal institutions, including our criminal justice systems. Some have proposed or enacted (e.g., the State of New Jersey) reductions in the jail and/or prison populations. We present a mathematical model to explore the epidemiologic impact of such interventions in jails and contrast them with the consequences of maintaining unaltered practices. We consider infection risk and likely in-custody deaths, and estimate how within-jail dynamics lead to spill-over risks, not only affecting incarcerated people but increasing exposure, infection, and death rates for both corrections officers and the broader community beyond the justice system. We show that, given a typical jail-community dynamic, operating in a business-as-usual way results in substantial, rapid, and ongoing loss of life. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that large-scale reductions in arrest and speeding of releases are likely to save the lives of incarcerated people, jail staff, and the wider community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. Lofgren
- From the Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Kristian Lum
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aaron Horowitz
- ACLU Analytics, American Civil Liberties Union, New York, NY
| | | | - Kellen Meyers
- Department of Mathematics, Tusculum University, Greeneville, TN
| | - Nina H. Fefferman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ablah E, Kellogg M, Rohleder M, Cagan R, Richter K. Institutional Tobacco Policy and Tobacco Use Among Kansas Sheriffs' Staff and Individuals Incarcerated in Jail. J Correct Health Care 2022; 28:193-197. [PMID: 35353016 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.20.05.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the factors that contribute to Kansas county jails' tobacco culture to identify reasons for high tobacco use and intervention opportunities. Kansas sheriffs' offices were asked to complete a novel 26-item survey from August through November 2019, and 40% responded. A few reported that tobacco cessation counseling was available to staff (31%) or incarcerated individuals (12%). Seventy-nine percent reported that staff were permitted to use tobacco in designated places outside, whereas 24% reported that tobacco use by incarcerated individuals was permitted in designated places outside. In the jails' commissaries, 5% reported selling nicotine gum or nicotine lozenges and 26% reported selling e-cigarettes. The lack of tobacco cessation counseling and nicotine replacement therapy, weak policies, and availability of tobacco all contribute to Kansas county jails' prevalent tobacco culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ablah
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Melinda Kellogg
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Mason Rohleder
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Rick Cagan
- National Alliance on Mental Illness-Kansas, Topeka, Kansas, USA
| | - Kimber Richter
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Kansas City, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Han A. Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on psychological distress and mindfulness in incarcerated populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crim Behav Ment Health 2022; 32:48-59. [PMID: 35170107 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As incarcerated populations report significantly higher prevalence rates for psychological distress than community populations, it is important to have an evidence-based perspective on what reduces psychological distress among people in prison or jail. AIMS To examine effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on psychological distress, including anxiety, depressive symptoms, stress and overall psychological distress, and on mindfulness in incarcerated populations. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involved a comprehensive search within the PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and SCOPUS databases to identify relevant RCTs. The quality of the included RCTs was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Depending on I2 statistic values for heterogeneity, either a random effects model or fixed effects model was used. Subgroup analyses for each outcome were conducted to see whether effects differed when compared MBIs to active control groups, provided with other comparable interventions, or passive control groups, provided with no intervention (i.e., treatment as usual [TAU] control groups or waiting list controls). RESULTS Thirteen RCTs met the eligibility criteria. Meta-analyses showed moderate effects of MBIs on depressive symptoms and overall psychological distress, large effects on stress, and small effects on anxiety and mindfulness. The overall risk of bias across studies was unclear. Fewer studies were conducted to compare effects of MBIs to other interventions than TAU. CONCLUSIONS Future high-quality studies comparing MBIs to other active interventions are needed to understand better whether the former are comparable or superior to other evidence-based treatments in decreasing distress and improving mindfulness in incarcerated populations and/or in which circumstances one may be preferable to the other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areum Han
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Labrecque RM. Interpersonal Violence and Institutional Misconduct in the Los Angeles County Jail System: A Mixed Method Investigation. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2021; 65:1520-1535. [PMID: 33501874 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x21990834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study involved a mixed method evaluation of interpersonal violence and institutional misconduct in the Los Angeles county jail system. Interviews with 52 correctional staff uncovered a widely shared belief that AB 109, Prop 47, and the Rosas decision had all contributed to an increase in violence and misconduct in the jail. Analysis of administrative records indicated there was a rise in the monthly rates of these adverse outcomes from 2010 to 2017. Intervention ARIMA models, however, revealed evidence of a statistically significant increase following only the passage of Prop 47. An examination of inmate characteristics across the 8-year observation period confirmed staff suspicions that jail incarcerates with more extensive criminal histories were being confined following the passage of these policies. If jails are to be responsible for confining higher risk inmates, provisions should also be made to increase the availability of evidence-based rehabilitative programming and other treatment services that can help combat the occurrence of these adverse outcomes.
Collapse
|
25
|
Tamburello AC, Haston L. Mischief, Mayhem, and Remediation. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2021; 49:323-325. [PMID: 34315803 DOI: 10.29158/jaapl.210010-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Institutional rules are necessary to preserve safety and security in correctional systems. An assessment of relevant mental health problems is a key element of a fair disciplinary process. Though these hearings are administrative in nature, we recommend that mental health evaluations related to disciplinary matters be completed by qualified and well-trained professionals using consistent standards. There are important opportunities to interrupt an untreated mental illness by identifying mental health problems during such evaluations and making appropriate referrals for treatment. We propose the use of intrafacility diversionary programs for drug offenses and other misconduct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Tamburello
- Dr. Tamburello is Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. Dr. Haston is Staff Psychologist, University Correctional Health Care, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Lindsay Haston
- Dr. Tamburello is Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. Dr. Haston is Staff Psychologist, University Correctional Health Care, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Myers K, Dalessandro C, Geist C, Sufrin C. Jail as a Point of Contraceptive Care Access: Needs and Preferences Among Women in an Urban Jail. J Midwifery Womens Health 2021; 66:787-794. [PMID: 34463421 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals who are incarcerated in the United States often struggle to access family planning care because of the common practice of jails not providing contraceptives on site. However, less is known about the contraceptive needs and preferences, including the desirability of intrauterine devices and implants, among those who are incarcerated. METHODS Cross-sectional, in-person surveys were administered to 148 reproductive-age women (aged 18-48) incarcerated at an urban jail in Utah to identify women's contraceptive needs and preferences while incarcerated. We used summary statistics and logistic regression to investigate relationships between demographic characteristics, the desire to access contraceptive services while incarcerated, and interest in specific contraceptive methods. RESULTS Surveys indicate a high interest in accessing contraceptives while in jail (73%). Participants who were more likely to prefer access to contraceptive services in jail were also more likely to be interested in the injectable (odds ratio [OR], 4.75; 95% CI, 1.03-21.94), the implant (OR, 8.44; 95% CI, 1.70-41.99), and intrauterine devices (OR, 10.04; 95% CI, 3.46-29.20) than participants indicating no desire to access contraceptive services while in jail. DISCUSSION Jails could be an access point for contraceptive methods requiring health care provider intervention in the state of Utah. However, care must be taken due to broader historical legacies of reproductive coercion in carceral settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyl Myers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Cristen Dalessandro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Claudia Geist
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Carolyn Sufrin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Krsak M, Montague BT, Trowbridge P, Johnson SC, Binswanger IA. Opioid Use and Chronic Infections: The Value of Addressing the Syndemic in Correctional Settings Via Telemedicine Guidance and Broader Use of Long-Acting Medications. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:S486-S493. [PMID: 32877543 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, we are experiencing linked epidemics (a syndemic) of substance use disorders (SUDs) and infections associated with drug use, including unsafe injecting and unsafe sex in exchange for drugs or money. Current drug laws, together with risk-taking behavior among persons with SUDs, contribute to disproportionately high prevalences of these conditions in correctional settings. Detection and treatment of diseases with a high impact on public health are best addressed in the settings where such conditions are most prevalent (ie, jails and prisons for SUDs and chronic infections). The effectiveness, safety, cost of care. and public health impact of these conditions can be improved by means of broader screening and expanded access to specialty consultations through telemedicine/telehealth, along with broader use of long-acting medications for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus and SUDs. Expanding telemedicine/telehealth, first for specialties which do not require advanced technology (eg, infectious diseases, addictions), can eventually lead to further advancements in correctional healthcare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krsak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian T Montague
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul Trowbridge
- Spectrum Health Center for Integrative Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven C Johnson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado, USA
| | - Ingrid A Binswanger
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Denver, Colorado, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sufrin C, Sutherland L, Beal L, Terplan M, Latkin C, Clarke JG. Opioid use disorder incidence and treatment among incarcerated pregnant women in the United States: results from a national surveillance study. Addiction 2020; 115:2057-2065. [PMID: 32141128 PMCID: PMC7483586 DOI: 10.1111/add.15030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The established standard care in pregnancy is medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD); however, many institutions of incarceration do not have MOUD available. We aimed to describe the number of incarcerated pregnant women with opioid use disorder (OUD) in the United States and jails' and prisons' MOUD in pregnancy policies. DESIGN Epidemiological surveillance study of 6 months of outcomes of pregnant, incarcerated women with OUD and cross-sectional survey of institutional policies. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-two state prison systems and six county jails. MEASUREMENTS The number of pregnant women with OUD admitted and treated with methadone, buprenorphine or withdrawal; policies on provision of MOUD and withdrawal in pregnancy. FINDINGS Twenty-six per cent of pregnant women admitted to prisons and 14% to jails had OUD. One-third were managed through withdrawal. The majority who were prescribed MOUD were on methadone (78%, prisons; 81%, jails), not buprenorphine. While most sites (n = 18 prisons, n = four jails) continued pre-incarceration MOUD in pregnancy, very few initiated in custody (n = four prisons; n = two jails). Two-thirds of prisons and three-quarters of jails providing MOUD in pregnancy discontinued it postpartum. CONCLUSIONS In this sample of US prisons and jails, one-third required pregnant women with opioid use disorder to go through withdrawal, contrary to medical guidelines. More women were prescribed methadone than buprenorphine, despite the fewer regulatory barriers on prescribing buprenorphine. Most sites stopped medication for opioid use disorder postpartum, signaling prioritization of the fetus, not the mother. Pregnant incarcerated women with opioid use disorder in the United States frequently appear to be denied essential medications and receive substandard medical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Sufrin
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Johns Hopkins Bayview Hospital; 4940 Eastern Ave, A121; Baltimore, MD; 21224,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society; 24 N. Broadway; Hampton House 737; Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Lauren Sutherland
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Lauren Beal
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Johns Hopkins Bayview Hospital; 4940 Eastern Ave, A121; Baltimore, MD; 21224
| | - Mishka Terplan
- Friends Research Institute, 1040 Park Ave Suite 103, Baltimore MD 21201
| | - Carl Latkin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society; 24 N. Broadway; Hampton House 737; Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jennifer G. Clarke
- Rhode Island Department of Corrections; Rhode Island Department of Corrections, 39 Howard Ave, Cranston, RI 02920
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
This article traces the history of the way in which mental disorders were viewed and treated, from before the birth of Christ to the present day. Special attention is paid to the process of deinstitutionalization in the United States and the failure to create an adequately robust community mental health system to care for the people who, in a previous era, might have experienced lifelong hospitalization. As a result, far too many people with serious mental illnesses are living in jails and prisons that are ill-suited and unprepared to meet their needs.
Collapse
|
30
|
Ely GE, Linn BK, Staton M, Hales TW, Agbemenu K, Maguin E. Contraceptive use in Appalachian women who use drugs and were recruited from rural jails. Soc Work Health Care 2020; 59:365-386. [PMID: 32614736 PMCID: PMC7337968 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2020.1769249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a secondary data analysis of contraceptive use across the lifetime and within the six months prior to incarceration in a sample of 400 currently incarcerated women recruited from rural, Appalachian jails, who were using drugs prior to incarceration. Phase 1 (baseline) data from an NIH funded study were used to examine rates of contraceptive use, reasons for nonuse of condoms, and correlates of condom use. Results indicate that the majority (96.5%) of respondents reported lifetime use of contraceptives, and most (70.5%) had a history of using multiple methods, with male condoms, oral contraceptive pills, and contraceptive injections being the most commonly used methods. Almost 69% of respondents reported nonuse of contraceptives within the last six months, despite high rates of involvement in risky, intimate male partnerships prior to incarceration. Contraceptive use was found to be historically acceptable in this sample, in stark contrast to rates of use within the last six months prior to incarceration, suggesting that reproductive justice-informed, social work interventions to help improve current contraceptive use are warranted as a harm-reduction approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E Ely
- School of Social Work, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Braden K Linn
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michele Staton
- College of Medicine, Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Travis W Hales
- School of Social Work, University at North Carolina-Charlotte , Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | - Eugene Maguin
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Binswanger IA, Maruschak LM, Mueller SR, Stern MF, Kinner SA. Principles to Guide National Data Collection on the Health of Persons in the Criminal Justice System. Public Health Rep 2019; 134:34S-45S. [PMID: 31059411 PMCID: PMC6505315 DOI: 10.1177/0033354919841593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A Binswanger
- 1 Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
- 2 Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- 3 Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura M Maruschak
- 4 Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shane R Mueller
- 1 Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Marc F Stern
- 5 Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- 6 Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 7 Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 8 Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- 9 School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 10 Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Krsak M, Jeffers A, Shah J, Johnson SC, Montague BT. Access to Specialty Services: Opportunities for Expansion of Telemedicine to Support Correctional Health Care in Colorado. Telemed J E Health 2019; 26:776-783. [PMID: 31486710 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2019.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The United States has the largest correctional population in the world and many inmates lack access to timely health care. Studies have shown that telemedicine could improve the situation in a practical and cost-effective fashion. We aimed to evaluate currently established services as well as any potential need for expansion of telemedicine within correctional settings in Colorado. Methods: We designed a prospective survey-based pilot study using mixed methods research techniques. Results: Colorado has 50 county jails, 19 prisons, and 3 private prison facilities. Of these, 46 correctional facilities (45 jails and the state prison) were contacted. Twenty responded (19 jails and the prison) representing 43.5% response rate. Only 10% did not have on-site health care providers available at all, 31.6% were already using telemedicine for some of their needs, 52.9% were "very interested," 5.9% "somewhat interested," 17.6% "not so interested," and 23.5% were "not at all interested" in further information regarding telemedicine services. Discussion: Our study as well as current literature suggest that telemedicine could serve to fill in certain gaps of care within correctional populations, especially for over-represented conditions (i.e., chronic infectious diseases, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, substance use disorders, or mental health disorders). Conclusions: There is enthusiasm but also certain amount of skepticism among Colorado's jail administrators with respect to the implementation, or even the cost-effectiveness potential of telemedicine. Telemedicine in these settings may require individualized approach and enough creative flexibility to allow for nimble adjustments based on the constraints and needs of individual institutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krsak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexiss Jeffers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jagruti Shah
- Colorado Department of Human Services, Office of Behavioral Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven C Johnson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian T Montague
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Using a mixed-method approach of interviews and ethnographic observations, the authors followed a cohort of women postincarceration in Massachusetts for a period of 9 years. The women repeatedly cycled through health care and other institutions, yet very few moved into stable housing, jobs, and family situations. Nearly all continue to suffer multiple physical and mental health challenges despite high levels of access to health care. This article is intended to provide those who work in correctional institutions a broader view of the lives of justice-involved women outside of those institutions. In light of the short sentences and frequent breaks in continuity of care experienced by these women, the authors call for expansion of the roles of community health center providers inside jails and prisons.
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang EA, Redmond N, Dennison Himmelfarb CR, Pettit B, Stern M, Chen J, Shero S, Iturriaga E, Sorlie P, Diez Roux AV. Cardiovascular Disease in Incarcerated Populations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69:2967-2976. [PMID: 28619198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently, 2.2 million individuals are incarcerated, and more than 11 million have been released from U.S. correctional facilities. Individuals with a history of incarceration are more likely to be of racial and ethnic minority populations, poor, and have higher rates of cardiovascular risk factors, especially smoking and hypertension. Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death among incarcerated individuals, and those recently released have a higher risk of being hospitalized and dying of cardiovascular disease compared with the general population, even after accounting for differences in racial identity and socioeconomic status. In this review, the authors: 1) present information on the cardiovascular health of justice-involved populations, and unique prevention and care conditions in correctional facilities; 2) identify knowledge gaps; and 3) propose promising areas for research to improve the cardiovascular health of this population. An Executive Summary of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop on this topic is available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Nicole Redmond
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Becky Pettit
- Department of Sociology, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Marc Stern
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jue Chen
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susan Shero
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Erin Iturriaga
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Sorlie
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) prisoner population is diverse and includes immigration violators, fugitives that have evaded apprehension, perpetrators of Medicaid fraud, and parole and probation violators. Unlike state and local jails, the USMS has numerous housing options for its prisoners. Given the unique characteristics, federal prisoners' quality of care, and subsequent clinical outcomes, may differ from those of state and local inmates. However, little is known about hospitalization rates and length of stay for HIV-positive USMS prisoners. The purpose of this study is to examine hospitalizations among HIV-infected prisoners in the custody of the USMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Briana J Jegier
- Rush University College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, USA The College at Brockport-SUNY, Brockport, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Louis Fogg
- Rush University College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Helms R, Gutierrez RS, Reeves-Gutierrez D. Jail Mental Health Resourcing: A Conceptual and Empirical Study of Social Determinants. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2016; 60:1036-1063. [PMID: 25759429 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x15572864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
U.S. county jails hold large populations of mentally ill inmates but have rarely been researched quantitatively to assess their collective capacity for providing mental health treatment. This research uses ordinal logit and a partial parallel slopes model and a large sample of U.S. counties to assess conceptualized links between local institutional and structural indicators and jail mental health resourcing. Strong church networks and high rates of adult education completion are associated with enhanced jail mental health resourcing. Urbanized areas and areas with deep economic ties to manufacturing appear supportive of a strong jail mental health system. Conversely, conservative political environments and areas with strong medical and mental health networks based in the community are correlated with reduced jail mental health resourcing. Evidence from this research adds to a growing understanding of the need for enhanced community mental health service and diagnostic capabilities in our nation's jails, noting the characteristics and correlates of model program jurisdictions and jurisdictions where program enhancements are most likely in order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Helms
- Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lincoln T, Simon-Levine D, Smith J, Donenberg GR, Springer SA, Zaller N, Altice FL, Moore K, Jordan AO, Draine J, Desabrais M. Prevalence and Predictors of Mental/Emotional Distress Among HIV+ Jail Detainees at Enrollment in an Observational Study. J Correct Health Care 2016; 21:125-39. [PMID: 25788608 DOI: 10.1177/1078345815574566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the prevalence of mental/emotional distress and its specific correlates among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in 20 jail systems across the United States. Of the 878 PLWHA jail detainees, 52% had high levels of mental/emotional distress, defined by the composite Addiction Severity Index score. High mental/emotional distress was found to be associated with the inmate living in a city with lower income inequality, lower health ranking, and higher degree of danger. Proximate variables included being female, bisexual orientation, poorer physical health, and increased severity of substance abuse. Inmates in jails with accredited health services and those satisfied with family support had lower mental/emotional distress scores. These findings indicate the need for expanded mental health assessment of PLWHAs entering jail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lincoln
- Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Geri R Donenberg
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Community Outreach Intervention Projects and Healthy Youths Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra A Springer
- Yale AIDS Program, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nickolas Zaller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Frederick L Altice
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Alison O Jordan
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, East Elmhurst, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Draine
- School of Social Work, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
In the past decade, many constituencies have questioned the efficacy, cost, and unintended consequences of mass incarceration in the United States. Although substantial evidence now demonstrates that US incarceration policies have had unintended adverse health consequences, we know less about the strategies and policies that can prevent or reduce these problems for justice-involved individuals and how the criminal justice system (CJS) can contribute to the Healthy People 2020 national goal of eliminating inequities in health. This review examines strategies that have been used to improve the health of people at various stages of CJS involvement, including diversion from jail and prison stays into community settings, improvements to the social and physical environments within correctional facilities, provision of health and other services to inmates, assistance for people leaving correctional facilities to make the transition back to the community, and systems coordination and integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Freudenberg
- School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY 10027; , .,Hunter College, New York, NY 10035
| | - Daliah Heller
- School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY 10027; ,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cook EA, Lee YM, White BD, Gropper SS. The Diet of Inmates: An Analysis of a 28-Day Cycle Menu Used in a Large County Jail in the State of Georgia. J Correct Health Care 2015; 21:390-9. [PMID: 26276135 DOI: 10.1177/1078345815600160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Given the many well-documented relationships between diet and health, growing medical care expenses for those incarcerated, and limited information on foods served in correctional facilities, this study examined the nutritional adequacy of a 28-day cycle menu used in a large county jail in Georgia. When compared with Dietary Reference Intakes, provisions of energy (female inmates only), sodium, saturated fat, and cholesterol exceeded recommendations. Magnesium, potassium, and vitamins A, D, and E met less than two thirds of recommendations. Compared with MyPlate recommendations, grains were overrepresented, while vegetables, fruits, and dairy were underrepresented in the menu. Small menu changes could improve the menu's nutrient content and potentially increase inmates' health and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Cook
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Yee Ming Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - B Douglas White
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Sareen S Gropper
- College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Haddad MB, Foote MK, Ray SM, Maggio DM, Sales RMF, Kim MJ, Kempker RR, Spaulding AC. Substantial overlap between incarceration and tuberculosis in atlanta, georgia, 2011. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 1:ofu041. [PMID: 25734108 PMCID: PMC4324203 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard tuberculosis case reporting captures incarceration at diagnosis only. This retrospective analysis of 106 US-born adults with prevalent tuberculosis in 2011 found that 46.2% had documented histories of being in jail or prison, including 16.0% during the year before diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam B Haddad
- Department of Epidemiology , Rollins School of Public Health ; Laney Graduate School
| | - Mary K Foote
- Emory University School of Medicine , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia
| | - Susan M Ray
- Emory University School of Medicine , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia ; Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta , Georgia
| | | | | | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Epidemiology , Rollins School of Public Health
| | - Russell R Kempker
- Emory University School of Medicine , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia
| | - Anne C Spaulding
- Department of Epidemiology , Rollins School of Public Health ; Emory University School of Medicine , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Brown CK, Earley M, Shaikh R, Fickenscher J, Ott J, Person A, Islam KMM, Simonsen K, Sandkovsky U, Kaiser KL, Foxall M, Margalit R. Voluntary STD testing and treatment program at a metropolitan correctional facility: evaluation of test acceptability and associated risk factors. J Correct Health Care 2014; 20:70-80. [PMID: 24352406 DOI: 10.1177/1078345813508748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have addressed challenges of diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) within correctional facilities. Initiatives that screen all inmates can be cost-prohibitive, while symptom-based screening undoubtedly fails to recognize significant numbers of asymptomatically infected persons. This study discusses a voluntary STD screening and treatment program developed at the Douglas County (Nebraska) Department of Corrections where student volunteers interviewed, screened, and educated 456 inmates. Inmate urine samples and interview responses about risk behaviors and motivators for participation in the screening program were analyzed. The results support the ongoing project method to screen and treat inmates in the community correctional facility. Risk factor analysis suggests that targeted testing and treatment efforts may have a role in providing cost-effective care for STD among the incarcerated population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Brown
- 1Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The K6G unit of Los Angeles Men's Central Jail is comprised of males who have sex with males (MSM), whether gay, bisexual, or transgender. Within this unit, condoms are distributed to inmates, one condom per week. The current study was conducted to better understand the experiences and opinions of jail staff as they pertain to the condom distribution program's effectiveness and impact on jail safety and management. A total of 10 staff interviews were conducted with the unit's line staff (n = 8) and administrative personnel (n = 2). Findings suggest that despite the contradictory "mixed message" that jail staff felt the program sent, it causes few operational or safety concerns and is perceived to be beneficial to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J McCuller
- Department of Research/Medical Sciences Institute, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nina T Harawa
- Department of Research/Medical Sciences Institute, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Research about the attitudes and beliefs of correctional officers has historically been conducted in prison facilities while ignoring jail settings. This study contributes to our understanding of correctional officers by examining the perceptions of those who work in jails, specifically measuring professional orientations about counseling roles, punitiveness, corruption of authority by inmates, and social distance from inmates. The study also examines whether officers are accurate in estimating these same perceptions of their peers, a line of inquiry that has been relatively ignored. Findings indicate that the sample was concerned about various aspects of their job and the management of inmates. Specifically, officers were uncertain about adopting counseling roles, were somewhat punitive, and were concerned both with maintaining social distance from inmates and with an inmate's ability to corrupt their authority. Officers also misperceived the professional orientation of their fellow officers and assumed their peer group to be less progressive than they actually were.
Collapse
|
44
|
Butler B. Health information exchange between jails and their communities: a bridge that is needed under healthcare reform. Perspect Health Inf Manag 2014; 11:1b. [PMID: 24808809 PMCID: PMC3995481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Jails have often been compared to islands because they are thought to be cut off from the community both physically and perceptually. Few people understand that besides being places of confinement, jails function as health care providers. The separation of jails from community results in disjointed health care services and treatment for individuals cycling in and out of jail. Healthcare providers in the community have little knowledge of the care their patients have received in jail; the same can be said of jail health providers about care provided in the community. With the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH), the federal government took the lead respectively in expanding health insurance coverage and in spurring the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) and the development of health information exchanges (HIEs). Taken together, these initiatives place a strong emphasis on promoting continuity of care. With the expansion of Medicaid under the ACA, many of the individuals leaving jail will have access to health insurance for the first time. Community-based providers to the newly insured will want to know about the care that was provided in the jail. The developing technological infrastructure would seem to offer the best way to access this information. However linking the community and jail information systems is not just a technological issue, but requires the cooperation of all stakeholders. THIS PAPER PRESENTS TWO CASE STUDIES one in which a single champion made the decision to link the jail health care system to the local HIE and the other where all stakeholders were included in the process. In the first case study, the jail healthcare system reverted to its "island" status when the HIE was abandoned without protest from community stakeholders. In the second case study, the multiple stakeholder approach, while not necessarily a complete guarantee of long-term success, ensured that the jail healthcare system could not so easily go back to being an island cut off from the rest of the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Butler
- Community Oriented Correctional Health Services in Oakland, CA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Beckwith CG, Bazerman L, Cornwall AH, Patry E, Poshkus M, Fu J, Nunn A. An evaluation of a routine opt-out rapid HIV testing program in a Rhode Island jail. AIDS Educ Prev 2011; 23:96-109. [PMID: 21689040 PMCID: PMC3734962 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2011.23.3_supp.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There is an increased prevalence of HIV among incarcerated populations. We conducted a rapid HIV testing pilot program using oral specimens at the Rhode Island Department of Corrections (RIDOC) jail. Detainees (N = 1,364) were offered rapid testing upon jail entrance and 98% completed testing. Twelve detainees had reactive rapid tests, one of which was a new HIV diagnosis. To evaluate the program qualitatively, we conducted key informant interviews and focus groups with key stakeholders. There was overwhelming support for the oral fluid rapid HIV test. Correctional staff reported improved inmate processing due to the elimination of phlebotomy required with conventional HIV testing. Delivering negative rapid HIV test results in real-time during the jail intake process remained a challenge but completion of confirmatory testing among those with reactive rapid tests was possible. Rapid HIV testing using oral specimens in the RIDOC jail was feasible and preferred by correctional staff.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curt G Beckwith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Beckwith CG, Zaller ND, Fu JJ, Montague BT, Rich JD. Opportunities to diagnose, treat, and prevent HIV in the criminal justice system. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 55 Suppl 1:S49-55. [PMID: 21045600 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181f9c0f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Persons involved with the criminal justice system are at risk for HIV and other transmissible diseases due to substance use and related risk behaviors. Incarceration provides a public health opportunity to test for HIV, viral hepatitis, and other sexually transmitted infections, provide treatment such as highly active antiretroviral therapy, and link infected persons to longitudinal comprehensive HIV care upon their release for such comorbidities as addiction and mental illness. Delivering health interventions inside prisons and jails can be challenging, yet the challenges pale in comparison to the benefits of interventions for inmates and their communities. This article reviews the current state of delivering HIV testing, prevention, treatment, and transition services to incarcerated populations in the United States. It concludes with summary recommendations for research and practice to improve the health of inmates and their communities.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
This study examined the relationships between jail incarceration during pregnancy and infant birth weight, preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction. We used multivariate regression analyses to compare outcomes for 496 births to women who were in jail for part of pregnancy with 4,960 Medicaid-funded births as matched community controls. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, the relationship between jail incarceration and birth outcomes was modified by maternal age. Relative to controls, women incarcerated during pregnancy had progressively higher odds of low birth weight and preterm birth through age 39 years; conversely, jail detainees older than 39 years were less likely than controls to experience low birth weight or preterm birth. For women in jail at all ages, postrelease maternity case management was associated with decreased odds of low birth weight, whereas prenatal care was associated with decreased odds of preterm birth. Local jails are important sites for public health intervention. Efforts to ensure that all pregnant women released from jail have access to enhanced prenatal health services may improve perinatal outcomes for this group of particularly vulnerable women and infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice F Bell
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Universal screening for the sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) of chlamydia and gonorrhea on intake in jails has been proposed as the most effective strategy to decrease morbidity in inmates and to reduce transmission risk in communities after release. Most inmates come from a population that is at elevated risk for STDs and has limited access to health care. However, limited resources and competing priorities force decision makers to consider the cost of screening programs in comparison to other needs. The costs and cost-effectiveness of universal screening in correctional settings have not been documented. We estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness of universal urine-based screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea among inmates on intake in US jails compared to the commonly used practice of presumptive treatment of symptomatic inmates without laboratory testing. Decision analysis models were developed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of screening alternatives and were applied to hypothetical cohorts of male and female inmates. For women, universal screening for chlamydia only was cost-saving to the health care system, averting more health care costs than were incurred in screening and treatment. However, for men universal chlamydia screening cost $4,856 more per case treated than presumptive treatment. Universal screening for both chlamydia and gonorrhea infection cost the health care system $3,690 more per case of pelvic inflammatory disease averted for women and $650 more per case of infection treated for men compared to universal screening for chlamydia only. Jails with a high prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea represent an operationally feasible and cost-effective setting to universally test and treat women at high risk for STDs and with limited access to care elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Kraut-Becher
- Center for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Fourth Floor, Suite 4000, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|