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Mehari KR, Morgan S, Stevens LT, Coleman JN, Schuler K, Graves C, Lindsey DRB, Smith PN. Mixed methods evaluation of a jail diversion program: Impact on arrests and functioning. J Community Psychol 2024; 52:551-573. [PMID: 38491998 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
This mixed methods study had two aims: (1) to examine the effectiveness of a jail diversion program in reducing recidivism and promoting educational and employment outcomes; and (2) to qualitatively explore mechanisms through which the program was effective. Participants were 17 individuals arrested for drug offenses who participated in an intensive, law enforcement-based jail diversion program, and 17 individuals in a comparison group. Arrests were extracted from police records, and education and employment were extracted from program data. Four intervention participants completed qualitative interviews. Arrest rates in the intervention group decreased significantly postintervention, and arrest rates in the intervention group were numerically lower than those in the comparison group. Participants experienced significant increases in employment and driver's license status. Participants also identified mechanisms through which the program was effective. This jail diversion program shows promise in reducing recidivism and promoting adaptive functioning. Jail diversion programs that include mentorship, peer support, and removal of barriers to success may be particularly effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista R Mehari
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Savannah Morgan
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Jasmine N Coleman
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Schuler
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Dakota R B Lindsey
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Phillip N Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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2
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Coleman JN, Smith PN, Mehari KR, Farrell AD. Relations Between Perceptions of Parental Messages Supporting Fighting and Nonviolence and Adolescents' Physical Aggression: Beliefs as Mediators. Aggress Behav 2024; 50:e22135. [PMID: 38707774 PMCID: PMC11064809 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine adolescents' beliefs about fighting as mediators of longitudinal relations between perceptions of parental support for fighting and nonviolence and changes in adolescents' physical aggression. Participants were 2,575 middle school students (Mage = 12.20, SD = 1.02; 52% female; 83% African American) from the southeastern U.S. attending schools in communities with high rates of violence. Participants completed four waves of assessments every 3 months (i.e., fall, winter, spring, and summer). Each belief subscale mediated relations between perceptions of parental support for fighting and nonviolence and changes in aggression. Parental support for nonviolence was negatively associated with beliefs supporting reactive aggression and positively associated with beliefs against fighting. Parental support for retaliation was positively associated with beliefs supporting reactive and proactive aggression, and negatively associated with beliefs against fighting. Parental support for fighting as sometimes necessary was positively associated with beliefs supporting reactive aggression and beliefs that fighting is sometimes necessary. Beliefs supporting reactive and proactive aggression and beliefs that fighting is sometimes necessary were positively associated with aggression, whereas beliefs against fighting was negatively associated with aggression. Parents' support for fighting and for nonviolence may directly and indirectly reduce adolescents' physical aggression by influencing beliefs about the appropriateness of using aggression for self-defense and to attain a goal. This highlights the importance of jointly investigating multiple types of parental messages and types of beliefs about fighting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krista R. Mehari
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
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3
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Liby C, Doty JL, Mehari KR, Abbas I, Su YW. Adolescent experiences with online racial discrimination: Implications for prevention and coping. J Res Adolesc 2023; 33:1281-1294. [PMID: 37395444 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Online aggression represents a wide range of negative experiences, including online discrimination targeting individuals based on race, but adolescent perspectives are not well-represented. We interviewed 15 adolescents regarding their experiences with online racial discrimination. After a phenomenological analysis, four main themes emerged: types of online racial aggression, processes supporting online racism, personal coping, and strategies to prevent online racial aggression. These themes provided insights into adolescent experiences, including feelings about targeted online racial discrimination, intersectionality with sexual harassment, and comfort through processing with friends. This study highlights adolescents' thoughts regarding advocacy, education, and social media reform to prevent online racial aggression. Future research should ensure that youth voices from minoritized racial backgrounds are integrated into efforts to address these critical social issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calista Liby
- Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jennifer L Doty
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Krista R Mehari
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ismat Abbas
- Department of Family Science and Human Development, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Su
- Department of Counselor Education, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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4
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Ellyson AM, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Mehari KR. Experiences of Violence and Firearm Access and Ownership in the Transition From Childhood to Young Adulthood. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2340564. [PMID: 37851450 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.40564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Ellyson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Firearm Injury and Policy Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Firearm Injury and Policy Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Krista R Mehari
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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5
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Amin K, Khan H, Hearld LR, Chu DI, Prete V, Mehari KR, Heslin MJ, Fonseca AL. Association between Rural Residence and Processes of Care in Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 27:2155-2165. [PMID: 37553515 PMCID: PMC10731615 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-023-05764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy associated with poor outcomes. Surgical resection and receipt of multimodal therapy have been shown to improve outcomes in patients with potentially resectable PDAC; however treatment and outcome disparities persist on many fronts. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between rural residence and receipt of quality cancer care in patients diagnosed with non-metastatic PDAC. METHODS Using the National Cancer Database, patients with non-metastatic pancreatic cancer were identified from 2006-2016. Patients were classified as living in metropolitan, urban, or rural areas. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of cancer treatment and survival. RESULTS A total of 41,786 patients were identified: 81.6% metropolitan, 16.2% urban, and 2.2% rural. Rural residing patients were less likely to receive curative-intent surgery (p = 0.037) and multimodal therapy (p < 0.001) compared to their metropolitan and urban counterparts. On logistic regression analysis, rural residence was independently associated with decreased surgical resection [OR 0.82; CI 95% 0.69-0.99; p = 0.039] and multimodal therapy [OR 0.70; CI 95% 0.38-0.97; p = 0.047]. Rural residence independently predicted decreased overall survival [OR 1.64; CI 95% 1.45-1.93; p < 0.001] for all patients that were analyzed. In the cohort of patients who underwent surgical resection, rural residence did not independently predict overall survival [OR 0.97; CI 95% 0.85-1.11; p = 0.652]. CONCLUSIONS Rural residence impacts receipt of optimal cancer care in patients with non-metastatic PDAC but does not predict overall survival in patients who receive curative-intent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisha Amin
- Department of Surgery, The University of South Alabama, 2451 USA Medical Center Drive, Mastin, 705, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA
| | - Hamza Khan
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Larry R Hearld
- Department of Health Services Administration, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniel I Chu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Victoria Prete
- Department of Surgery, The University of South Alabama, 2451 USA Medical Center Drive, Mastin, 705, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA
| | - Krista R Mehari
- Department of Psychology, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Martin J Heslin
- Department of Surgery, The University of South Alabama, 2451 USA Medical Center Drive, Mastin, 705, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA
| | - Annabelle L Fonseca
- Department of Surgery, The University of South Alabama, 2451 USA Medical Center Drive, Mastin, 705, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA.
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6
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Mehari KR, Jeffrey A, Chastang CM, Blanton M, Currier JM. Impact of a participatory action approach to virtue promotion among early adolescents. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2023.2169628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krista R. Mehari
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Anne Jeffrey
- Department of Philosophy, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - C. Marie Chastang
- Department of Community Enrichment, United Methodist Inner City Mission, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Megan Blanton
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Joseph M. Currier
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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Mehari KR, Jeffrey A, Chastang CM, Schnitker SA. Transdisciplinary participatory action research: how philosophers, psychologists, and practitioners can work (Well) together to promote adolescent character development within context. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2023.2179933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krista R. Mehari
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Anne Jeffrey
- Department of Philosophy, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - C. Marie Chastang
- Department of Community Enrichment, United Methodist Inner City Mission, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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8
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Huffmaster CE, Williams AY, Lee YLL, Butts CC, Polite NM, Mehari KR, Simmons JD. Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Adults With Injury. JAMA Surg 2022; 157:1158-1159. [PMID: 36129702 PMCID: PMC9494261 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This case-control study examines the risk factors associated with acute stress disorder in patients with severe injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C. Caleb Butts
- Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile
| | | | | | - Jon D. Simmons
- Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile
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9
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Fonseca AL, Khan H, Mehari KR, Cherla D, Heslin MJ, Johnston FM. Disparities in Access to Oncologic Care in Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:3232-3250. [PMID: 35067789 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-11258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer care is complex, and multiple disparities in receipt of therapies have been documented. The authors aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature to critically assess and summarize disparities in access to oncologic therapies for pancreatic cancer. METHODS A search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were performed for studies reporting disparities in access to oncologic care for pancreatic cancer. Primary research articles published in the United States from 2000 to 2020 were included. Data were independently extracted, and risk of bias was assessed using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS The inclusion criteria were met by 47 studies. All the studies used retrospective data, with 70 % involving national database studies, 41 assessing the impact of race/ethnicity, 22 assessing the impact of socioeconomic status, 18 assessing the impact of insurance status, 23 assessing the impact of gender, 26 assessing the impact of age, and 3 assessing the impact of location on the delivery of cancer-directed therapies. Race, socioeconomic status, insurance status, gender, and age- based disparities in receipt of surgical resection, treatment at high-volume facilities and multimodal therapy for resectable pancreatic cancer, receipt of systemic chemotherapy for metastatic cancer, and receipt of expected standard-of-care treatment are reported. CONCLUSION Significant sociodemographic disparities in access to equitable oncologic care exist along the continuum of pancreatic cancer care. Multiple patient, provider, and systemic factors contribute to these disparities. The ongoing study of these disparities is important to elucidate processes that may be targeted to improve access to equitable oncologic care for patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamza Khan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Krista R Mehari
- Department of Psychology, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Deepa Cherla
- Department of Surgery, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Martin J Heslin
- Department of Surgery, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Fabian M Johnston
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Mehari KR, Beulah B, Paskewich B, Leff SS, Waasdorp TE. Cyberbullying and Empathy Among Late-Elementary School Children. Int Journal of Bullying Prevention 2022; 5:79-87. [PMID: 37066126 PMCID: PMC10103742 DOI: 10.1007/s42380-022-00119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is currently limited research on the relation between forms of empathy and subsequent cyberbullying in middle childhood, a stage in which cyberbullying behaviors are likely to develop. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which affective empathy (experiencing someone else's emotions) and cognitive empathy (perspective-taking) predicted subsequent cyberbullying perpetration in middle childhood. Participants were 105 fourth-and fifth-grade students from two urban elementary schools (M age = 9.66 years, SD = .68). The sample was 66% African American or Black, 15.2% biracial or multiracial, 7.6% Asian or Asian American, and 6.7% Hispanic or Latinx. The sample was evenly divided by gender (51.4% male). Youth completed surveys in the fall (time 1) and spring (time 2) of one school year. Contrary to hypotheses, affective empathy at time 1 did not uniquely predict any form of bullying perpetration (relational, overt, or cyber) at time 2. Cognitive empathy did not predict overt or relational bullying perpetration at time 2. However, higher cognitive empathy at time 1 predicted lower levels of cyberbullying perpetration at time 2. Results suggest promoting cognitive empathy should be a cyberbullying prevention strategy during middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista R. Mehari
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, 307 N. University Blvd, UCOM 1000, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Brianna Beulah
- Center for Violence Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brooke Paskewich
- Center for Violence Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen S. Leff
- Center for Violence Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tracy Evian Waasdorp
- Center for Violence Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Farrell AD, Pittman S, Bettencourt AF, Mehari KR, Dunn C, Sullivan TN. Beliefs as Mediators of Relations Between Exposure to Violence and Physical Aggression During Early Adolescence. J Early Adolesc 2022; 42:297-326. [PMID: 36875347 PMCID: PMC9983758 DOI: 10.1177/02724316211036747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined beliefs about aggression and self-efficacy for nonviolent responses as mediators of longitudinal relations between exposure to violence and physical aggression. Participants were a predominantly African American (79%) sample of 2,705 early adolescents from three middle schools within urban neighborhoods with high rates of violence. Participants completed measures across four waves (fall, winter, spring, and summer) within a school year. Beliefs supporting proactive aggression, beliefs against fighting, and self-efficacy for nonviolence partially mediated relations between witnessing violence and physical aggression. Indirect effects for beliefs supporting proactive aggression and self-efficacy were maintained after controlling for victimization and negative life events. Beliefs supporting proactive aggression mediated the effects of violent victimization on physical aggression, but these effects were not significant after controlling for witnessing violence and negative life events. The findings underscore the importance of examining the unique pathways from witnessing community violence versus violent victimization to physical aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Pittman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Amie F. Bettencourt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
| | | | - Courtney Dunn
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
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12
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Fonseca AL, Khan H, Mehari KR, Cherla D, Heslin MJ, Johnston FM. ASO Visual Abstract: Disparities in Access to Oncologic Care in Pancreatic Cancer-A Systematic Review. Ann Surg Oncol 2022. [PMID: 35171404 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-11309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamza Khan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Krista R Mehari
- Department of Psychology, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Deepa Cherla
- Department of Surgery, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Martin J Heslin
- Department of Surgery, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Fabian M Johnston
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Dunn CB, Pittman SK, Mehari KR, Titchner D, Farrell AD. Early Adolescents' Social Goals in Peer Conflict Situations: A Mixed Methods Study. J Early Adolesc 2022; 42:647-670. [PMID: 37736490 PMCID: PMC10512817 DOI: 10.1177/02724316211064516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Identification of goals is a key social-cognitive process that guides whether adolescents engage in aggressive or nonviolent behavior during social conflicts. This study investigated early adolescents' goals in response to hypothetical social conflict situations involving close friends and peers. Participants (n = 160; Mage = 12.7, 53% female) were 7th graders from two urban and one rural middle school. On average, participants identified 2.5 goals for each situation. Qualitative analysis using a grounded theory approach identified nine themes representing the goals generated by participants: instrumental-control, relationship maintenance, maintain image and reputation/self-defense, conflict avoidance, seek more information, revenge, tension reduction, moral, and stay out of trouble. Quantitative analysis indicated that female participants identified more goals than male participants, but there were few differences in their types of goals. There were few differences across school sites. The findings highlight the variety of social goals specific to the developmental period of early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney B Dunn
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarah K Pittman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Krista R Mehari
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Denicia Titchner
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Albert D Farrell
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Fogleman ND, McQuade JD, Mehari KR, Becker SP. In-person victimization, cyber victimization, and polyvictimization in relation to internalizing symptoms and self-esteem in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Care Health Dev 2021; 47:805-815. [PMID: 34155671 PMCID: PMC10507597 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is mixed evidence for whether in-person victimization and cyber victimization are differentially linked to internalizing symptoms and self-esteem among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The goals of the present study were to (1) evaluate in-person victimization and cyber victimization in relation to internalizing symptoms (i.e., anxiety and depression) and self-esteem and (2) examine differences in internalizing symptoms and self-esteem between in-person victimization, cyber victimization, and polyvictimization (i.e., both in-person victimization and cyber victimization). METHODS Participants were 78 adolescents (ages 13-17 years) diagnosed with ADHD who completed ratings of in-person victimization, cyber victimization, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. Parents completed ratings of their adolescent's anxiety and depression. RESULTS Adolescents with ADHD reported experiencing higher rates of in-person victimization (64%) than cyber victimization (23%) in the last 30 days. In addition, 22% reported that they experienced polyvictimization. In-person victimization was associated with higher adolescent-reported anxiety symptoms, whereas cyber victimization was associated with higher parent-reported depressive symptoms; both were associated with lower adolescent-reported self-esteem. Adolescents who reported polyvictimization reported the highest anxiety and depressive symptoms and the lowest self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS Approximately one quarter of adolescents with ADHD report experiencing polyvictimization in the past month. Findings indicate that in-person victimization and cyber victimization are each uniquely associated with lower self-esteem and differentially associated with co-occurring internalizing symptoms among adolescents with ADHD. Polyvictimization is especially linked to higher internalizing symptoms and lower self-esteem. Longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the directionality of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D. Fogleman
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrboro, North Carolina
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Center for ADHD, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Julia D. McQuade
- Department of Psychology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Krista R. Mehari
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Stephen P. Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Center for ADHD, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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15
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Fonseca AL, Cherla D, Kothari AN, Tzeng CWD, Heslin MJ, Mehari KR, Johnston FM, Tran-Cao HS. Association of Medicaid Expansion with Pancreatic Cancer Treatment and Outcomes: Evidence from the National Cancer Database. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 29:342-351. [PMID: 34453259 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-10709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic- and demographic-based disparities exist in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Medicaid expansion (ME) may have an impact on these disparities. Analyses of patients with PDAC from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) were performed to examine the impact of ME on access to treatment and outcomes. METHODS Patients with non-metastatic PDAC diagnosed between 2006 and 2016 were identified. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate factors associated with curative-intent surgical resection, multimodal therapy, treatment at a high-volume facility (HVF), and survival. RESULTS The study identified 41,876 patients who met the criteria. Medicaid expansion was independently associated with curative-intent resection (odds ratio [OR] 1.54; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.43-1.67; p < 0.001). In a multivariable analysis, ME was independently associated with multimodal therapy (OR 1.60; 95 % CI 1.44-1.76; p < 0.001) and treatment at an HVF (OR 1.57; 95 % CI 1.42-1.74; p < 0.001). Medicaid expansion was independently associated with improved 30-day mortality (OR 0.49; 95 % CI 0.34-0.79) and 90-day mortality (OR 0.48 95 % CI 0.35-0.59). Cox regression analysis demonstrated that after adjustment for other variables, ME status was associated with improved overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.82; 95 % CI 0.73-0.90; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Medicaid expansion is associated with increased use of care processes that improve outcomes in PDAC, operative outcomes, and overall survival. The study data suggest that ME has helped to improve disparities in PDAC in ME states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepa Cherla
- Department of Surgery, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Anai N Kothari
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ching-Wei D Tzeng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Martin J Heslin
- Department of Surgery, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Krista R Mehari
- Department of Psychology, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Fabian M Johnston
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hop S Tran-Cao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Mehari KR, Thompson EL, Farrell AD. Differential Longitudinal Outcomes of In-Person and Cyber Victimization in Early Adolescence. Psychol Violence 2019; 10:367-378. [PMID: 32983587 PMCID: PMC7518452 DOI: 10.1037/vio0000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies have tested a commonly held assumption that cyber victimization is more harmful than in-person victimization. This study examined differential longitudinal relations between in-person and cyber victimization and outcomes, including problem behaviors and distress symptoms. Possible moderation by gender and grade was also explored. METHOD Participants were 1,542 sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students (77% African American or Black; 21% Latino/a) who completed surveys in the fall, winter, spring, and summer. RESULTS The two forms of victimization combined to predict increases in physical and relational aggression, cyberbullying, and delinquency, but victimization did not predict increases in distress or substance use. There were generally no differences in the strength of relations between in-person and cyber victimization for longitudinal outcomes, although there were some cross-sectional differences. Cyber victimization predicted increases in delinquency for boys but not for girls, but there were no other differences in effects across gender or grade. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there was little support for the argument that cyber victimization produces greater harm than in-person victimization. Future research examining outcomes of cyber victimization should focus on longitudinal relations, given the different patterns of outcomes in this study's cross-sectional and longitudinal findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin L Thompson
- Virginia Commonwealth University. Mailing address: Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Albert D Farrell
- Virginia Commonwealth University. Mailing address: Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284
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Abstract
This study investigated reciprocal relations between adolescents' physical aggression and their perceptions of peers' deviant behaviors and attitudes. Analyses were conducted on four waves of data from 2,290 adolescents (ages 10-16) from three urban middle schools. Autoregression models revealed reciprocal relations between peer factors (i.e., friends' problem behavior, peer pressure for fighting, friends' support for fighting) and adolescents' reporting of their aggressive behavior. Bidirectional relations were also found between peer pressure for fighting and adolescents' frequency of physical aggression based on teacher ratings. Findings were consistent across sex, grade, and time. Findings suggest that multiple dimensions of peers' behaviors uniquely play a role in the development of adolescents' aggression and have important implications for interventions to reduce problem behaviors.
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Mehari KR, Waasdorp TE, Leff SS. Measuring Relational and Overt Aggression by Peer Report: A Comparison of Peer Nominations and Peer Ratings. J Sch Violence 2018; 18:362-374. [PMID: 31462897 PMCID: PMC6713460 DOI: 10.1080/15388220.2018.1504684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peer report of aggression has typically been obtained through peer nominations. The purpose of this study was to identify the extent to which peer nominations and peer ratings identified the same children as aggressive and to explore whether the two methods were equally accurate in identifying children at risk for poor social adjustment. Participants were 1051 students in third, fourth, or fifth grade and were predominantly African American (76.6%). Participants provided self-report of sympathy and peer nominations and ratings of overt and relational aggression, prosocial behavior, and leadership. Teachers reported on participants' school adjustment. Peer nominations and peer ratings of aggressive behavior were closely related. Peer ratings of overt and relational aggression emerged as a unique predictor of all indicators of adjustment, whereas peer nominations were uniquely associated with three of six outcomes of interest. Peer ratings are a promising approach to assessing aggression and may address problems of consumer acceptance.
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Farrell AD, Thompson EL, Mehari KR, Sullivan TN, Goncy EA. Assessment of In-Person and Cyber Aggression and Victimization, Substance Use, and Delinquent Behavior During Early Adolescence. Assessment 2018; 27:1213-1229. [PMID: 30071749 DOI: 10.1177/1073191118792089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the Problem Behavior Frequency Scale-Adolescent Report (PBFS-AR), a measure designed to assess adolescents' frequency of victimization, aggression, substance use, and delinquent behavior. Participants were 1,263 students (50% female; 78% African American, 18% Latino) from three urban middle schools in the United States. Confirmatory factor analyses of competing models of the structure of the PBFS-AR supported a model that differentiated among three forms of aggression (in-person physical, in-person relational, and cyber), two forms of victimization (in-person and cyber), substance use, and delinquent behavior. This seven-factor model fit the data well and demonstrated strong measurement invariance across groups that differed on sex and grade. Support was found for concurrent validity of the PBFS-AR based on its pattern of relations with school office discipline referrals.
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Farrell AD, Bettencourt A, Mehari KR. Beliefs about Fighting and Their Relations to Urban Adolescents' Frequency of Aggression and Victimization: Evaluation of the Beliefs about Fighting Scale. J Early Adolesc 2018; 39:785-813. [PMID: 31105373 PMCID: PMC6520990 DOI: 10.1177/0272431618791297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the structure and concurrent validity of the Beliefs About Fighting Scale (BAFS). Participants were 2,118 students from three urban middle schools who completed measures of their beliefs, frequency of physical aggression, victimization, and nonviolent intentions. Ratings of students' frequency of physical aggression, physical victimization, and nonviolent behavior were also obtained from their teachers. The majority of the sample was African American (81%). Confirmatory factor analyses supported a model with separate factors representing beliefs against fighting, beliefs that fighting is sometimes necessary, beliefs supporting reactive aggression, and beliefs supporting proactive aggression. Support was also found for strong measurement invariance across sex, grade, and groups that differed in whether a violence prevention program was being implemented at their school. The four BAFS factors were associated with adolescents' frequency of aggression, victimization, and nonviolent behavior. This study underscores the importance of assessing multiple aspects of beliefs associated with aggressive behavior.
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Mehari KR, Moore W, Waasdorp TE, Varney O, Berg K, Leff SS. Cyberbullying prevention: Insight and recommendations from youths, parents, and paediatricians. Child Care Health Dev 2018; 44:616-622. [PMID: 29766542 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to identify injunctive norms for cyberbullying prevention among youths, parents, and primary care providers, as well as barriers to preventive behaviours. METHODS Semi-structured interviews on the topic of cyberbullying were conducted with 29 adolescents, 13 paediatricians, and 15 parents recruited from 3 primary care sites. Transcripts were coded for themes related to various stakeholders' perceived roles in cyberbullying prevention and barriers to preventive behaviours. RESULTS Participants reported perceptions that youths should intervene in the moment and get outside help for others. Fear of repercussions emerged as a significant barrier to these behaviours. Participants believed that parents should communicate with their children and monitor and supervise youths' online activities. Barriers included perception of priority and low parental efficacy or naiveté. Participants believed that providers should provide education and resources and ask screening questions; the most frequently identified barrier to those behaviours was the perception of providers' role. CONCLUSIONS Youths and providers may not be aware of their potential to prevent cyberbullying before it occurs. Educating youths, parents, and providers about cyberbullying prevention is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Moore
- Private consultant, Philadelphia, PA
| | - T E Waasdorp
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - O Varney
- WellSpan Behavioral Health, Lancaster, PA
| | - K Berg
- University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermilion, SD
| | - S S Leff
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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22
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Farrell AD, Thompson EL, Mehari KR. Dimensions of Peer Influences and Their Relationship to Adolescents' Aggression, Other Problem Behaviors and Prosocial Behavior. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:1351-1369. [PMID: 27812839 PMCID: PMC10509779 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although peers are a major influence during adolescence, the relative importance of specific mechanisms of peer influence on the development of problem behavior is not well understood. This study investigated five domains of peer influence and their relationships to adolescents' problem and prosocial behaviors. Self-report and teacher ratings were obtained for 1787 (53 % female) urban middle school students. Peer pressure for fighting and friends' delinquent behavior were uniquely associated with aggression, drug use and delinquent behavior. Friends' prosocial behavior was uniquely associated with prosocial behavior. Friends' support for fighting and friends' support for nonviolence were not as clearly related to behavior. Findings were generally consistent across gender. This study highlights the importance of studying multiple aspects of peer influences on adolescents' behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert D Farrell
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 842018, Richmond, VA, 23284-2018, USA.
| | - Erin L Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 842018, Richmond, VA, 23284-2018, USA
| | - Krista R Mehari
- Department of Psychology, Violence Prevention Initiative, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market St, Rm. 1464, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Becker SP, Mehari KR, Langberg JM, Evans SW. Rates of peer victimization in young adolescents with ADHD and associations with internalizing symptoms and self-esteem. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:201-214. [PMID: 27315106 PMCID: PMC6048591 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of the present study were to: (1) describe rates of peer victimization in young adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, (2) evaluate the association between types of peer victimization (i.e., physical, relational, and reputational) and internalizing problems (i.e., anxiety, depression, and self-esteem), and (3) examine whether associations between victimization and internalizing problems differ for males or females. Participants were 131 middle-school students (ages 11-15 years, 73 % male, 76 % White) diagnosed with ADHD who completed ratings of victimization, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. Over half of the participants (57 %) reported experiencing at least one victimization behavior at a rate of once per week or more, with higher rates of relational victimization (51 %) than reputational victimization (17 %) or physical victimization (14 %). Males reported experiencing more physical victimization than females, but males and females did not differ in rates of relational or reputational victimization. Whereas relational and physical victimization were both uniquely associated with greater anxiety for both males and females, relational victimization was associated with greater depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem for males but not females. These findings indicate that young adolescents with ADHD frequently experience peer victimization and that the association between victimization and internalizing problems among young adolescents with ADHD differs as a result of victimization type, internalizing domain, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 10006, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229-3039, USA.
| | - Krista R Mehari
- The Violence Prevention Initiative, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua M Langberg
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Steven W Evans
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Farrell AD, Mehari KR, Kramer-Kuhn AM, Mays SA, Sullivan TN. A qualitative analysis of factors influencing middle school students' use of skills taught by a violence prevention curriculum. J Sch Psychol 2015; 53:179-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Farrell AD, Mehari KR, Kramer-Kuhn A, Goncy EA. The impact of victimization and witnessing violence on physical aggression among high-risk adolescents. Child Dev 2014; 85:1694-710. [PMID: 24410717 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Relations among witnessing violence, victimization, and physical aggression were investigated within a high-risk sample of 1,156 sixth graders. Longitudinal, multilevel analyses were conducted on two waves of data from two cohorts of students in 37 schools from four communities. The sample was 65% male and 67% African American. Neighborhood concentrated disadvantage, witnessing violence, victimization, and physical aggression were strongly and positively correlated at the school level. Contrary to hypothesis, exposure to violence did not mediate the effects of neighborhood concentrated disadvantage on changes in physical aggression. As expected, witnessing violence and physical aggression had bidirectional longitudinal effects on each other at the student level. In contrast, there were no cross-variable relations between changes in violent victimization and aggression over time.
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