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Christ C, van Schaik DJF, Kikkert MJ, de Waal MM, Dozeman E, Hulstijn HL, Koomen LM, Krah IM, Schut DM, Beekman ATF, Dekker JJM. Internet-based emotion regulation training aimed at reducing violent re victimization and depressive symptoms in victimized depressed patients: Results of a randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2024; 355:95-103. [PMID: 38521137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressed patients who have become victim of violence are prone to revictimization. However, no evidence-based interventions aimed at reducing revictimization in this group exist. METHODS This multicenter randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of an internet-based emotion regulation training (iERT) added to TAU in reducing revictimization, emotion dysregulation, and depressive symptoms in recently victimized, depressed patients compared to TAU alone. Adult outpatients (N = 153) with a depressive disorder who had experienced threat, physical assault, or sexual assault within the previous three years were randomly allocated to TAU+iERT (n = 74) or TAU (n = 79). TAU involved psychotherapy (mainly cognitive behavioral therapy [77.8 %]). iERT comprised six guided online sessions focused on the acquisition of adaptive emotion regulation skills. The primary outcome measure was the number of revictimization incidents at 12 months after baseline, measured with the Safety Monitor. Analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS Both groups showed a large decrease in victimization incidents. Mixed-model negative binomial regression analyses showed that TAU+iERT was not effective in reducing revictimization compared to TAU (IRR = 0.97; 95%CI = 0.64,1.46; p = .886). Linear mixed-model analyses demonstrated that TAU+iERT yielded a larger reduction of emotion dysregulation (B = -7.217; p = .046; Cohens d = 0.33), but not depressive symptoms (B = -1.041; p = .607) than TAU. LIMITATIONS The study was underpowered to detect small treatment effects. Additionally, uptake of iERT was quite low. CONCLUSIONS Although TAU+iERT resulted in a larger decrease of emotion dysregulation than TAU alone, it was not effective in reducing revictimization and depressive symptoms. Patients' revictimization risk substantially decreased during psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christ
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Research and Innovation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - D J F van Schaik
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Research and Innovation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J Kikkert
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M M de Waal
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Dozeman
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Research and Innovation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H L Hulstijn
- PuntP, Department of Affective Disorders, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L M Koomen
- Arkin BasisGGZ, Department of Primary Mental Health Care, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I M Krah
- GGZ Breburg, Department of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - D M Schut
- Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Department of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - A T F Beekman
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Research and Innovation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J M Dekker
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Li M, Gong H, Sun W, Ma P, Chen Y, Gao Y. The health context paradox in the relationship between victimization, classroom bullying attitudes, and adolescent depression: An analysis based on the hlm model. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:694-701. [PMID: 38492648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
From the perspective of the health context paradox, this study examined the relationship between adolescent victimization and depression based on the diathesis-stress model and attribution theory using a nested model. A survey was conducted on 3743 Chinese adolescents using the Bullying & Victimization Scale, Rumination Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Bullying Attitude Scale. The results disclosed that victimization had a positive impact on depression, rumination played a mediating role between victimization and depression, and classroom anti-bullying attitudes heightened the correlation between victimization and developing depression as well as between victimization and engaging in rumination thinking. This study provides a new cross-level perspective to reduce the occurrence of depression among bullied adolescents and further validates the health context paradox, expanding its applicability range. It also provides new experimental research references for reducing depression among bullied adolescents from a more comprehensive, cross-level perspective in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Li
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huoliang Gong
- School of Psychology Henan University Jinming Campus, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.
| | - Wenyan Sun
- Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Peng Ma
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Jaureguizar J, Dosil-Santamaria M, Redondo I, Wachs S, Machimbarrena JM. Online and offline dating violence: same same, but different? Psicol Reflex Crit 2024; 37:13. [PMID: 38602598 PMCID: PMC11009218 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-024-00293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violent behaviors in romantic relationships among adolescents and young people are pressing social matter as they have an effect on both victims and aggressors. Moreover, in the last decades, new forms of harassment, control, and abuse through social networks and mobile phones have arisen. Therefore, now forms of online and offline dating violence coexist. OBJECTIVES The aim was to analyze the prevalence rates by sex and age and the co-occurrence of online and offline dating violence. Moreover, the roles of online and offline dating violence aggressors and victims for their self-esteem, hostility, general psychological state, and emotional intelligence were investigated. METHOD Three hundred forty-one university students from the Basque Country, Spain, participated in the study. They completed six validated instruments related to the mentioned variables. RESULTS Results highlight the high prevalence of online and offline dating violence in the sample and the co-occurrence of both types. No gender nor sex differences were found for online and offline dating violence perpetration and victimization. The correlation between online and offline dating violence was confirmed, and the reciprocity of violence is greater for offline violence. In relation to the role, both types of victims (online and offline) showed higher levels of hostility and psychological symptomatology than non-victims, but differences in self-esteem and emotional regulation were found in these modalities. Online and offline perpetrators shared hostility and some psychological symptoms as characteristics compared to non-victims, but differed in other symptoms and emotional intelligence. CONCLUSION There is a continuum between offline and online victimization perpetration albeit differences in the characteristics such as self-esteem, emotional intelligence, and general functioning exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Jaureguizar
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Iratxe Redondo
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Sebastian Wachs
- Department of Education and Social Studies, University of Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Juan M Machimbarrena
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avda. Tolosa 70, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain.
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Junttila M, Kielinen M, Jussila K, Joskitt L, Mäntymaa M, Ebeling H, Mattila ML. The traits of Autism Spectrum Disorder and bullying victimization in an epidemiological population. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:1067-1080. [PMID: 37219644 PMCID: PMC11032281 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Autistic children (Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD) show an increased risk of bullying victimization and often face challenges in communication and peer relationships. However, it is unclear to what extent the amount and quality of ASD traits are associated with bullying victimization. This study examined the association of bullying victimization and ASD traits in an epidemiological population of 8-year-old children (n = 4408) using parent and teacher completed Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaires (ASSQs), both separately and combined. The ASSQ items relating to loneliness and social isolation, lack of co-operating skills, clumsiness and lack of common sense were associated with victimization in the study population. The higher the ASSQ scores, the more the children were victimized: the ASSQ scores increased in parallel with victimization from 0 (0% victimized) to 45 (64% victimized). The victimization rate was 46% in ASD sample, 2% in the total population sample and 2% in the non-ASD population sample. The results enable more targeted means for recognizing potential victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Junttila
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Child Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | | | - K Jussila
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Child Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Division of Psychology, VISE, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - L Joskitt
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Child Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M Mäntymaa
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Child Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - H Ebeling
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Child Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M-L Mattila
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Child Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Díaz-Faes DA, Codina M, Pereda N. Identifying victimization clusters across people with intellectual disabilities: A latent class analysis. Disabil Health J 2024; 17:101573. [PMID: 38072748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2023.101573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown high rates of victimization among people with intellectual disabilities (ID), but victimization clusters have been barely explored. OBJECTIVE We address the gap by examining how reported victimization experiences are grouped into different classes and identifying differences in the characteristics of the individuals in each class. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional self-report study with a sample of adults with an ID diagnosis (n = 260). We gathered data about the participants' victimization experiences and socio-demographics, and then subjected the data to latent class analysis (LCA). RESULTS Three different classes were detected: High victimization (n = 27, 10.4 %); medium victimization, low sexual (n = 97, 37.3 %); and low victimization (n = 136, 52.3 %). The results highlight the experiences of sexual and physical victimization among the high-victimization class, in which women are overrepresented, and physical victimization among the medium-victimization class. The study also found that experiences of assault and bias attacks occur to a varying extent across all three classes. The LCA and poly-victimization methods showed substantial agreement but also differences when identifying the most victimized participants. In addition, we detected significant differences between classes in gender, type of school attended, place of residence, legal incapacity, type of support needed, secondary disability and poly-victimization status. CONCLUSION We identified distinct underlying ingroup patterns of victimization and sociodemographic inter-class differences that contribute to a better understanding of victimization within the population in question. The results have prevention and intervention implications for caregivers and providers of services for people with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Díaz-Faes
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Codina
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pereda
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Posick C, Floyd KH. New Frontiers in Comparative Victimology: Introduction to the Special Issue of the International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2024; 68:443-448. [PMID: 38217389 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x231221016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
This special issue of the International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology intends to expand the examination of victimology and victim issues. The social problem of violence is universal, and there is much to learn from policies and programs that are found to be effective across the globe. The four issues in this special issue span global problems such as cybercrime, interpersonal violence, violent socialization, and the victimization of college students. Solutions to these harms include micro-level programmatic efforts as well as broader social-political efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Posick
- Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA
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7
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Renley BM, Argenyi MS, Mereish EH, Watson RJ. Experiences of stress and social safety among sexual and gender minority youth by disability status. Disabil Health J 2024:101614. [PMID: 38521733 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2024.101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though separate bodies of research have shown sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth, and youth with disabilities, separately, face distinct social and health disparities, little is known about youth who both identify as SGM and have disabilities. OBJECTIVE The current study examined differences in wellbeing among SGM youth by disability category (i.e., physical, developmental, psychiatric) across victimization, bullying, dating violence, school safety, and experienced stress. METHODS Using self-reported data from 9418 SGM youth aged 13-17 in the United States, multivariate linear regressions were conducted to examine how stress and social safety experiences varied across disability status. RESULTS Compared to SGM youth without a disability, SGM youth across all disability categories (physical, developmental, psychiatric) had greater odds of LGBT- and disability-based victimization, greater average stress, as well as lower levels of school safety. SGM youth with any disability, physical disability, or psychiatric disability also had greater odds of dating violence compared to SGM youth without a disability. CONCLUSION SGM youth with disabilities may be in particular need of targeted programs that address both disability and sexual/gender identities, and may benefit from increased supports across developmental contexts (e.g., against bullying in school). Stakeholders should consider how such support can be improved, tailored, and implemented, for SGM youth and the diversity of disabilities they have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benton M Renley
- University of Connecticut, Department of Human Development & Family Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Michael S Argenyi
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ethan H Mereish
- Lavender Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Ryan J Watson
- University of Connecticut, Department of Human Development & Family Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA
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Jin G, Bian X, Zhou T, Liu J. Different Ways to Defend Victims of Bullying: Defending Profiles and Their Associations with Adolescents' Victimization Experiences and Depressive Symptoms. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:621-631. [PMID: 38032413 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents use various strategies to help their victimized peers during bullying episodes. However, prior research has primarily adopted a variable-centered approach that examines the effect of each defending strategies separately and does not address whether there were different types of defenders who exhibit specific combinations of defending strategies and how these profiles related to youth's adjustment outcomes. Using latent profile analysis, this study identified defending profiles among a sample of Chinese adolescents (N = 1618, Mage = 13.81, SDage = 0.94, 42% girls) and examined whether these profiles differ on victimization experiences and depressive symptoms. The results yielded four defending profiles: nonaggressive defenders (15%), aggressive defenders (7%), average defenders (54%), and infrequent defenders (24%). Aggressive defenders and infrequent defenders exhibited the highest levels of self-reported victimization and depressive symptoms, whereas nonaggressive defenders demonstrated the lowest. There were no statistical profile differences in peer-reported victimization. Findings suggest that investigating the heterogeneity of youth using defending strategies is important for understanding whether defending actually puts youth at increased risk for negative adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Jin
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Bian
- School of Educational Science, International Joint Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junsheng Liu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Georgoulis H, Beauregard E, Chopin J. A Criminological Perspective on the Sexual Victimization of Older Adults. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2024; 26:53-59. [PMID: 38349575 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-024-01482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review presents recent research on the sexual abuse of older adults and examines this phenomenon from a criminological perspective. Much of the previous work has neglected to consider the entirety of the crime-commission process. Therefore, the work highlighted in this review showcases important information regarding the individual who committed the crime, the victim, and the criminal event as a whole. RECENT FINDINGS Comparative studies suggest that the motivations of people who commit sexually victimize older adults are vast and can include those that are sexually and anger motivated, while the victims present with unique vulnerabilities, such as disabilities and spending most of their time at home, that make them more susceptible to excessive violence. People who commit sexual abuse against older adults are a heterogenous group, and the context of victim vulnerabilities is key to understanding why they are targeted. Specific prevention and investigative practices can be formed to better address this crime and protect older adults from future victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Georgoulis
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, Canada.
| | - Eric Beauregard
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Julien Chopin
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, Canada
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Social Work and Criminology, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
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Codina M, Díaz-Faes DA, Pereda N. Better at home or in residential care? Victimization of people with intellectual disabilities at the hands of caregivers. Res Dev Disabil 2024; 146:104689. [PMID: 38310732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disabilities often need assistance of some kind in their everyday life. Support needs can increase the risk of their victimization at the hands of professional and family caregivers. This paper explores the differences in caregiver victimization between participants living in residential care settings and those who are not. METHOD A sample of 260 adults (59.2 % men) with an intellectual disability diagnosis were assessed using an adaptation of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire comparing prevalence, sum and variety scores. RESULTS More than half of the sample (59.2 %) experienced some form of caregiver victimization throughout their lifetime, with physical abuse, verbal abuse, and neglect being the most frequently reported forms. Participants in residential care settings experienced significantly more caregiver victimization incidents and a broader range of victimization forms than their counterparts outside residential care. Significant differences were found based on the individuals' place of residence and gender. Details are provided on the last victimization incident, the perpetrator, the psychological and physical consequences of the victimization, and the reporting rates. CONCLUSIONS This study outlines high rates of lifetime caregiver victimization, with those who live in residential care settings at particular risk. Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the nuances of caregiver victimization and to prevent abuse in caregiving contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Codina
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Diego A Díaz-Faes
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pereda
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Dong Z, Huitsing G, Veenstra R. Students' School and Psychological Adjustment in Classrooms with Positive and Negative Leaders. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:550-562. [PMID: 38183532 PMCID: PMC10838230 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01937-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Positive and negative leadership styles may influence classroom norms and be related to the school and psychological adjustment of children in general, and victims in particular. This study tested the relation between leadership styles and children's adjustment, and the moderating effects of leadership on the association between self-reported victimization and school and psychological adjustment (self-esteem, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms); and it tested for potential gender differences. Classrooms were classified into those with only positive leaders, only negative leaders, both positive and negative leaders, and without leaders. The sample contained 8748 children (Mage = 10.05, SD = 1.22; 51.2% girls) from 392 classrooms, in grades three to six, in 98 Dutch schools. Multilevel analysis revealed that, in general, children in negative leader classrooms experienced lower school well-being than children in other classrooms. In positive leader classrooms, male and female victims had lower school well-being. For psychological well-being, female victims had lower self-esteem and more depressive symptoms in positive leader classrooms. Male and female victims in negative leader classrooms did not suffer from additional maladjustment. These results demonstrate that negative leadership styles are related to lower school well-being of all children, whereas victimization in classrooms with positive leaders is negatively related to male and female victims' school well-being and girls' psychological adjustment (depressive symptoms); this is in line with the 'healthy context paradox'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Dong
- Department of Sociology and Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gijs Huitsing
- Department of Sociology and Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - René Veenstra
- Department of Sociology and Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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12
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Westermann N, Busching R, Klein AM, Warschburger P. The Longitudinal Interplay between Adverse Peer Experiences and Self-Regulation Facets: A Prospective Analysis during Middle Childhood. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:293-308. [PMID: 37782355 PMCID: PMC10937773 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Positive peer experiences and self-regulation (SR) skills are crucial for children's healthy development, but little is known about how they interact during middle childhood. Therefore, we examined the prospective links between adverse peer experiences (APEs) and SR, drawing from the dataset of the PIER study. Across three measurement points, 1654 children aged 6-11 (T1), 7-11 (T2), and 9-13 years (T3) were included. We assessed the SR facets updating, flexibility, inhibition, emotional reactivity, inhibitory control, and planning using computerized tasks, parent- and teacher-reports. The latent variable of APEs consisted of measures of peer victimization and peer rejection assessed via self-, parent-, and teacher-report. Separate cross-lagged panel models were calculated, investigating the interplay of each SR facet and APEs. Results indicated that experiencing more APEs at T1 predicted higher emotional reactivity, and lower inhibition, inhibitory control, updating, and flexibility at T2. More APEs at T2 predicted higher emotional reactivity and lower planning at T3. Lower inhibition, updating, and flexibility at T2 predicted more APEs at T3. Accordingly, we found a negative bidirectional relationship between inhibition, updating, and flexibility with APEs. Our findings highlight that during middle childhood more APEs predict lower SR, which in turn predicts more experiences of peer victimization and rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Westermann
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert Busching
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Annette M Klein
- International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Stromstr. 1, 10555, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Warschburger
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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Zheng H, Zhou Y, Fu L, Eli B, Han R, Liu Z. A Latent Transition Analysis of Aggression Victimization Patterns During the Transition from Primary to Middle School. J Youth Adolesc 2024:10.1007/s10964-023-01931-2. [PMID: 38217836 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
School transitions provide contexts for adolescents to reconstruct peer relationships and re-establish social positions. Scarce research has captured the transition of aggressor and victim roles during this period and examined associated factors. To investigate the stability and shifts of aggressor and victim roles following the transition to middle school, this study conducted latent transition analysis with 1261 Chinese adolescents (32.6% female, Mage in Grade 6 = 12.1 years, SD = 0.7). Three subgroups were identified across Grades 5 to 8: aggressive-victims, victims and uninvolved. Adolescents were more likely to transition from aggressive-victim and victim roles to the uninvolved group during the transition to middle school compared to the transitions within the same educational phase. Males and those with insecure parental attachment were at higher risk of being and remaining in the involved groups. The findings underscore the dynamic nature of adolescent aggression and victimization and highlight the transition to middle school as a critical window for interventions aimed at helping adolescents disengage from aggression and victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yueyue Zhou
- School of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, PR China
| | - Lin Fu
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Buzohre Eli
- Department of Psychology, Normal College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, PR China
| | - Ru Han
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhengkui Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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14
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Goodman LC, Elmore JS, Mayes TL, Minhajuddin A, Slater H, Blader JC, Liberzon I, Baronia RB, Bivins EJ, LaGrone JM, Jackson S, Martin SL, Brown R, Soares JC, Wakefield SM, Trivedi MH. Linking trauma to mental health in the statewide Texas Youth Depression and Suicide Research Network (TX-YDSRN). Psychiatry Res 2024; 331:115620. [PMID: 38091894 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Rates of youth depression and suicide are rising worldwide and represent public health crises. The present study examined the relationship between trauma history and symptoms of depression, suicidal ideation, and anxiety among suicidal and depressed youth. A diverse group of 1000 8-20-year-olds enrolled in the statewide Texas Youth Depression and Suicide Research Network (TX-YDSRN) reported their trauma history (Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for Children) and symptoms of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire for adolescents; PHQ-A), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale; GAD-7), and suicidality (Concise Health Risk Tracking scale; CHRT-SR). Nearly half of the sample reported exposure to multiple categories of traumatic experiences. Number of trauma exposure categories significantly predicted PHQ-A and GAD-7 scores. Exposure to interpersonal trauma and to sexual trauma were significantly associated with PHQ-A, GAD-7, and CHRT-SR scores. The number of trauma exposure categories was associated with increased levels of anxiety and depression; however, only exposure to interpersonal or sexual trauma was associated with more suicidality. Clinicians should assess trauma exposure in patients seeking psychiatric care, especially for interpersonal and sexual trauma, which may be predictive of increased risk for suicidality in depressed youth. Future work should disentangle the effects of specific trauma types from multiple trauma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnel C Goodman
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joshua S Elmore
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Taryn L Mayes
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Abu Minhajuddin
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Holli Slater
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph C Blader
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Regina B Baronia
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Emily J Bivins
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sierra Jackson
- Office of Clinical Research, JPS Health Network, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Sarah L Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, USA
| | - Ryan Brown
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Health Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah M Wakefield
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Madhukar H Trivedi
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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15
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Iannello NM, Caravita S, Papotti N, Gelati C, Camodeca M. Social Anxiety and Bullying Victimization in Children and Early Adolescents: The Role of Developmental Period and Immigrant Status. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:130-141. [PMID: 37759127 PMCID: PMC10761516 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Research reveals that social anxiety may be predictive of bullying victimization, but it is not clear whether this relation stands for different groups of youth. The present study examines this association by employing a longitudinal design over 1 year and including the moderating role of developmental period (childhood vs. early adolescence) and students' immigrant status (native vs. non-native). T1 sample included 506 children (46.44% girls, mean age M = 8.55 years, SD = 0.55) and 310 early adolescents (50% girls, mean age = 12.54 years, SD = 0.59) recruited in schools in Northern Italy. Due to missing cases and drop-outs from T1 to T2, the final sample comprised 443 and 203 students from primary and middle school, respectively. Social anxiety and peer victimization were assessed through self-reported questionnaires. Results indicated that victimization at T2 was predicted by a 3-way interaction between T1 social anxiety, immigrant status, and developmental period. In particular, socially anxious early adolescents with an immigrant background were the most victimized. The results are discussed in terms of group dynamics and intergroup processes. The findings highlight the importance of personal variables in the cumulation of risks: social anxiety is more predictive of bullying victimization for immigrant early adolescents than for children or native early adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Caravita
- University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Catholic University of Sacred Heart Brescia, Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Papotti
- Catholic University of Sacred Heart Brescia, Milan, Italy
- University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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16
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Muir NM, Rotondi M, Brar R, Rotondi NK, Bourgeois C, Dokis B, Hardy M, Maddox R, Smylie J. Our Health Counts: Examining associations between colonialism and ever being incarcerated among First Nations, Inuit, and Métis people in London, Thunder Bay, and Toronto, Canada. Can J Public Health 2023:10.17269/s41997-023-00838-6. [PMID: 38158518 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-023-00838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Indigenous peoples have a disproportionately high prevalence of incarceration in the Canadian justice system. However, there is limited Indigenous-driven research examining colonialism and the justice system, specifically associations between racism, externally imposed family disruptions, and history of ever being incarcerated. Therefore, this study examined the association between the proportion of previous incarceration and family disruption, experiences of racism, and victimization for Indigenous adults in London, Thunder Bay, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The three communities expressed that they did not want comparison between the communities; rather, they wanted analysis of their community to understand where more supports were needed. METHODS Indigenous community partners used respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to collect data from First Nations, Inuit, and Métis (FNIM) peoples in London, Thunder Bay, and Toronto. Prevalence estimates, 95% confidence intervals, and relative risk were reported using unweighted Poisson models and RDS-adjusted proportions. RESULTS Proportions of ever being incarcerated ranged from 43.0% in London to 54.0% in Toronto and 72.0% in Thunder Bay. In all three cities, history of child protection involvement and experiencing racism was associated with an approximate 25.0% increase in risk for previous incarceration. In Toronto and London, victimization was associated with increased risk for incarceration. CONCLUSION This research highlights disproportionately high prevalence of ever being incarcerated among FNIM living in three Ontario cities. Experiencing racism, family disruption, and victimization are associated with incarceration. Decreasing the rates of family disruption, experiences of racism, and victimization should inform future policy and services to reduce the disproportionately high prevalence of incarceration for FNIM people living in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raman Brar
- Well Living House, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Brian Dokis
- Southwest Ontario Aboriginal Health Access Centre (SOAHAC), London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Raglan Maddox
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Janet Smylie
- Well Living House, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Cheung DH, Reeves AN, Waratworawan W, Kongjareon Y, Guadamuz TE. Effects of intimate partner violence and homophobic bullying on ART adherence among young Thai men who have sex with men: a causal mediation analysis. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3704223. [PMID: 38168236 PMCID: PMC10760229 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3704223/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is crucial in determining health outcomes and secondary HIV transmission for people living with HIV/AIDS. Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) living with HIV are often challenged by the prevailing experiences of psychosocial stressors, such as intimate partner violence and homophobic bullying, which may negatively affect their HIV care engagement. Methods This study is the first to utilize a prospective cohort design (N= 185) involving YMSM living with HIV in Thailand. We examined the effects of intimate partner violence and homophobic bullying on ART adherence. We also tested the mediating effect of depression on the relationship between intimate partner violence and homophobic bullying on ART adherence. Results We found that intimate partner violence (AOR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.13, 5.42) and homophobic bullying (AOR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.26, 4.48) were associated with subsequent ART nonadherence. Moreover, depression partially mediated 17.4% (95% CI: 0.75%, 56%) of the effect of homophobic bullying on ART nonadherence. Conclusions The results suggest that tailored interventions to optimize ART adherence should address the impacts of intimate partner violence and homophobic bullying for HIV+ YMSM. The screening and subsequent treatment of depression alone may not be sufficient to address the effects of intimate partner violence, homophobic bullying, and possibly other MSM-specific psychosocial stressors on ART adherence.
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18
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Sevigny EL, Potter G, Wilkins C, Barratt MJ, Søgaard TF, Hakkarainen P, Grigg J, Roustide MJ. Conflict and social control among cannabis growers. Int J Drug Policy 2023:104292. [PMID: 38104014 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Illegal drug markets are often assumed to be violent and predatory due to the absence of third-party enforcement. While cannabis markets are generally considered to be relatively more peaceful, there has been little investigation of the levels of conflict and victimization among small-scale cannabis growers, particularly under different cannabis policy and enforcement settings. This paper explores prevalence and predictors of conflict and social control among small-scale cannabis growers. METHODS The data were obtained from an online convenience survey of small-scale cannabis growers from 13 countries (Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, New Zealand, Portugal, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and Uruguay) from August 2020 to September 2021 (N = 5667). Key measures collected included the types of victimization due to cannabis growing, the perpetrators of these predatory actions, reasons for the conflict, and the grower's response to being victimized. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of different types of victimization and social control responses among cannabis cultivators. RESULTS Most growers (76 %) never directly experienced violence or other victimization related to their cannabis cultivation. However, about one-quarter of growers had been victimized at some point, mostly involving theft, with physical violence rare. Growing outdoors, growing with others, growing more plants, and being a more seasoned grower increased the risk of victimization. Growers who were motivated by profit were more susceptible to theft. Surprisingly, growers in legal recreational jurisdictions experienced greater levels of theft and violent victimization than growers in illegal jurisdictions. Nonviolent social control responses predominated among the growers, mostly characterized by toleration but also avoidance and negotiation. CONCLUSION While most growers reported no victimization, a substantial minority did so, largely theft rather than violence, and typically did not report employing retaliatory violence. Social control responses were mostly nonviolent. These findings varied under different cannabis policy and enforcement environments. Cannabis legalization does not eliminate opportunities for theft and violence related to cannabis cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Sevigny
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia State University, 55 Park Place NE, Atlanta GA 30303, USA.
| | - Gary Potter
- Law School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Chris Wilkins
- SHORE & Whariki Research Centre, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Monica J Barratt
- Social and Global Studies Centre and Digital Ethnography Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Pekka Hakkarainen
- Alcohol, Drugs and Tobacco Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jodie Grigg
- National Drug Research Institute and enAble Instutute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Marie Jauffret Roustide
- Centre d'étude des mouvements sociaux (Inserm U1276/CNRS UMR 8044/EHESS), Paris, France; Baldy Center on Law and Social Policy, Buffalo, NY, USA; British Columbia Center on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada; Institut Interuniversitaire sur les Dépendances, Montréal, Canada
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19
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Biernesser C, Win E, Escobar-Viera C, Farzan R, Rose M, Goldstein T. Development and codesign of flourish: A digital suicide prevention intervention for LGBTQ+ youth who have experienced online victimization. Internet Interv 2023; 34:100663. [PMID: 37693013 PMCID: PMC10491770 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2023.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background LGBTQ+ youth experience disproportionately high rates of online victimization (OV), referring to harmful remarks, images, or behaviors in online settings, which is associated with suicidal risk. Current services have gaps in supporting LGBTQ+ youth facing OV events. To address these gaps, this study aims to develop Flourish, a digital suicide prevention intervention for LGBTQ+ youth who have experienced OV. Methods Qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 LGBTQ+ youth with past-year history of OV and lifetime history of suicidality, 11 of their parents, and 10 LGBTQ+-serving professionals. Subsequently, an iterative codesign process was conducted with 22 youth through individual and group design sessions, followed by usability testing. Data were recorded and transcribed. Qualitative interviews were analyzed using a qualitative description approach, and data from design sessions and usability testing were analyzed using rapid qualitative techniques. Results Interviews with youth, parents, and professionals suggested preferences for Flourish to be a partially automated, text message intervention leveraging web-based content that is a safe space for LGBTQ+ youth to seek support for OV through education, coping skills, and help-seeking resources. School and mental health services professionals considered the potential for implementing Flourish within youth services settings. Usability testing, assessed through the System Usability Scale, yielded an average rating of 91, indicating excellent perceived usability. Conclusions Flourish has potential to be an acceptable intervention to support LGBTQ+ youth following OV. Future steps will include testing the feasibility and efficacy of Flourish and further examining Flourish's potential for implementation within services for LGBTQ+ youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Biernesser
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | - Emma Win
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work, United States of America
| | - César Escobar-Viera
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | - Rosta Farzan
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Computing and Information, United States of America
| | - Morgan Rose
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Dietrich School of Arts and Science, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Tina Goldstein
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Dietrich School of Arts and Science, Department of Psychology, United States of America
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20
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Boccio CM, Protas ME, Jackson DB, Leal WE. Virtual Socializing and Nonlinear Effects on Victimization. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:12113-12134. [PMID: 37644757 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231192584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous research documents relationships between unstructured socializing activities and in-person victimization in adolescents. In parallel, there is a body of research which has linked virtual socialization activities (i.e., social networking, texting, video chatting, phone usage) with both online and in-person victimization. The majority of research in this area, however, has assumed the relationship between time spent engaging in virtual socializing and victimization is linear. Yet, there are several reasons to anticipate that while virtual socializing may initially increase the risks for in-person victimization, after adolescents begin spending a significant portion of their free time socializing virtually this may function to displace time they would have otherwise spent engaging in unstructured socializing in-person. As a result, very high levels of engagement in virtual socializing may actually lower the risks for in-person victimization. This study addresses this gap in the literature by utilizing negative binomial regression and logistic regression to test for nonlinearity in the relationship between virtual socializing and three forms of in-person victimization (i.e., violent, property, and in-person bullying) using data from the 8th and 10th grade 2018 cohort of Monitoring the Future. In addition, this study tests for nonlinearity in the relationship between virtual socializing and one form of online victimization (i.e., cyberbullying). Our findings reveal that virtual socializing is associated with all four forms of victimization. In addition, tests for nonlinearity revealed that virtual socializing exhibits a nonlinear relationship with in-person property victimization and cyberbullying victimization. Additional analyses revealed differential relationships between individual virtual socializing activities and the risks for property victimization. On the other hand, three out of the four forms of virtual socializing activities were found to exhibit nonlinear relationships with the likelihood of cyberbullying victimization. Overall, these findings imply that virtual socializing activities appear to exhibit nonlinear relationships with several forms of victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dylan B Jackson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wanda E Leal
- Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
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21
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Dell NA, Vaughn MG, Salas-Wright CP. Firearm injury among people experiencing homelessness: Cross-sectional evidence from a national survey of United States emergency departments. Public Health Pract (Oxf) 2023; 6:100446. [PMID: 37954558 PMCID: PMC10638013 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2023.100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) are at high risk for violent victimization. This study leverages unique data from a national study in the United States of America to provide estimates of non-fatal firearm injury among PEH and to describe the contexts related to injury, such as substance use, intent of the injury, and precipitating interpersonal factors. Study design Cross-sectional. Methods Data from the 1993-2020 National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-Firearm Injury Surveillance Study (NEISS-FISS) were used to describe the context and characteristics of non-fatal firearm injury among PEH aged 16 years or older. Homeless status and substance use data were extracted from a de-identified narrative field. Estimates were weighted to account for the NEISS-FISS complex sampling design. Results Probable homelessness was identified in 0.10% of cases (n = 3,225). Substance use was documented in 22.73% of cases. Assault comprised 82.64% of injuries. Patients were mostly male (81.38%). Missing data were common on contextual variables: verbal argument (64.62%), physical fight (54.48%) or other criminal activity (62.33%). Conclusions Assault is a leading cause of non-fatal firearm injury for PEH and is greater than rates of assault in non-fatal firearm injuries in the general population. Substance use was documented in nearly one quarter of patients, although this is less than expected given prior evidence. Reliance on narrative fields for key variables likely underestimates rates of PEH and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A. Dell
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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22
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Vanderminden J, Finkelhor D, Hamby S, Turner H. Victimization and abuse among children with disabilities: Age adjusted rates in a US national sample. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 146:106495. [PMID: 37826986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has indicated that children with disabilities are at higher risk for victimization although the literature on this topic is limited. OBJECTIVE We examined rates of assault, sexual victimization, peer-sibling victimization, property crime, maltreatment, and poly-victimization among youth in the United States with and without disabilities. We examined these rates for three age groups (children ages 0-4 years, ages 5-11 years, and ages 12-17 years). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We use data from the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV), waves I (2008), II (2011), and III (2014). These are cross-sectional nationally representative samples of children and youth ages one month to 17 years (N = 12,634). RESULTS Considering children of all ages together, children in all disability categories, except for physical disability, were at higher risk for poly-victimization. Victimization exposure overall is higher among older children (except for assault among very young children with developmental or learning disabilities), though the disparity between children with and without disabilities generally narrows as children get older. Age of the child impacted the relationships between disability and victimization. Very young children with physical disabilities were at heightened risk for most types of victimization while children with internalizing disabilities were at heightened risk for assault, property crime, and maltreatment in middle childhood and adolescence. Children with externalizing disabilities were at heightened risk for most types of victimization across all ages while developmental disabilities appeared to be risk factor for very young children and a potentially protective factor at later ages though these varied by type of victimization. CONCLUSION Victimization risk varied by victimization and disability types. This study demonstrates the importance of controlling for demographic characteristics, especially age of the child in estimating the prevalence of victimization among children with disabilities and establishes the importance of type-specific analyses by victimization type, disability type, and age of the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vanderminden
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States.
| | - David Finkelhor
- Crimes against Children Research Center, Family Research Laboratory, Department of Sociology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, United States
| | - Sherry Hamby
- University of the South, Life Paths Research Center, P.O. Box 187, Sewanee, TN 37375, United States
| | - Heather Turner
- Crimes against Children Research Center, Family Research Laboratory, Department of Sociology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, United States
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23
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Mazur LB. The Individual Victim. Hypogeneralization within a New Social Type. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2023; 57:1465-1473. [PMID: 37626248 PMCID: PMC10622336 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-023-09801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades we have seen increased attention paid to victimhood. However, many of these dialogues are only tangentially related to actual experiences of victimization. They are better understood as reflections of a new Simmelian social type, that is, a new pattern emerging within psycho-social interaction-namely, the Victim. The current reflections focus on the meaning making processes within these broader discussions of victimhood. We first briefly review Georg Simmel's understanding of social types and explore the Victim as a new social type. We then examine how the process of hypogeneralization appears within social types, including the Victim, whereby the patterned social interactions that constitute a social type are seen as a single individual or collective. Finally, we examine a recent example from popular discourse of the hypogeneralized Victim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Mazur
- Jagiellonian University, ul. Stefana Batorego 12, Kraków, 31-135, Poland.
- Sigmund Freud University, Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Kemal S, Nwabuo A, Hoffmann J. Mental Health and Violence in Children and Adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am 2023; 70:1201-1215. [PMID: 37865440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
This article examines the complex interplay between mental health and violence among children. Although children with mental illness are more likely to be victims of violence than perpetrators, this article describes the few mental health conditions associated with increased violent behavior among children. Next, the authors examine the spectrum of mental health sequelae among children following exposure to various forms of violence. Lastly, the authors discuss the underutilization of mental health services in this population and highlight screening and intervention tools available to pediatric clinicians caring for children exposed to violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaa Kemal
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 62, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Adaobi Nwabuo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Health, 2230 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jennifer Hoffmann
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 62, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Hensums M, de Mooij B, Kuijper SC, Fekkes M, Overbeek G. What Works for Whom in School-Based Anti-bullying Interventions? An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis. Prev Sci 2023; 24:1435-1446. [PMID: 35796879 PMCID: PMC10678813 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-022-01387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of bullying worldwide is high (UNESCO, 2018). Over the past decades, many anti-bullying interventions have been developed to remediate this problem. However, we lack insight into for whom these interventions work and what individual intervention components drive the total intervention effects. We conducted a large-scale individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis using data from 39,793 children and adolescents aged five to 20 years (Mage = 12.58, SD = 2.34) who had participated in quasi-experimental or randomized controlled trials of school-based anti-bullying interventions (i.e., 10 studies testing nine interventions). Multilevel logistic regression analyses showed that anti-bullying interventions significantly reduced self-reported victimization (d = - 0.14) and bullying perpetration (d = - 0.07). Anti-bullying interventions more strongly reduced bullying perpetration in younger participants (i.e., under age 12) and victimization for youth who were more heavily victimized before the intervention. We did not find evidence to show that the inclusion of specific intervention components was related to higher overall intervention effects, except for an iatrogenic effect of non-punitive disciplinary methods-which was strongest for girls. Exploratory analyses suggested that school assemblies and playground supervision may have harmful effects for some, increasing bullying perpetration in youth who already bullied frequently at baseline. In conclusion, school-based anti-bullying interventions are generally effective and work especially well for younger children and youth who are most heavily victimized. Further tailoring of interventions may be necessary to more effectively meet the needs and strengths of specific subgroups of children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Hensums
- Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Brechtje de Mooij
- Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven C Kuijper
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Minne Fekkes
- Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Prevention and Health, TNO, Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Geertjan Overbeek
- Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dubé C, Morin AJS, Olivier E, Gilbert W, Tracey D, Craven RG, Maïano C. School Experiences and Anxiety Trajectories Among Youth with Intellectual Disabilities. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06127-y. [PMID: 37898583 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated how the school experiences and personal characteristics of youth with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) contribute to their longitudinal trajectories of anxiety. To this end, we relied on a sample of 390 youth with mild (48.2%) to moderate (51.8%) levels of ID, aged from 11 to 22 (M = 15.70), and recruited in Canada (n = 140) and Australia (n = 250). Across three yearly time points, all participants completed self-report measures of anxiety, school climate, and victimization. Our results revealed a slight normative decrease in anxiety over time and showed that experiences of school victimization were associated with higher levels of anxiety (initially and momentarily) and increases in victimization were accompanied by increases in anxiety over time. Perceptions of attending a school that fosters security and promotes learning also tended to be accompanied by lower levels of anxiety (initially and momentarily). Momentary increases in perceptions of attending a school that fosters positive peer interactions were associated with momentary decreases in anxiety, whereas momentary increases in perceptions of attending a school characterized by positive teacher-student relationships and an equitable treatment of all students both led to small momentary increases in anxiety once all other components of student school experiences were considered. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céleste Dubé
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Alexandre J S Morin
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth Olivier
- Département de psychopédagogie et d'andragogie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - William Gilbert
- Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
| | - Danielle Tracey
- School of Education, Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rhonda G Craven
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christophe Maïano
- Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO|Campus de Saint-Jérôme), Saint-Jérome, Canada
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Vaughn MG, Dell NA, Long C, Qian A, DeLisi M. Prevalence and correlates of knife-related victimization: Insights from the 2019 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Prev Med 2023; 175:107680. [PMID: 37619951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have explored the incidence and general trends in knife-related victimizations in the United States (US), especially in settings where preventive interventions can potentially be initiated such as emergency departments (EDs). The goal of the present investigation was to provide an empirical portrait of the psychosocial and behavioral health characteristics of patients assaulted by sharp objects, particularly knives, as revealed in EDs in the US, as less research has focused on knife victimization in the US than internationally. This study uses data from the 2019 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS), which is part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project distributed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Findings revealed that demographically males (especially those aged 18-25), those in poverty, and members of racially minoritized groups were more likely to be present with knife-related assault. Key factors increasing the odds of knife-related victimization treated in EDs were homelessness, legal involvement, and substance use, particularly alcohol and stimulant use disorder. Somewhat surprisingly, mental health diagnosis was not associated with increased knife-related victimization. Although EDs are critical to treating knife-related victimization, they are also potentially key points to launch prevention for high-risk individuals to reduce subsequent violence stemming from escalation of interpersonal disputes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Vaughn
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, 3550 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103 USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dell
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Charvonne Long
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, 3550 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103 USA
| | - Aaron Qian
- College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, One N Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Matt DeLisi
- Sociology & Criminal Justice, Iowa State University, 510 Farm House Lane, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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Baumann S, Bernhard A, Martinelli A, Ackermann K, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Freitag C, Konrad K, Kohls G. Perpetrators and victims of cyberbullying among youth with conduct disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:1643-1653. [PMID: 35348888 PMCID: PMC10460306 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-01973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Due to modern technological innovations, aggressive behaviors have expanded into the cyberspace, creating a new matter of public concern: cyberbullying. Antisocial and aggressive behaviors, including bullying are characteristic for children and adolescents diagnosed with conduct disorder (CD), raising the question whether these youths are highly involved in cyberbullying experiences, too. 206 participants with CD versus typically developing controls (TDCs) aged 9-19 years (57% girls) were included in the study. Individuals completed several self-report measures investigating cyber- and traditional bullying experiences, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to explain the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration with demographic and clinical variables. Experiences of cyberbullying victimization and perpetration were significantly higher among youth with CD compared to TDCs, and this was accompanied by significantly higher scores on a measure of traditional bullying in CD versus TDCs. CD diagnosis, female sex and higher levels of callous-unemotional (CU) traits were each uniquely associated with increased experiences of cyberbullying victimization, whereas CD diagnosis, higher levels of CU traits and older age were each uniquely associated with increased experiences of cyberbullying perpetration. Individuals with CD, compared to TDCs are at higher risk of becoming cyberbully victims and perpetrators, hence representing an important novel aspect in the assessment and treatment of these youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baumann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Neuenhofer Weg 21-22, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Anka Bernhard
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne Martinelli
- Psychology School, University of Applied Science Fresenius, Idstein, Germany
| | | | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Neuenhofer Weg 21-22, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christine Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, RWTH Aachen and Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gregor Kohls
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Segal SP, Rimes L, Badran L. Crime and victimization outcomes following civil rights limits to the use of compulsory treatment. Psychiatry Res 2023; 327:115377. [PMID: 37562153 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Community treatment orders (CTOs) have been associated with reduced crime/victimization-risk. Australia's ratification of the U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) enabled patient-rights-advocacy to limit CTO-assignment to persons lacking decision-making-capacity. This effort was accompanied by a 15% reduction in CTO-utilization. Has this change affected crime/victimization-involvements of patients with schizophrenia-diagnoses? In Victoria Australia, the study considers crime/victimization-involvement among three patient-groups recruited with the same sampling-algorithm in the decade before (2000-2009, N = 14,711) and after (2010-2019, N = 10,702) CRPD-ratification. Each group is its own-control. Each group's positive-outcome across decades would be "no increase" in crime/victimization-involvement or in the ratio of the group's incident-rates to the State's. Following CRPD-ratification, first-hospitalized-patients with at least one CTO-assignment doubled their involvement in major crime-perpetrations (from 13% to 27%), non-CTO-hospitalized-patients almost doubled (from 10% to 18%), and 11% of outpatients were involved when none were before. Overall, a third (34%) were victimized-by-major-crime up from 28%, with 25% of outpatients experiencing victimization when none had before. Increases were most evident in major-crimes, led by assaults/abductions. Capacity-constraints on compulsory-treatment are associated with increases in crime/victimization-involvement, a transfer of responsibility for patients with schizophrenia-diagnoses from the mental-health-system to the criminal-justice-system, validation of dangerousness stereotypes, and growing negative family impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Segal
- University of Melbourne, VIC, AU and University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Tiiri E, Uotila J, Elonheimo H, Sillanmäki L, Brunstein Klomek A, Sourander A. Bullying at 8 years and violent offenses by 31 years: the Finnish nationwide 1981 birth cohort study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:1667-1678. [PMID: 35384476 PMCID: PMC10460349 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-01964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the associations between bullying perpetration and victimization at 8 years of age and violent offenses by the age of 31. Data were obtained for subjects enrolled in a population-based longitudinal birth cohort study. In 1989, 5813 8-year-old children (attrition 3.4%), and their parents and teachers, were surveyed about bullying. When 5405 subjects (attrition 10.2%) were 15-31 years of age, violent offenses were extracted from the Finnish National Police Register. We analyzed the data by sex and categorized bullying perpetration and victimization by frequency. Violent offenses were categorized by severity. Cox regression analyses estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). When they were compared to males who had not been bullies at 8 years of age, frequent male bullies had an increased hazard for violent offenses (adjusted HR 3.01, 95% CI 2.11-4.33) and severe violent offenses (adjusted HR 2.86, 95% CI 1.07-7.59) as adults, even when the data were controlled for them being victims, parental education level, family structure and child psychopathology. Frequent female bullies also had an increased hazard for violent offenses, compared to those who had not bullied others (adjusted HR 5.27, 95% CI 1.51-18.40). Frequent male bullying was associated with higher odds for violent offenses compared to only bullying sometimes. Being a victim was not associated with violent offenses. Preventing childhood bullying could reduce violent offenses by both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Tiiri
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko Uotila
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Lauri Sillanmäki
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anat Brunstein Klomek
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzlyia, Israel
| | - Andre Sourander
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Schell SE, Racine SE. Reconsidering the role of interpersonal stress in eating pathology: Sensitivity to rejection might be more important than actual experiences of peer stress. Appetite 2023; 187:106588. [PMID: 37148973 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rejection sensitivity (i.e., the tendency to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and overreact to real or perceived rejection) is theorized to play a role in the onset and maintenance of disordered eating. Although rejection sensitivity has repeatedly been associated with eating pathology in clinical and community samples, the pathways through which this psychological trait influences eating pathology have been not fully established. The current study investigated peer-related stress, which can be influenced by rejection sensitivity and is associated with eating pathology, as a mechanism linking these constructs. In two samples of women - 189 first-year undergraduate students and 77 community women with binge eating - we examined whether rejection sensitivity was indirectly associated with binge eating and weight/shape concerns via ostracism and peer victimization, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Our hypotheses were not supported: there were no indirect associations between rejection sensitivity and eating pathology via interpersonal stress in either sample. However, we did find that rejection sensitivity was directly associated with weight/shape concerns in both samples and with binge eating in the clinical sample in cross-sectional (but not longitudinal) analyses. Our findings suggest that the association between rejection sensitivity and disordered eating is not dependent on actual experiences of interpersonal stress. That is, simply anticipating or perceiving rejection may be sufficient to play a role in eating pathology. As such, interventions targeting rejection sensitivity may be helpful in the treatment of eating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Schell
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
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32
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Estévez-García JF, Cañas E, Estévez E. Non-Disclosure and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescent Victims of Bullying: An Analysis from the Family and School Context. Psychosoc Interv 2023; 32:191-201. [PMID: 37691712 PMCID: PMC10484023 DOI: 10.5093/pi2023a13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, suicide rates among bullying victims have raised much concern among educators and health professionals. Suicide is the fourth leading cause of preventable death among adolescents, data that warn about the need to monitor the signs before victims' suicidal behavior to prevent this fatal outcome. In the present study, the role of victims' silence about their victimization situation was analysed, as well as the particular impact of family and school environments. More specifically, we examined the mediating role of the victim's non-disclosure between the parental styles (observing the father's and mother's roles separately) and the school climate, concerning suicidal ideation in victims. The sample consisted of 2,977 adolescents (48.5% boys), aged 11-17 years (M = 14.1, SD = 1.42), of whom 635 (21.3%) reported having been victims of bullying in the past year. The results showed that parental styles of rejection and indifference were positively related to victims' non-disclosure of bullying and suicidal ideation. Conversely, a positive school climate showed a negative relationship with victims' disclosure of the bullying situation and suicidal ideation. The findings also indicated that non-disclosure mediates the relationship between the mother's parental style and suicidal ideation. These findings expand knowledge about the role of bullying victims' social context and the variable disclosure with regards to suicidal ideation in adolescents victimized by peers at school.
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Wang L, Gu C, Zhou S, Wen S, Zhang Y, Li Q. Can the Negative Cognitive Bias Be Predicted by Early Victimization of College Students? The Dual Role of Resilience. J Psychol 2023; 157:409-422. [PMID: 37498950 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2023.2225138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Victimization could cause cognitive dysfunction like negative cognitive bias. While there are studies of contemporaneous consequences, there is insufficient research on whether and how early victimization will affect adult negative cognitive bias. This study examined the dual role of resilience (i.e., whether resilience would moderate the relationship between early victimization and negative cognitive bias, and/or whether resilience would mediate the same relationship). A total of 972 college students (40% were males, Mage = 19.25, SD = 1.17, range = 16-25) from three universities in Central China completed a series of anonymous questionnaires on early victimization, resilience, and negative cognitive bias. After controlling for demographic variables, the results indicated that early victimization was positively correlated with negative cognitive bias of college students. Moderation analysis indicated that resilience moderated the relationship between early victimization and negative cognitive bias. Mediation analysis revealed that resilience partially mediated the same relationship. Specifically, the effect of early victimization on negative cognitive bias was stronger for college students with high level of resilience than those with low level of resilience. Meanwhile, early victimization affected negative cognitive bias partially through resilience. The findings elucidate the dual role of resilience in the relationship between early victimization and negative cognitive bias. On the one hand, negative cognitive bias can be reduced by enhancing resilience among victims, on the other hand, the protective role of resilience may be weakened with the increase of victimization, reminding us to pay more attention to victims with high level of resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Wang
- Central China Normal University
- Xinyang Normal University
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34
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Ball LE, Zhu X. Brief Report Prevalence of Bullying Among Autistic Adolescents in the United States: Impact of Disability Severity Status. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06041-3. [PMID: 37380848 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of bullying behaviors among autistic and non-autistic adolescents between the ages of 12-17 years in the U.S. and the extent to which the severity of such disability impacts bullying behaviors, based on the 2019-2020 National Survey of Children's Health. METHODS Parental reports of bullying perpetration and victimization were used to compare bullying behaviors among a weighted sample of 1011 autistic and 28,016 non-autistic adolescents. RESULTS Adjusting for participant sex, household income level, highest parent education, and race/ethnicity, autistic adolescents were significantly more likely to engage in bullying perpetration and experience bullying victimization than non-Autistic adolescents. Compared to non-autistic peers, autistic adolescents with moderate/severe autism were most likely to bully others (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.80, p < 0.05) and experience bullying victimization (aOR = 5.13, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study provides an update on the prevalence of bullying perpetration and victimization among autistic adolescents, however, the influence of factors such as socialization and mental health on bullying behaviors needs exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Ball
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA.
| | - Xihe Zhu
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
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35
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Neumayer F, Jantzer V, Lerch S, Resch F, Kaess M. Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying Victimization Independently Predict Changes in Problematic Internet Gaming in a Longitudinal Sample. J Adolesc Health 2023:S1054-139X(23)00195-7. [PMID: 37294250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bullying and problematic Internet gaming (PIG) are two concerning phenomena among adolescents. Research suggests an association between them; however, longitudinal studies are scarce. Therefore, this study examined whether traditional and cybervictimization are prospective risk factors for PIG and how gender, school type, and age influence these relationships. METHODS Adolescents (grades 5-13; N = 4,390) answered two surveys one year apart which were linked by individual codes. They were classified as "victims" based on the Olweus Bullying Questionnaire-Revised. Changes in PIG (T2-T1) were computed based on nine items reflecting the diagnostic criteria for DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder. RESULTS Traditional and cybervictimization independently predicted changes in PIG. The emergence of traditional victimization only, cybervictimization only, and particularly, both forms of victimization simultaneously, was associated with an increase in PIG. A decrease in PIG was only found if victimization terminated in both contexts. Further, an additive effect was found if traditional victimization newly extended to cyberspace. For boys and B-level students, the emergence of traditional victimization was associated with a larger increase in PIG than for girls and A-level students, when compared to the absence of traditional victimization. For boys, this also applied for cybervictimization. DISCUSSION The emergence of bullying victimization in either an offline or online context appears to be a risk factor for PIG. Importantly, victimization must be stopped in both contexts for a decrease in PIG. Therefore, prevention programs need to focus on bullying offline as well as online to counter PIG. Efforts should especially focus on boys and B-level students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Neumayer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Behavioral and Cultural Studies, Institute of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Jantzer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lerch
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franz Resch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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36
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Ford JD. Why We Need a Developmentally Appropriate Trauma Diagnosis for Children: a 10-Year Update on Developmental Trauma Disorder. J Child Adolesc Trauma 2023; 16:403-418. [PMID: 37234835 PMCID: PMC10205922 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) was proposed almost two decades ago as a psychiatric diagnosis for children who have been traumatically victimized and whose attachment bonding with primary caregivers has been compromised. DTD was designed to complement and extend post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by addressing forms of trauma-related biopsychosocial dysregulation not included in PTSD, many of which are attributed to other psychiatric disorders. In the past decade, evidence from clinician surveys and research field trial studies has provided evidence of DTD's validity and potential clinical utility. The growing evidence base for DTD is summarized and clinical rationales for the proposed DTD symptoms are described. DTD shows promise as a developmentally-attuned traumatic stress diagnosis for traumatized children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D. Ford
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, USA
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Da Q, Huang J, Peng Z, Chen Y, Li L. Did the prevalence of traditional school bullying increase after COVID-19? Evidence from a two-stage cross-sectional study before and during COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 143:106256. [PMID: 37262980 PMCID: PMC10213298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has had a range of adverse effects on the behavior and mental health of adolescents globally, including bullying, anxiety and depression. However, there is a lack of comparative studies on the changes of school bullying before and during COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE To examine the changes in traditional bullying before and during COVID-19 pandemic and reveal the related risk factors in Shantou, China. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Two samples of secondary school students were collected in 2018 and 2021 in Shantou, respectively. METHODS Bullying history and risk behaviors of students were measured in the past six months. The χ2 test was used to analyze differences in baseline information and bullying types. The binary logistic regression with Forward LR method was used to analyze factors that affect the risk of bullying victimization and perpetration before and during COVID-19. RESULTS A total of 5782 secondary school students were included, 3071 before COVID-19 pandemic and 2711 during COVID-19. The prevalence of different types of victimization and perpetration all increased during COVID-19 (P < 0.001). Boarding, being a lower secondary school student (as opposed to upper secondary school), being male (as opposed to female), drinking, and playing violent video games were shared risk factors for bullying victimization and perpetration. Living in an urban (as opposed to rural and island) was a risk factor for perpetration. Smoking was a risk factor for perpetration. All differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We found that the prevalence of bullying victimization as well as perpetration increased during COVID-19. It suggests that we need to pay more attention to traditional school bullying prevention and control in China in the pandemic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchen Da
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Jinyu Huang
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangzhou Huangpu District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhekuan Peng
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yueliang Chen
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Liping Li
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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Kwon M, You S. Gender and role associations between domestic violence during childhood and dating violence: Victimization among male college students mediated through violence justification beliefs. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 141:106233. [PMID: 37196597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the victimization experiences of male college students in dating relationships are gaining increasing scholarly attention, there is still limited empirical evidence and theoretical understanding of the mechanism through which male victims of domestic violence experience subsequent dating violence. OBJECTIVE This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the specific mechanisms through which male victimization of domestic violence during childhood transmits to dating violence experience in adulthood. Whether the intergenerational transmission of violence may be explained by gendered pathways or by male participants' identification with the victim's position will be tested. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants included 526 South Korean male college students in Seoul. METHODS Child abuse, witnessing interparental violence, and beliefs justifying and accepting violence were divided based on the gender of the offender and victim to assess distinct effects. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to evaluate the relationships between dating violence victimization and child abuse/witnessing interparental violence and the mediation effect of beliefs justifying violence in the relationships between the variables. RESULTS Both paternal and maternal abuse have significant direct relationships with male dating violence victimization. Witnessing mother-to-father violence had a significant and direct relationship with male victimization while witnessing father-to-mother violence did not. The mediation effect of justification of female-to-male violence was confirmed between witnessing mother-initiated violence and male victimization, whereas justification of male-to-female violence did not show a mediating effect between witnessing father-initiated violence and male victimization. CONCLUSION Both role and gender associations were confirmed. The results imply that there are different ways through which children learn about violence. More specific targets should be addressed in education programs to break the vicious cycle of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sukkyung You
- Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea.
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Yu Z, Zhu X. The association between victimization experiences and suicidality: The mediating roles of sleep and depression. J Affect Disord 2023; 329:243-250. [PMID: 36858266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior work suggests that multiple forms of victimization were associated with higher suicide risk among adolescents. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. The present study aimed to understand the relationships between the multiple forms of victimization and suicidality by examining the potential mediators of sleep duration and depression. METHODS Data for this study came from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). The hypothesized mediation model included 13,677 American adolescents in 9th through 12th-grade students (48.6 % female) were analyzed using Mplus 7.4, and suicidality (including suicidal ideation, plan, and attempts) as the outcome variables and the multiple forms of victimization (including bullying at school, being threatened at school, electronic bullying, sexual victimization, sexual dating victimization, and physical dating victimization) as the main explanatory variable. RESULTS The relationships between the multiple forms of victimization and suicide risk were mediated by sleep duration, depression, and also serially mediated by sleep duration and depression. LIMITATIONS This is a cross-sectional study, and the results cannot inform the causality between these variables. This investigation only included adolescent sleep duration, and other specific sleep problem indicators should be included. CONCLUSIONS Longer sleep duration is an important protective factor, pointing the way forward for developing suicide prevention strategies and targeted interventions for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Yu
- Department of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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O'Doherty T, Cherrington K. Commodified BDSM Services: Professional Dominatrices' Views on Their Work and Its Criminalization. Arch Sex Behav 2023; 52:1285-1298. [PMID: 36508070 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report research participants' experiences providing professional bondage, discipline, sadism, masochism (BDSM), and other fetish services in Canada. Like many sexual service providers, professional dominatrices often argue that their work challenges patriarchal and oppressive systems of sexual and gender conformity. These women assert that Canadians misunderstand the range of activities that fall under "BDSM" and the dynamics of power within the provider/client relationship. As a result, misrepresentations and inaccuracies form the basis of Canadian laws, which open professional BDSM practitioners to criminalization and remove provider and client autonomy to consent. The 35 professional dominatrices who participated in our mixed-method study challenge this narrow interpretation of their work, suggesting that Canadian law denying bodily autonomy in this context fails to reflect the realities of professional BDSM. Rather than protection from violence, the mischaracterization of the services as criminal in nature serves to perpetuate marginalization, increase vulnerability to exploitation, and maintain stigmatization of non-normative sexualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara O'Doherty
- School of Criminology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Kathleen Cherrington
- Department of Gender, Feminist, and Women's Studies, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Buchanan A, Stefanovics E, Rosenheck R. Victimization in schizophrenia and its relation to violence. Schizophr Res 2023; 255:52-58. [PMID: 36963231 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with schizophrenia are frequently victims of violence. Previous attempts to examine the reasons for this have mostly used cross-sectional designs that limit the ability to distinguish, among the correlates they identify, potential causes of victimization from its consequences. METHOD We studied patients with schizophrenia participating in the NIMH-funded Clinical Antipsychotic Treatment for Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) trial. The dependent variable was self-reported victimization during the 18-month CATIE follow-up. Independent variables were assessed at study entry and included demographics, childhood experiences, recent victimization and violent behavior, social circumstances, and mental health symptoms. Bivariate and multivariate analyses examined correlates of victimization and, among those victimized, the correlates of also acting violently oneself. RESULTS Of 1179 participants, 206 (17.5 %) reported one or more incidents where they were victimized over the 18-months. Over a third had been hit with a fist or an object. Most perpetrators were family or acquaintances. Controlling for other variables, victimization was associated with having been recently victimized at baseline as well as with sexual abuse in childhood, frequent interactions with close friends and depressive, but not schizophrenia, symptoms. Victimized participants who reported acting violently themselves (113; 55%) were more likely to report violent behavior at baseline and frequent interactions with close friends. CONCLUSIONS Victimization in schizophrenia is often associated with aggressive behavior by the victim and is more often related to social involvement, past trauma, substance use and depression than to schizophrenia symptoms. Treatments that encourage socialization may incur an unintended risk of victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Buchanan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA; VA Connecticut Health Care System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, USA.
| | - Elina Stefanovics
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Robert Rosenheck
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA; VA Connecticut Health Care System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, USA; Yale University School of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
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Chan RCH, Leung JSY. Experiences of minority stress and their impact on suicidality among asexual individuals. J Affect Disord 2023; 325:794-803. [PMID: 36623572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While the asexual community has become increasingly visible, the pathologization and denial of asexuality remain strong, which may be linked to a higher prevalence of suicidality in this population. The present study examined experiences of minority stress and their relationship with suicidality among asexual individuals. METHODS This study included a global sample of 12,449 individuals on the asexual spectrum. They completed an online survey assessing minority stress (including verbal aggression, victimization, and health care discrimination), impairment in different aspects of life, and suicidality. RESULTS The results showed that 64.8 % of asexual individuals had experienced minority stress based on sexual and/or romantic orientation. Approximately 32.2 % reported suicidal ideation, 10.6 % had suicide plans, and 2.7 % had attempted suicide in the past 12 months. Suicidality was more prevalent among asexual men and non-binary individuals than among asexual women. Asexual individuals who were younger, identified as transgender, and lived in lower-income countries were more likely to report suicidality. Among the different dimensions of minority stress, victimization was most significantly associated with suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts. The positive association between minority stress and suicidality was mediated by impairment in health. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional nature of the data might prevent causal inferences from being drawn. Validated measures of asexual-specific minority stress were not available. CONCLUSION The findings have implications for asexuality-affirming mental health practices supporting asexual individuals in coping with minority stress experiences. Public education efforts are needed to raise awareness of asexuality as a valid sexual orientation and to dispel misconceptions about asexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph C H Chan
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong.
| | - Janice Sin Yu Leung
- Gender Studies Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Pageau F, Cornaz CD, Seaward H, Elger BS, Wangmo T. Crime hierarchy, victimization and coping results of a qualitative study on the older incarcerated Person's mental health in Switzerland. Int J Law Psychiatry 2023; 87:101870. [PMID: 36863198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2023.101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarcerated persons rank themselves according to the crime they have committed. Due to which, those lower in this hierarchy (e.g., paedophiles) are bullied. The goal of this paper was to better knowledge on older incarcerated adults' experiences of crime and social hierarchy in prisons. METHODS Our results comprise data from 50 semi-structured interviews with older incarcerated persons. Data was assessed following thematic analysis. RESULTS Our research showed that crime hierarchy occurs in prison and is recognized by older incarcerated individuals. Also, a social hierarchy based on various characteristics (e.g., ethnicity, education, language, mental health) is established within detention centres. This hierarchy is put forth by all persons deprived of liberty, but mostly by the ones at the bottom of the crime hierarchy, thus using it to portray themselves as better human beings than other incarcerated adults. They use the social hierarchy to cope with bullying whilst exhibiting coping mechanisms, such as the narcissistic facade. A concept we put forth as a novel idea. DISCUSSION Our results show that crime hierarchy prevails in prison. Also, we explain the social hierarchy based on ethnicity, education, and other characteristics. Hence, being a victim of bullies, make lower-ranked (on the crime hierarchy) persons resort to social hierarchy to portray themselves as better individuals. This should not be considered as a personality disorder, but rather a narcissistic facade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Pageau
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics (IBMB), University Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28 - 2nd Floor, Basel 4056, Switzerland.
| | - Corinne Devaud Cornaz
- Unité Thérapeutique, Centre de Psychiatrie Forensique, Réseau Fribourgeois de Santé Mentale, RFSM Marsens, Centre de soins hospitaliers, L'Hôpital 140, Marsens 1633, Switzerland
| | - Helene Seaward
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics (IBMB), University Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28 - 2nd Floor, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Bernice Simone Elger
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics (IBMB), University Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28 - 2nd Floor, Basel 4056, Switzerland; Center for Legal Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Genève 1205, Switzerland
| | - Tenzin Wangmo
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics (IBMB), University Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28 - 2nd Floor, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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Turanovic JJ, Siennick SE, Lloyd KM. Consequences of Victimization on Perceived Friend Support during Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:519-32. [PMID: 36401707 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Victimization can harm youth in various ways and negatively affect their friendships with peers. Nevertheless, not all victimized youth are impacted similarly, and the literature is unclear regarding why some victims are more likely than others to experience friendship-based consequences. Using five waves of data on 901 adolescents (6th grade at wave 1; 47% male; 88% White) and a subsample of 492 victimized youth, this study assessed (1) whether victimization leads to decreases in perceived friend support, and (2) the factors that explain which victimized youth are most likely to experience decreases in perceived friend support. Explanatory factors included subsequent victimization, victims' social network status (self-reported number of friends, number of friendship nominations received), and victims' risky behaviors (affiliating with deviant friends, delinquency, aggression, binge drinking). Random effects regressions revealed that, among the full sample, victimization was linked to decreases in friend support. Among victimized youth, subsequent victimization and deviant friends decreased friend support. Having more friends was associated with increased friend support among victims, though this association weakened as the number of friends increased. The results emphasize that victimized youth are a heterogeneous group with varying risks of experiencing friendship-based consequences.
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Warner TD, Leban L, Pester DA, Walker JT. Contextualizing Adverse Childhood Experiences: The Intersections of Individual and Community Adversity. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:570-84. [PMID: 36445650 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are traumatic childhood events that can undermine youth development, and are linked to chronic health problems, mental illness, and risk-taking behaviors in adulthood. ACEs are preventable, yet effective response strategies require comprehensive conceptualization and measurement of adversity. Although typically measured as individual experiences in the family and home (e.g., abuse, neglect), adversity also exists outside the home, in the many contexts in which youth development unfolds (e.g., communities, neighborhoods). Yet, such contexts and experiences are often absent in ACEs research. Using data from a nationally representative youth sample, this study addresses that gap, advancing a measure that contextualizes individual-level ACEs within social and structural domains of community-level adversity. Among 13,267 youth (mean age = 15.25 [range 12-18]; 51% female; 71% White; 13% Black; 10% Hispanic; 3% Asian; 2% American Indian/Multiracial), 61% and 73% were exposed to at least one individual and community ACE, respectively, while 15% of youth reported severe individual ACE exposure (≥3 ACEs) and 20% were exposed to severe (≥3) community ACEs. All ACE exposures were associated with problem behaviors later in adolescence, but youth reporting both severe individual and community ACEs were especially at high risk for later violence, delinquency, and other health-risk behaviors. These findings highlight that community adversity exacerbates the damaging effects of individual/family adversity and thus should be addressed in efforts to prevent ACEs and reduce their long-term harm.
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Santos RC, Dalfovo NP, de Freitas Machado J, de Azeredo LA, Grassi-Oliveira R, Portuguez MW, Buchweitz A. A cross-sectional study of the association between exposure to violence, intelligence, and executive function in Brazilian youths. Psicol Reflex Crit 2023; 36:6. [PMID: 36843084 PMCID: PMC9968669 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-023-00249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We carried out an exploratory study of the association between exposure to violence, intelligence, and executive functions in Brazilian preadolescents. The study included 56 participants (31 males) aged 8 to 14 years old (mean = 11.3, SD = 1.0). We administered neuropsychological tests to evaluate executive functions and the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) to evaluate exposure to violence. We used the following neuropsychological instruments: Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), Stroop Color-Word Interference task, digits subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and an N-back task. We generated a composite score from neuropsychological test scores and investigated the association of that score, and individual test scores, with exposure to violence and socioeconomic status (SES). Results suggest, first, that exposure to violence is associated with a 0.5-point lower intelligence quotient score for every reported victimization event in the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. Results also show that the digits backward subtest scores showed a significant negative correlation with exposure to violence (JVQ; rho = -0.29, p < 0.05); both analyses were adjusted for the level of schooling of parents or guardians, which was also found to be significantly associated with lower intelligence quotient scores. We discuss results in the light of the existing literature on the effects of exposure to violence on adolescent development, and the amounting evidence that suggests an association of exposure to violence, and of victimization, with tests that evaluate constructs of executive functions. The study struggled with low compliance from participants, and we underscore the challenges of carrying out empirical studies aimed at better understanding the development of underrepresented youths, such as those from Central and Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhaná Carolina Santos
- BraIns — Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000 Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094School of Life and Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
| | - Nicole Prigol Dalfovo
- BraIns — Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000 Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094School of Life and Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
| | - Julia de Freitas Machado
- BraIns — Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000 Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094School of Medicine, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
| | - Lucas Araújo de Azeredo
- BraIns — Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000 Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094School of Medicine, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- BraIns — Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000 Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094School of Medicine, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil ,grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 13, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mirna Wetters Portuguez
- BraIns — Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000 Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094School of Medicine, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
| | - Augusto Buchweitz
- BraIns - Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil. .,School of Life and Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil. .,School of Medicine, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil. .,Department of Psychological Science, University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT, 06901, USA.
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Chen XY, Chan KL, Lo CKM, Ho FK, Leung WC, Ip P. The association between victimization and inflammation: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2023; 323:108-122. [PMID: 36435395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To meta-analyze the existing studies examining the association of childhood and adulthood victimization with inflammation and to explore the moderating variables that affect these relationships. METHODS Relevant work published before 28th February 2021 was identified by searching five major databases. We analyzed the cross-sectional data extracted from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies using the random-effects model to estimate the correlation (r) as the pooled effect size and further conducted subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS A total of 37 articles finally met the inclusion criteria, including studies for C-reactive protein (CRP) (k = 23; NCRP = 11,780), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (k = 31; NIL-6 = 8943), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (k = 14; NTNF-α = 4125). Overall, victimization has a significantly positive association with inflammation, with a small effect size (r = 0.122). Specifically, effect sizes were the largest for TNF-a (r = 0.152), followed by IL-6 (r = 0.119), and CRP (r = 0.084). Additionally, the effect sizes for victimization against children were r = 0.145 (k = 6) for childhood victimization - childhood inflammation, and r = 0.139 (k = 27) for childhood victimization - adulthood inflammation, which appear to be larger than that of victimization against adults (r = 0.039; k = 2). LIMITATIONS Only a small number of studies on adult victimization were included. In addition, we only analyzed the cross-sectional relationship and did not have sufficient data to compare different types of victimization and single vs. multiple victimizations. CONCLUSIONS Victimization is associated with a heightened inflammatory response. As victimization against children may have a stronger effect than victimization against adults, prevention of victimization targeting the childhood period may be necessary. Studies with more robust methodologies (i.e., representative, longitudinal, and multi-country designs) are needed to confirm these findings and to unpack the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Chen
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Ko Ling Chan
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| | - Camilla K M Lo
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Frederick K Ho
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wing Cheong Leung
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Zhou Y, Li J, Wang Y, Jiang S, Li X. Comparisons of violence exposure within and across contexts in predicting depression among Chinese children and adolescents. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 136:106001. [PMID: 36577253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing research has identified violence exposure as a risk factor for depression among children and adolescents. To date, however, we know little about whether these associations are influenced by the forms (witnessing and victimization) of violence exposure across different contexts (family, school, and community). OBJECTIVE The present study thus aimed to compare the effects of two forms of violence exposure across and within three contexts. Sex and age differences were also tested in the above associations. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants (N = 906, 52.4 % boys, T1: Mage = 11.03) were children and adolescents recruited from elementary and junior schools in Zhejiang Province, China. METHODS All participants were asked to complete questionnaires about their experiences of various types of violence exposure and depression at two time points with a 12-month interval. SPSS and Mplus were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Considering the comparison within contexts, witnessing family violence was a more influential predictor than family violence victimization while school violence was the opposite. As for the comparison across contexts, no significant differences were found in the effects of different violence victimization, while the effect of witnessing family violence and community violence were more influential than witnessing school violence. No significant sex differences in the above associations were found. However, community violence victimization was more negatively related to depression among adolescents compared with children. CONCLUSIONS The associations between violence exposure and depression are influenced by the forms and contexts of violence as well as age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiamei Li
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingqian Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Suo Jiang
- Department of Applied Psychology in School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Worthen MGF. Queer identities in the 21st century: Reclamation and stigma. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 49:101512. [PMID: 36463589 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
"Queer" has undeniably gained popularity as a reclaimed identity in the 21st century. Recent studies find that between 5% and 20% of non-heterosexuals identify as queer. Additionally, about 1 in 3 like to see the "Q" in "LGBTQ" and view "queer" as an empowering identity. Yet alongside this "queer" reclamation, queer people experience stigma including high rates of victimization with 3 in 4 queer women and men reporting sexuality-based discrimination, harassment, and/or violence. In addition, the negative stereotypes that queer women and men are "too hypersexual" and that they are not appropriately feminine/masculine remain fixtures in today's cultural climate. The "queer" slur is also reportedly used by 1 in 4. I conclude that currently, "queer" should be understood as both reclaimed and stigmatized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith G F Worthen
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Sociology, 780 Van Vleet Oval, KH 321Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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50
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Bishop MD, Ioverno S, Russell ST. Sexual minority youth's mental health and substance use: The roles of victimization, cybervictimization, and non-parental adult support. Curr Psychol 2023; 42:5075-5087. [PMID: 38344657 PMCID: PMC10857851 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Victimization is a well-established driver of sexual minority youth's (SMY) mental health and substance use risk. The current study examined and extended this research by exploring how victimization, cybervictimization, and non-parental supportive adults contribute to SMY's vulnerability to poor mental health and substance use. Using data from the first representative sample of Texas youth that measures sexual identity, we analyzed sex-stratified models of the association between sexual identity, mental health, and substance use, and the confounding effects of victimization, cybervictimization, and non-parental adult support. Victimization was more common among SMY and accounted for a greater proportion of sexual identity disparities on mental health and substance use, especially for males. Sexual minority females were more likely to report cybervictimization than heterosexual youth, and cybervictimization was associated with mental health risk. SMY reported fewer available non-parental supportive adults, which was associated with more sadness, suicidality, and polysubstance use. Our study adds to extant evidence that victimization drives SMY's increased susceptibility to mental health and substance use risk. Schools should implement inclusive policies that prohibit bullying based on sexual minority identity and offer professional development opportunities for supporting SMY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg D. Bishop
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Salvatore Ioverno
- Department of Sociology, Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 33, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephen T. Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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