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Lüchtenborg M, Huynh J, Armes J, Plugge E, Hunter RM, Visser R, Taylor RM, Davies EA. Cancer incidence, treatment, and survival in the prison population compared with the general population in England: a population-based, matched cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2024; 25:553-562. [PMID: 38697154 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(24)00035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing and ageing prison population in England makes accurate cancer data of increasing importance for prison health policies. This study aimed to compare cancer incidence, treatment, and survival between patients diagnosed in prison and the general population. METHODS In this population-based, matched cohort study, we used cancer registration data from the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service in England to identify primary invasive cancers and cervical cancers in situ diagnosed in adults (aged ≥18 years) in the prison and general populations between Jan 1, 1998, and Dec 31, 2017. Ministry of Justice and Office for National Statistics population data for England were used to calculate age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR) per year and age-standardised incidence rate ratios (ASIRR) for the 20-year period. Patients diagnosed with primary invasive cancers (ie, excluding cervical cancers in situ) in prison between Jan 1, 2012, and Dec 31, 2017 were matched to individuals from the general population and linked to hospital and treatment datasets. Matching was done in a 1:5 ratio according to 5-year age group, gender, diagnosis year, cancer site, and disease stage. Our primary objectives were to compare the incidence of cancer (1998-2017); the receipt of treatment with curative intent (2012-17 matched cohort), using logistic regression adjusted for matching variables (excluding cancer site) and route to diagnosis; and overall survival following cancer diagnosis (2012-17 matched cohort), using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for matching variables (excluding cancer site) and route to diagnosis, with stratification for the receipt of any treatment with curative intent. FINDINGS We identified 2015 incident cancers among 1964 adults (1556 [77·2%] men and 459 [22·8%] women) in English prisons in the 20-year period up to Dec 31, 2017. The ASIR for cancer for men in prison was initially lower than for men in the general population (in 1998, ASIR 119·33 per 100 000 person-years [95% CI 48·59-219·16] vs 746·97 per 100 000 person-years [742·31-751·66]), but increased to a similar level towards the end of the study period (in 2017, 856·85 per 100 000 person-years [675·12-1060·44] vs 788·59 per 100 000 person-years [784·62-792·57]). For women, the invasive cancer incidence rate was low and so ASIR was not reported for this group. Over the 20-year period, the incidence of invasive cancer for men in prison increased (incidence rate ratio per year, 1·05 [95% CI 1·04-1·06], during 1999-2017 compared with 1998). ASIRRs showed that over the 20-year period, overall cancer incidence was lower in men in prison than in men in the general population (ASIRR 0·76 [95% CI 0·73-0·80]). The difference was not statistically significant for women (ASIRR 0·83 [0·68-1·00]). Between Jan 1, 2012, and Dec 31, 2017, patients diagnosed in prison were less likely to undergo curative treatment than matched patients in the general population (274 [32·3%] of 847 patients vs 1728 [41·5%] of 4165; adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0·72 [95% CI 0·60-0·85]). Being diagnosed in prison was associated with a significantly increased risk of death on adjustment for matching variables (347 deaths during 2021·9 person-years in the prison cohort vs 1626 deaths during 10 944·2 person-years in the general population; adjusted HR 1·16 [95% CI 1·03-1·30]); this association was partly explained by stratification by curative treatment and further adjustment for diagnosis route (adjusted HR 1·05 [0·93-1·18]). INTERPRETATION Cancer incidence increased in people in prisons in England between 1998 and 2017, with patients in prison less likely to receive curative treatments and having lower overall survival than the general population. The association with survival was partly explained by accounting for differences in receipt of curative treatment and adjustment for diagnosis route. Improved routine cancer surveillance is needed to inform prison cancer policies and decrease inequalities for this under-researched population. FUNDING UK National Institute for Health and Care Research, King's College London, and Strategic Priorities Fund 2019/20 of Research England via the University of Surrey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet Lüchtenborg
- Cancer Epidemiology and Cancer Services Research, Centre for Cancer, Society & Public Health, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK; National Disease Registration Service, Data and Analytics, Transformation Directorate, NHS England, UK
| | - Jennie Huynh
- Cancer Epidemiology and Cancer Services Research, Centre for Cancer, Society & Public Health, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK; National Disease Registration Service, Data and Analytics, Transformation Directorate, NHS England, UK
| | - Jo Armes
- School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Emma Plugge
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachael M Hunter
- Applied Health Research, Institute of Epidemiology and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Renske Visser
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Rachel M Taylor
- Centre for Nurse, Midwife and Allied Health Professional Research, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Davies
- Cancer Epidemiology and Cancer Services Research, Centre for Cancer, Society & Public Health, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
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Wildeman C, Sampson RJ, Baker G. Adult Children of the Prison Boom: Family Troubles and the Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Justice Contact. Demography 2024; 61:141-164. [PMID: 38235802 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11153107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Intergenerational transmission processes have long been of interest to demographers, but prior research on the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact is relatively sparse and limited by its lack of attention to the correlated "family troubles" and familial incarceration that predate criminal justice contact. In this article, we provide a test of the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact after adjusting extensively for these factors that predate such contact by linking longitudinal data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods with official arrest histories from 1995 to 2020. The results provide support for three conclusions. First, parental criminal justice contact is associated with a shorter time to first arrest and a larger number of arrests even after rigorously accounting for selection. Second, robustness checks demonstrate that neither the magnitude nor the significance of the findings is sensitive to model choices. Third, associations are strongest among White individuals and inconsistently significant for African American and Hispanic individuals. Despite large recent crime declines, the results indicate that parental criminal justice contact elevates the criminal justice contact of the adult children of the prison boom, independent of the often-overlooked troubles that predate criminal justice contact, and that these associations are strongest among the White population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Sociology and Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- ROCKWOOL Foundation Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Garrett Baker
- Department of Sociology and Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Harris E. Disproportionate Death Rates Reported in US Prisons Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA 2024; 331:190. [PMID: 38150223 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.25770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
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Stearns DR, Moore A, Myers QWO, Carmichael H, Velopulos CG. Sex Differences in Violent Death During Incarceration and Legal Intervention. J Surg Res 2023; 289:90-96. [PMID: 37086601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study clarifies the differences in death during incarceration and legal intervention between males and females, delineating the differences in demographic features and the circumstances of the violent death including location, injury pattern, and perpetrator. METHODS The data used are from the National Violent Death Reporting System database from 2003 to 2019. All victims were either in custody, in the process of custody, or in prison. Sex was coded as female or male and as assigned at birth. All analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4 software using chi-square tests, with an alpha of 0.05 to test significant differences in the circumstances of mortality and demographic characteristics for each group. RESULTS Our findings show that suicide was the most common cause of death during incarceration for both females and males (89.8% versus 77.4%; P < 0.001). Homicide was less common in females (1.6% versus 14.8%; P < 0.001) and legal intervention only occurred in males (2.2%; P < 0.001). Male victims were more likely to be of non-White race/ethnicity compared to females, while females were more likely to be experiencing homelessness, have documented mental illness, and comorbid substance abuse. CONCLUSIONS Victim sex is significantly associated with circumstances of violent death among the incarcerated and highlights the need for appropriate mental health and substance abuse treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy R Stearns
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Allison Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Quintin W O Myers
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Heather Carmichael
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Zeng Y, Xiao J, Zhang Q, Liu X, Ma A. Prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among Chinese prison officers during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1218825. [PMID: 37601183 PMCID: PMC10434863 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1218825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study examined the prevalence of anxiety and depression-along with the potential risk and protective factors-among Chinese prison officers during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic. Method A cross-sectional survey of 1,268 officers from five prisons in western and southern China was administered between June and July 2022. The questionnaires comprised two sections. In the first section, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety and depression, respectively, among prison officers. In the second section, the potential influencing factors were examined. Categorical data were compared using χ2 tests and t-tests; binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with anxiety and depression. Results The prevalence rates of anxiety and depression among the prison officers were 72.6% and 69.8%, respectively. Risk factors for anxiety were older age, being unmarried, work-family conflicts, job demands, and COVID-19 burnout; protective factors were exercise, positive family relationships, and group cohesion. Work-family conflicts, job demands, intolerance of uncertainty regarding COVID-19, and COVID-19 burnout were risk factors for depression, whereas annual income >150,000 RMB, exercise, positive family relationships, group cohesion, and job autonomy were protective factors against depression. Conclusion The prevalence of anxiety and depression among Chinese prison officers was relatively high during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic, and more targeted measures should be implemented to improve their mental health. This study offers a reference for improving prison officers' mental health in response to similar public health emergencies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Zeng
- School of Criminal Justice, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China
| | - Junze Xiao
- School of Criminal Justice, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqi Zhang
- School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China
| | - Ai Ma
- School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China
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Robey JP, Massoglia M, Light MT. A Generational Shift: Race and the Declining Lifetime Risk of Imprisonment. Demography 2023; 60:977-1003. [PMID: 37435965 PMCID: PMC10662370 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10863378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Mass incarceration fundamentally altered the life course for a generation of American men, but sustained declines in imprisonment in recent years raise questions about how incarceration is shaping current generations. This study makes three primary contributions to a fuller understanding of the contemporary landscape of incarceration in the United States. First, we assess the scope of decarceration. Between 1999 and 2019, the Black male incarceration rate dropped by 44%, and notable declines in Black male imprisonment were evident in all 50 states. Second, our life table analysis demonstrates marked declines in the lifetime risks of incarceration. For Black men, the lifetime risk of incarceration declined by nearly half from 1999 to 2019. We estimate that less than 1 in 5 Black men born in 2001 will be imprisoned, compared with 1 in 3 for the 1981 birth cohort. Third, decarceration has shifted the institutional experiences of young adulthood. In 2009, young Black men were much more likely to experience imprisonment than college graduation. Ten years later, this trend had reversed, with Black men more likely to graduate college than go to prison. Our results suggest that prison has played a smaller role in the institutional landscape for the most recent generation compared with the generation exposed to the peak of mass incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Robey
- School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany (SUNY),
Albany, NY, USA
| | - Michael Massoglia
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael T. Light
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison, WI, USA
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7
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Stone MJ, Sharaf A, Jivan S. Assaults by Scalding in British Prisons. J Correct Health Care 2023; 29:258-261. [PMID: 37158784 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.21.12.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe the trends and severity of deliberate scald injuries from assaults within prisons presenting to Pinderfields Hospital in the United Kingdom. Data were obtained using local records of the International Burn Injury Database. Between 2003 and 2019, the hospital's Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns treated 22 cases from at least seven prisons, with 20 cases occurring in the last 4 years. Boiling water was used in most cases. Other substances included syrups of boiling water and sugar, and hot fat. Mean total body surface area was 2.8%, most commonly the face, neck, shoulders, and anterior chest. National data identified 267 cases with a similar rising trend. These injuries increase logistical and financial burdens on our burns service due to the need for added security and police escorts during treatment. "Copycat attacks" within same prisons, sometime on the same day, raise concerns that incidence of these injuries is likely to increase. Outreach nursing and telemedicine facilities may minimize the challenges during the management period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Stone
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Pinderfields Hospital, Mid Yorkshire NHS Trust, Wakefield, United Kingdom
| | - Amal Sharaf
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Pinderfields Hospital, Mid Yorkshire NHS Trust, Wakefield, United Kingdom
| | - Sharmila Jivan
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Pinderfields Hospital, Mid Yorkshire NHS Trust, Wakefield, United Kingdom
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Al-Darraji H, Hill P, Sharples K, Altice FL, Kamarulzaman A. Intensified pulmonary tuberculosis case finding among HIV-infected new entrants of a prison in Malaysia: implications for a holistic approach to control tuberculosis in prisons. Int J Prison Health 2023; 19:501-511. [PMID: 36622107 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-01-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This intensified case finding study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) disease among people with HIV entering the largest prison in Malaysia. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The study was conducted in Kajang prison, starting in July 2013 in the men's prison and June 2015 in the women's prison. Individuals tested positive for HIV infection, during the mandatory HIV testing at the prison entry, were consecutively recruited over five months at each prison. Consented participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and asked to submit two sputum samples that were assessed using GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) and culture, irrespective of clinical presentation. Factors associated with active TB (defined as a positive result on either Xpert or culture) were assessed using regression analyses. FINDINGS Overall, 214 incarcerated people with HIV were recruited. Most were men (84.6%), Malaysians (84.1%) and people who inject drugs (67.8%). The mean age was 37.5 (SD 8.2) years, and median CD4 lymphocyte count was 376 cells/mL (IQR 232-526). Overall, 27 (12.6%) TB cases were identified, which was independently associated with scores of five or more on the World Health Organization clinical scoring system for prisons (ARR 2.90 [95% CI 1.48-5.68]). ORIGINALITY/VALUE Limited data exists about the prevalence of TB disease at prison entry, globally and none from Malaysia. The reported high prevalence of TB disease in the study adds an important and highly needed information to design comprehensive TB control programmes in prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider Al-Darraji
- The Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for International Health, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Philip Hill
- The Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for International Health, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Katrina Sharples
- The Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for International Health, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Frederick L Altice
- The Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Centre for International Health, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and The Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chin ET, Leidner D, Lamson L, Lucas K, Studdert DM, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Andrews JR, Salomon JA. Protection against Omicron from Vaccination and Previous Infection in a Prison System. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1770-1782. [PMID: 36286260 PMCID: PMC9634863 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2207082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information regarding the protection conferred by vaccination and previous infection against infection with the B.1.1.529 (omicron) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is limited. METHODS We evaluated the protection conferred by mRNA vaccines and previous infection against infection with the omicron variant in two high-risk populations: residents and staff in the California state prison system. We used a retrospective cohort design to analyze the risk of infection during the omicron wave using data collected from December 24, 2021, through April 14, 2022. Weighted Cox models were used to compare the effectiveness (measured as 1 minus the hazard ratio) of vaccination and previous infection across combinations of vaccination history (stratified according to the number of mRNA doses received) and infection history (none or infection before or during the period of B.1.617.2 [delta]-variant predominance). A secondary analysis used a rolling matched-cohort design to evaluate the effectiveness of three vaccine doses as compared with two doses. RESULTS Among 59,794 residents and 16,572 staff, the estimated effectiveness of previous infection against omicron infection among unvaccinated persons who had been infected before or during the period of delta predominance ranged from 16.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.1 to 23.7) to 48.9% (95% CI, 41.6 to 55.3). Depending on previous infection status, the estimated effectiveness of vaccination (relative to being unvaccinated and without previous documented infection) ranged from 18.6% (95% CI, 7.7 to 28.1) to 83.2% (95% CI, 77.7 to 87.4) with two vaccine doses and from 40.9% (95% CI, 31.9 to 48.7) to 87.9% (95% CI, 76.0 to 93.9) with three vaccine doses. Incremental effectiveness estimates of a third (booster) dose (relative to two doses) ranged from 25.0% (95% CI, 16.6 to 32.5) to 57.9% (95% CI, 48.4 to 65.7) among persons who either had not had previous documented infection or had been infected before the period of delta predominance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in two high-risk populations suggest that mRNA vaccination and previous infection were effective against omicron infection, with lower estimates among those infected before the period of delta predominance. Three vaccine doses offered significantly more protection than two doses, including among previously infected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Chin
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - David Leidner
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - Lauren Lamson
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - Kimberley Lucas
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - David M Studdert
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - Jeremy D Goldhaber-Fiebert
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - Jason R Andrews
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
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Werling K, Hunyady B, Makara M, Nemesi K, Horváth G, Schneider F, Enyedi J, Müller Z, Lesch M, Péterfi Z, Tóth T, Gács J, Fehér Z, Ujhelyi E, Molnár E, Nemes Nagy A. Hepatitis C Screening and Treatment Program in Hungarian Prisons in the Era of Direct Acting Antiviral Agents. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020308. [PMID: 35215901 PMCID: PMC8876701 DOI: 10.3390/v14020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening and treatment program was conducted in Hungarian prisons on a voluntary basis. After HCV-RNA testing and genotyping for anti-HCV positives, treatments with direct-acting antiviral agents were commenced by hepatologists who visited the institutions monthly. Patients were supervised by the prisons’ medical staff. Data were retrospectively collected from the Hungarian Hepatitis Treatment Registry, from the Health Registry of Prisons, and from participating hepatologists. Eighty-four percent of Hungarian prisons participated, meaning a total of 5779 individuals (28% of the inmate population) underwent screening. HCV-RNA positivity was confirmed in 317/5779 cases (5.49%); 261/317 (82.3%) started treatment. Ninety-nine percent of them admitted previous intravenous drug use. So far, 220 patients received full treatment and 41 patients are still on treatment. Based on the available end of treatment (EOT) + 24 weeks timepoint data, per protocol sustained virologic response rate was 96.8%. In conclusion, the Hungarian prison screening and treatment program, with the active participation of hepatologists and the prisons’ medical staff, is a well-functioning model. Through the Hungarian experience, we emphasize that the “test-and-treat” principle is feasible and effective at micro-eliminating HCV in prisons, where infection rate, as well as history of intravenous drug usage, are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Werling
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Béla Hunyady
- Department of Gastroenterology, Somogy County Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Mihály Makara
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Szent László Site, South-Pest Central Hospital, 1097 Budapest, Hungary; (M.M.); (K.N.); (J.G.)
| | - Krisztina Nemesi
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Szent László Site, South-Pest Central Hospital, 1097 Budapest, Hungary; (M.M.); (K.N.); (J.G.)
| | | | - Ferenc Schneider
- Department of Infectology, Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary; (F.S.); (Z.F.)
| | - Judit Enyedi
- Department of Infectology, Markhot Ferenc Teaching Hospital and Clinic, 3300 Eger, Hungary;
- Department of Infectology, Dr. Kenessey Albert Hospital, 2660 Balassagyarmat, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Müller
- Department of Infectology, Szent György University Teaching Hospital of County Fejér, 8000 Székesfehérvár, Hungary;
| | - Miklós Lesch
- Department of Infectology, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County Hospitals Jósa András Teaching Hospital, 4412 Nyíregyháza, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Péterfi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Tamás Tóth
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Judit Gács
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Szent László Site, South-Pest Central Hospital, 1097 Budapest, Hungary; (M.M.); (K.N.); (J.G.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Fehér
- Department of Infectology, Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary; (F.S.); (Z.F.)
| | | | - Emese Molnár
- Department of Transfusiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Anna Nemes Nagy
- Department of Health, Hungarian Prison Services, 1054 Budapest, Hungary;
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Jennings L, Branson CF, Maxwell AM, Winkelman TNA, Shlafer RJ. Physicians' perspectives on continuity of care for patients involved in the criminal justice system: A qualitative study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254578. [PMID: 34260620 PMCID: PMC8279398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2016, over 11 million individuals were admitted to prisons and jails in the United States. Because the majority of these individuals will return to the community, addressing their health needs requires coordination between community and correctional health care providers. However, few systems exist to facilitate this process and little is known about how physicians perceive and manage these transitions. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to characterize physicians' views on transitions both into and out of incarceration and describe how knowledge of a patient's criminal justice involvement impacts patient care plans. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted between October 2018 and May 2019 with physicians from three community clinics in Hennepin County, Minnesota. Team members used a hybrid approach of deductive and inductive coding, in which a priori codes were defined based on the interview guide while also allowing for data-driven codes to emerge. RESULTS Four themes emerged related to physicians' perceptions on continuity of care for patients with criminal justice involvement. Physicians identified disruptions in patient-physician relationships, barriers to accessing prescription medications, disruptions in insurance coverage, and problems with sharing medical records, as factors contributing to discontinuity of care for patients entering and exiting incarceration. These factors impacted patients differently depending on the direction of the transition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identified four disruptions to continuity of care that physicians viewed as key barriers to successful transitions into and out of incarceration. These disruptions are unlikely to be effectively addressed at the provider level and will require system-level changes, which Medicaid and managed care organizations could play a leading role in developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latasha Jennings
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Carolina Fernández Branson
- School of Communication, Writing and the Arts, Department of Professional Communication, Metropolitan State University, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Maxwell
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Tyler N. A. Winkelman
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota and Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J. Shlafer
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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Grassini M, Terp S, Fischer B, Ahmed S, Ross M, Frenzen N, Burner E, Parmar P. Characteristics of Deaths Among Individuals in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Detention Facilities, 2011-2018. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2116019. [PMID: 34232301 PMCID: PMC8264644 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Concerns have been raised that substandard medical care has contributed to deaths in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detention facilities. After each in-custody death, ICE produces detainee death reviews, which describe the circumstances of the death and determine whether ICE Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS) were violated. OBJECTIVE To describe factors associated with deaths in ICE detention facilities. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case series used data extracted from detainee death reviews of deaths among individuals detained in ICE facilities for whom these reviews were available from January 2011 to December 2018. EXPOSURES All individuals were in the custody of ICE at the time of death. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Data including demographic information, medical histories, recorded medical data, and reported violations of PBNDS were systematically extracted and summarized. RESULTS Among 71 individuals who died in an ICE detention facility during the study period, detainee death reviews were available for 55 (77.5%). Most were male (47 [85.5%]), and the mean (SD) age at death was 42.7 (11.5) years. Individuals resided in the US for a mean (SD) of 15.8 (13.2) years before detention and were in ICE custody for a median of 39 days (interquartile range, 9-76 days) before death. Most had low burdens of preexisting disease, with 18 (32.7%) having a Charlson Comorbidity Index score of 0 and 15 (27.3%) having a score of 1 or 2. A total of 47 deaths (85.5%) were attributed to medical causes and 8 (14.5%) to suicide. Markedly abnormal vital signs were documented in the death reviews before 29 of 47 deaths from medical causes (61.7%), and 21 of these 29 deaths (72.4%) were preceded by abnormal vital signs during 2 or more encounters with ICE personnel before death or terminal hospital transfer. Overall, 43 detainee death reviews (78.2%) identified PBNDS violations related to medical care, with a mean (SD) of 3.2 (3.0) deficiencies per detainee death review. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this case series, deaths in ICE detention facilities from 2011 to 2018 occurred primarily among young men with low burdens of preexisting disease. Markedly abnormal vital signs preceded death or hospital transfer for most nonsuicide deaths. The PBNDS were violated in most detainee death reviews. These results suggest that additional oversight and external evaluation of practices related to medical and psychiatric care within ICE facilities are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Grassini
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Sophie Terp
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Briah Fischer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Sameer Ahmed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Niels Frenzen
- Gould School of Law of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Elizabeth Burner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Parveen Parmar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Winkelman TNA, Ford BR, Dunsiger S, Chrastek M, Cameron S, Strother E, Bock BC, Busch AM. Feasibility and Acceptability of a Smoking Cessation Program for Individuals Released From an Urban, Pretrial Jail: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2115687. [PMID: 34228127 PMCID: PMC8261607 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Tobacco use prevalence among individuals involved in the criminal-legal system is 125% higher than that of the general population and leads to high levels of smoking-related morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE To examine the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary clinical outcomes of a smoking cessation intervention for individuals who are incarcerated. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This pilot randomized clinical trial was conducted from January 2019 to May 2020. Participants were recruited in a pretrial county jail in a large Midwestern US city and were followed up after release. Participants were incarcerated, smoked daily before incarceration, desired to stay quit or reduce cigarette smoking upon release, and expected to be released to the community within 90 days of enrollment. Data analysis was performed from June to October 2020. INTERVENTIONS Participants randomized to the counseling plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) group received 1 hour of smoking cessation counseling in jail, a supply of nicotine lozenges upon release, and up to 4 telephone counseling sessions after release. Those randomized to brief health education (BHE) received 30 minutes of general health education in jail. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary clinical outcome was biologically verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence (PPA) at 3 weeks after release. Secondary clinical outcomes included 7-day PPA at 12 weeks, changes in number of cigarettes per day, and time to smoking lapse and relapse. RESULTS A total of 46 participants (42 men [91%]; mean [SD] age, 38.2 [9.1] years) were enrolled and remained eligible at release; 23 were randomized to the counseling plus NRT group and 23 were randomized to the BHE group. Recruitment, enrollment, and retention of participants was feasible and acceptable. There were no significant differences in smoking abstinence between groups as determined by 7-day PPA at 3 weeks (adjusted 7-day PPA, 11.9% for counseling plus NRT vs 10.6% for BHE; odds ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.14-9.07) and at 12 weeks (adjusted 7-day PPA, 11.1% for counseling plus NRT vs 14.3% for BHE; odds ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.09-6.11). Cigarettes per day for the counseling plus NRT group decreased more compared with the BHE group at both 3 weeks (difference [SE], -4.58 [1.58] cigarettes per day; 95% CI, -7.67 to -1.48 cigarettes per day; P = .007) and 12 weeks (difference [SE], -3.26 [1.58] cigarettes per day; 95% CI, -5.20 to -0.20 cigarettes per day; P = .04) after release. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Initiation of counseling plus NRT during incarceration and continuing after release is feasible and acceptable to participants and may be associated with reduced cigarette use after release. However, additional supports are needed to increase engagement in telephone counseling after release. A larger clinical trial is warranted to determine the effectiveness of counseling plus NRT. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03799315.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler N. A. Winkelman
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Becky R. Ford
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shira Dunsiger
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Michelle Chrastek
- Behavioral Health Equity Research Group, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sarah Cameron
- Behavioral Health Equity Research Group, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ella Strother
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Beth C. Bock
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Andrew M. Busch
- Behavioral Health Equity Research Group, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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Wurcel AG, Reyes J, Zubiago J, Koutoujian PJ, Burke D, Knox TA, Concannon T, Lemon SC, Wong JB, Freund KM, Beckwith CG, LeClair AM. "I'm not gonna be able to do anything about it, then what's the point?": A broad group of stakeholders identify barriers and facilitators to HCV testing in a Massachusetts jail. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250901. [PMID: 34038430 PMCID: PMC8153419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite national guidelines promoting hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing in prisons, there is substantial heterogeneity on the implementation of HCV testing in jails. We sought to better understand barriers and opportunities for HCV testing by interviewing a broad group of stakeholders involved in HCV testing and treatment policies and procedures in Massachusetts jails. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with people incarcerated in Middlesex County Jail (North Billerica, MA), clinicians working in jail and community settings, corrections administrators, and representatives from public health, government, and industry between November 2018-April 2019. RESULTS 51/120 (42%) of people agreed to be interviewed including 21 incarcerated men (mean age 32 [IQR 25, 39], 60% non-White). Themes that emerged from these interviews included gaps in knowledge about HCV testing and treatment opportunities in jail, the impact of captivity and transience, and interest in improving linkage to HCV care after release. Many stakeholders discussed stigma around HCV infection as a factor in reluctance to provide HCV testing or treatment in the jail setting. Some stakeholders expressed that stigma often led decisionmakers to estimate a lower "worth" of incarcerated individuals living with HCV and therefore to decide against paying for HCV testing.". CONCLUSION All stakeholders agreed that HCV in the jail setting is a public health issue that needs to be addressed. Exploring stakeholders' many ideas about how HCV testing and treatment can be approached is the first step in developing feasible and acceptable strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysse G. Wurcel
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Reyes
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Julia Zubiago
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Deirdre Burke
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Tamsin A. Knox
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Thomas Concannon
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Stephenie C. Lemon
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - John B. Wong
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Karen M. Freund
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Curt G. Beckwith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Amy M. LeClair
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Turney
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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Kajeepeta S, Mauro PM, Keyes KM, El-Sayed AM, Rutherford CG, Prins SJ. Association between county jail incarceration and cause-specific county mortality in the USA, 1987-2017: a retrospective, longitudinal study. Lancet Public Health 2021; 6:e240-e248. [PMID: 33636104 PMCID: PMC8054445 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass incarceration has collateral consequences for community health, which are reflected in county-level health indicators, including county mortality rates. County jail incarceration rates are associated with all-cause mortality rates in the USA. We assessed the causes of death that drive the relationship between county-level jail incarceration and mortality. METHODS In this retrospective, longitudinal study, we assessed the association between county-level jail incarceration rates and county-level cause-specific mortality using county jail incarceration data (1987-2017) for 1094 counties in the USA obtained from the Vera Institute of Justice and cause-specific mortality data for individuals younger than 75 years in the total county population (1988-2018) obtained from the US National Vital Statistics System. We fitted quasi-Poisson models for nine common causes of death (cerebrovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory disease, diabetes, heart disease, infectious disease, malignant neoplasm, substance use, suicide, and unintentional injury) with county fixed effects, controlling for all unmeasured stable county characteristics and measured time-varying confounders (county median age, county poverty rate, county percentage of Black residents, county crime rate, county unemployment rate, and state incarceration rate). We lagged county jail incarceration rates by 1 year to assess the short-term, by 5 years to assess the medium-term, and by 10 years to assess the long-term associations of jail incarceration with premature mortality. FINDINGS A 1 per 1000 within-county increase in jail incarceration rate was associated with a 6·5% increase in mortality from infectious diseases (risk ratio 1·065, 95% CI 1·061-1·070), a 4·9% increase in mortality from chronic lower respiratory disease (1·049, 1·045-1·052), a 2·6% increase in mortality induced from substance use (1·026, 1·020-1·032), a 2·5% increase in suicide mortality (1·025, 1·020-1·029), and smaller increases in mortality from heart disease (1·021, 1·019-1·023), unintentional injury (1·015, 1·011-1·018), malignant neoplasm (1·014, 1·013-1·016), diabetes (1·013, 1·009-1·018), and cerebrovascular disease (1·010, 1·007-1·013) after 1 year. Associations between jail incarceration and cause-specific mortality rates weakened as time lags increased, but to a greater extent for causes of death with generally shorter latency periods (infectious disease and suicide) than for those with generally longer latency periods (heart disease, malignant neoplasm, and cerebrovascular disease). INTERPRETATION Jail incarceration rates are potential drivers of many causes of death in US counties. Jail incarceration can be harmful not only to the health of individuals who are incarcerated, but also to public health more broadly. Our findings suggest important points of intervention, including disinvestment from carceral systems and investment in social and public health services, such as community-based treatment of substance-use disorders. FUNDING US National Institute on Drug Abuse (National Institutes of Health).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Kajeepeta
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Pia M Mauro
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abdulrahman M El-Sayed
- Department of Criminal Justice and Department of Public Health, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Caroline G Rutherford
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seth J Prins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Braithwaite
- University College London (UCL) Public Health Data Science Research Group, Institute of Health Informatics, UCL, London, UK.
| | - Chantal Edge
- UCL Collaborative Centre for Inclusion Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Dan Lewer
- UCL Collaborative Centre for Inclusion Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jake Hard
- Royal College of General Practitioners Secure Environments Group, London, UK
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Pray IW, Kocharian A, Mason J, Westergaard R, Meiman J. Trends in Outbreak-Associated Cases of COVID-19 - Wisconsin, March-November 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:114-117. [PMID: 33507887 PMCID: PMC7842809 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7004a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gouvea-Reis FA, Oliveira PD, Silva DCS, Borja LS, Percio J, Souza FS, Peterka C, Feres C, de Oliveira J, Sodré G, Dos Santos W, de Moraes C. COVID-19 Outbreak in a Large Penitentiary Complex, April-June 2020, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:924-927. [PMID: 33434475 PMCID: PMC7920649 DOI: 10.3201/eid2703.204079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of coronavirus disease began in a large penitentiary complex in Brazil on April 1, 2020. By June 12, there were 1,057 confirmed cases among inmates and staff. Nine patients were hospitalized, and 3 died. Mean serial interval was ≈2.5 days; reproduction number range was 1.0–2.3.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Review of control and management of SARS-CoV-2 infection in penitentiary institutions in Spain and other countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic review a comprehensive literature search in Global Health, SCOPUS, Medline and EMBASE was performed using relevant keywords and medical descriptors (MeSH) related to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and prisons. National and international recommendations and guides were examined as well as documents published by some countries. RESULTS The key points of the guides are discussed. The vast majority of recommendations coincide with respect to the measures and procedures that should be used, except for some discrepancy regarding the population screening. Until now, most industrialized countries (except the US and some specific scenarios) have controlled successfully the epidemic in prisons. Less data is found as regards to socioeconomically more disadvantaged countries. CONCLUSIONS Prisons are prone to a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission due to their space limitations and sometimes poor environmental and hygienic conditions. The recommendations of the control and management of SARS-CoV-2 infection must be the same as those outside the prison, but must be adapted to the peculiarities of the prison. The recommendations must be issued by the health administration in coordination with the prison administration. Finally, must be abide by the Mandela Rules or by the Standard Minimum Rules for the treatment of United Nations prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marco
- Programa de Salud Penitenciaria, Instituto Catalán de la Salud, Catalunya, España; CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España.
| | - R A Guerrero
- Programa de Salud Penitenciaria, Instituto Catalán de la Salud, Catalunya, España
| | - E Turu
- Programa de Salud Penitenciaria, Instituto Catalán de la Salud, Catalunya, España
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Kelly L, McIvor G, Richard K. Prisoners' understanding and experiences of parole. Crim Behav Ment Health 2020; 30:321-330. [PMID: 33205501 PMCID: PMC7756460 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Scotland, as elsewhere, there has been growing political and public interest in the function and process of parole accompanied by a lack of empirical research on the operation and effectiveness of parole. AIMS Against the backdrop of a Scottish Government review of parole aimed, among other things, at improving the transparency of the process, the aim of the study was to explore the experiences of prisoners seeking early release on licence. METHODS In conjunction with the Scottish Prison Service a national survey was conducted of 197 long-term prisoners who had experience of seeking early release on parole. FINDINGS The survey revealed that prisoners did not have a clear understanding of parole and often did not feel fully engaged in the process. CONCLUSIONS It is argued that better support for prisoners prior to, during and following parole hearings might foster their increased engagement and alleviate some of the anxiety associated with the parole process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Kelly
- School of Education and Social WorkUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Gill McIvor
- School of Applied Social ScienceUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
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Mahale P, Rothfuss C, Bly S, Kelley M, Bennett S, Huston SL, Robinson S. Multiple COVID-19 Outbreaks Linked to a Wedding Reception in Rural Maine - August 7-September 14, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:1686-1690. [PMID: 33180752 PMCID: PMC7660665 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6945a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mardu F, Negash H, Legese H, Berhe B, Tesfay K, Haileslasie H, Tesfanchal B, Gebremichail G, Belay G, Gebremedhin H. Assessment of knowledge, practice, and status of food handlers toward Salmonella, Shigella, and intestinal parasites: A cross-sectional study in Tigrai prison centers, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241145. [PMID: 33141859 PMCID: PMC7608870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Unsafe food becomes a global public health and economic threat to humans. The health status, personal hygiene, knowledge, and practice of food handlers have crucial impact on food contamination. Hence, this study is aimed at assessing the knowledge, practice, and prevalence of Salmonella, Shigella, and intestinal parasites among food handlers in Eastern Tigrai prison centers, Northern Ethiopia. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study was carried out from April to September 2019 among food handlers in Eastern Tigrai prison centers, Northern Ethiopia. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the demographic characteristics, the knowledge, and the practice of the study participants. Direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques were applied to identify intestinal parasites. Culture and biochemical tests were used to isolate the Salmonella and the Shigella species. Additionally, antimicrobial susceptibility tests to selected antibiotics were performed using Kirby-Baur disk diffusion method. We used SPSS version 23 software for statistical analysis. Results Thirty-seven (62.7%, 37/59) of the participants had harbored one or more intestinal parasites. The protozoan Entamoeba histolytica/dispar was detected among 23.7% (14/59) of the study participants who provided stool specimen. Besides, 6.8% (4/59) of the samples were positive for either Salmonella or Shigella species. The Salmonella isolates (n = 2) were sensitive to Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, and Clarithromycin but resistant to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Similarly, the two Shigella isolates were susceptible to Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, and Ceftriaxone but showed resistance to Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, and Chloramphenicol. Further, 60.6% (40/66) of the participants had good level of knowledge, and 51.5% (34/66) had good level of practice on foodborne diseases and on food safety. Conclusions We conclude that foodborne pathogens are significant health problems in the study areas. Regular health education and training programs among the food handlers are demanded to tackle foodborne diseases at the prison centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum Mardu
- Unit of Medical Parasitology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Hadush Negash
- Unit of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Haftom Legese
- Unit of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Brhane Berhe
- Unit of Medical Parasitology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Tesfay
- Unit of Medical Parasitology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Hagos Haileslasie
- Unit of Hematology and Immunohematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Brhane Tesfanchal
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Gebremedhin Gebremichail
- Unit of Hematology and Immunohematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Belay
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Haftay Gebremedhin
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester di Giacomo
- Ester di Giacomo and Massimo Clerici are with the School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy, and also with the Psychiatric Department, Health Care Trust, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, Monza, Italy. Giovanni de Girolamo is with the Unitá Operativa di psichiatria Epidemiologica e Valutativa, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy. Gianluca Peschi is with the Health Care Trust, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy. Seena Fazel is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giovanni de Girolamo
- Ester di Giacomo and Massimo Clerici are with the School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy, and also with the Psychiatric Department, Health Care Trust, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, Monza, Italy. Giovanni de Girolamo is with the Unitá Operativa di psichiatria Epidemiologica e Valutativa, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy. Gianluca Peschi is with the Health Care Trust, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy. Seena Fazel is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gianluca Peschi
- Ester di Giacomo and Massimo Clerici are with the School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy, and also with the Psychiatric Department, Health Care Trust, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, Monza, Italy. Giovanni de Girolamo is with the Unitá Operativa di psichiatria Epidemiologica e Valutativa, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy. Gianluca Peschi is with the Health Care Trust, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy. Seena Fazel is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Seena Fazel
- Ester di Giacomo and Massimo Clerici are with the School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy, and also with the Psychiatric Department, Health Care Trust, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, Monza, Italy. Giovanni de Girolamo is with the Unitá Operativa di psichiatria Epidemiologica e Valutativa, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy. Gianluca Peschi is with the Health Care Trust, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy. Seena Fazel is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Massimo Clerici
- Ester di Giacomo and Massimo Clerici are with the School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy, and also with the Psychiatric Department, Health Care Trust, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, Monza, Italy. Giovanni de Girolamo is with the Unitá Operativa di psichiatria Epidemiologica e Valutativa, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy. Gianluca Peschi is with the Health Care Trust, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy. Seena Fazel is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Qureshi A, Kashim I, Akintorin S, Unruh L, Dharmapuri S, Soyemi K. COVID-19 and the Nigerian correctional service: need for structured data. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 37:17. [PMID: 33343796 PMCID: PMC7733351 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.37.17.25370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although prisoners are considered a vulnerable population, no data repository currently exists to monitor the COVID-19 incidence in Nigerian prisons. To better understand the impact of COVID-19 within the Nigerian prison system, prisons should develop detailed COVID-19 response protocols, implement enhanced point-of-care testing, and initiate contact tracing with meticulous data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Qureshi
- Department of Trauma Burn and Critical Care, Cook County Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ima Kashim
- Department of Economic and Social Infrastructure, Islamic Development Bank, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Similolu Akintorin
- Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Larissa Unruh
- Department of Emergency Medicine John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sadhana Dharmapuri
- Cermark Health Services, Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kenneth Soyemi
- Cermark Health Services, Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Aslim EG, Mungan MC. Access to substance use disorder treatment during COVID-19: Implications from reduced local jail populations. J Subst Abuse Treat 2020; 119:108147. [PMID: 33138930 PMCID: PMC7518839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many states have responded to the spread of COVID-19 by implementing policies which have led to a dramatic reduction in jail populations. We consider the benefits associated with providing the population of individuals who would, but for these policies, be incarcerated with substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. We discuss problems that may prevent this population from receiving SUD treatment as well as policies which may mitigate these problems. Local jails have downsized their population to prevent the spread of COVID-19. A large proportion of individuals cycling through the criminal justice system have substance use disorders (SUDs). We discuss the extent of a potential access problem for SUD treatment during COVID-19. To reduce access problems, we propose facilitating connections to health coverage and medication treatment prior to release. We also consider the role of telemedicine as an alternative treatment option during the pandemic and onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkmen G Aslim
- Seidman College of Business, Grand Valley State University, 50 Front Avenue SW, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Murat C Mungan
- Antonin Scalia Law School, George Mason University, 3301 Farifax Dr, Arlington, VA 22201, USA.
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Abstract
Despite increased attention to the links between the criminal justice system and health, how criminal justice contacts shape health and contribute to racial health disparities remains to be better understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 5,488) and several analytic techniques-including a quasi-treatment-control design, treatment-weighting procedures, and mediation analyses-this study examines how criminal justice contacts shape inflammatory and depressive risk and contribute to black-white health gaps. Findings revealed that incarceration is associated with increased C-reactive protein and depressive risk, particularly for individuals who experienced long durations of incarceration. Arrests are also associated with mental health, and mediation analyses showed that racial disparities in arrests and incarceration were drivers of black-white gaps in depressive symptoms. Together, this study provides new evidence of the role of the criminal justice system in shaping health and patterning black-white health gaps from adolescence through early adulthood.
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Abstract
This cohort study describes the COVID-19 burden among incarcerated individuals and staff in Massachusetts jails and prisons and assesses the association of COVID-19 case rates with decarceration and testing rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monik C. Jiménez
- Division of Women’s Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tori L. Cowger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa E. Simon
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maya Behn
- Division of Women’s Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole Cassarino
- Division of Women’s Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary T. Bassett
- François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) facilities house thousands of undocumented immigrants in environments discordant with the public health recommendations to reduce the transmission of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Using ICE detainee population data obtained from the ICE Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) website as of March 2, 2020, we implemented a simple stochastic susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered model to estimate the rate of COVID-19 transmission within 111 ICE detention facilities and then examined impacts on regional hospital intensive care unit (ICU) capacity. Models considered three scenarios of transmission (optimistic, moderate, pessimistic) over 30-, 60-, and 90-day time horizons across a range of facility sizes. We found that 72% of individuals are expected to be infected by day 90 under the optimistic scenario (R0 = 2.5), while nearly 100% of individuals are expected to be infected by day 90 under a more pessimistic (R0 = 7) scenario. Although asynchronous outbreaks are more likely, day 90 estimates provide an approximation of total positive cases after all ICE facility outbreaks. We determined that, in the most optimistic scenario, coronavirus outbreaks among a minimum of 65 ICE facilities (59%) would overwhelm ICU beds within a 10-mile radius and outbreaks among a minimum of 8 ICE facilities (7%) would overwhelm local ICU beds within a 50-mile radius over a 90-day period, provided every ICU bed was made available for sick detainees. As policymakers seek to rapidly implement interventions that ensure the continued availability of life-saving medical resources across the USA, they may be overlooking the pressing need to slow the spread of COVID-19 infection in ICE's detention facilities. Preventing the rapid spread necessitates intervention measures such as granting ICE detainees widespread release from an unsafe environment by returning them to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Irvine
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics and Institute of Applied Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julianne Skarha
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-3, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Brandon Del Pozo
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-3, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Josiah Rich
- Brown University School of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Faye Taxman
- Center for Advancing Correctional Excellence, Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Traci C Green
- Opioid Policy Research Collaborative, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, 415 South Main St. MS 035, Waltham, MA, 02454-9110, USA.
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Epidemiology, Brown Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
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Cassidy K, Dyer W, Biddle P, Brandon T, McClelland N, Ridley L. Making space for mental health care within the penal estate. Health Place 2020; 62:102295. [PMID: 32479371 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Cassidy
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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Chekesa B, Gumi B, Chanyalew M, Zewude A, Ameni G. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and associated risk factors in prison in East Wollega Zone of western Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233314. [PMID: 32428042 PMCID: PMC7237014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is the major source of active TB and is an obstacle to the strategy of World Health Organization to end TB by 2035. In Ethiopia, there are hundreds of prisons and they are conducive settings for the transmission of TB and could serve as the sources of infection to the general public. However, there is little data on the epidemiology of TB in prisons in Ethiopia. The objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of LTBI and evaluate associated risk factors in prisons in East Wollega Zone in western Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional design and systematic sampling technique were used to select 352 prisoners from a total of 2620 prisoners during the two months (May and June, 2019). The selected inmates were consented for their willingness to participate in the study. Thereafter, they were interviewed and 2ml of blood sample was collected from each prisoner and screened for LTBI using interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 and logistic regression was used to model the likelihood of LTBI occurrence and to identify risk factors associated with LTBI. Results The prevalence of LTBI was 51.2% (95% CI: 46.45–57%) and higher prevalence was recorded in males (53%) than in females (43.5%) although the difference was not significant. Prisoners whose age ≥45 years (AOR = 2.48, 95%CI, 1.04–5.9), who chewed khat (AOR = 2.27; 95% CI, 1.27–4.19), who were prisoned over a year (AOR = 1.81, 95%CI, 1.04–3.18) and who were in overcrowded pens (AOR = 1.91, 95% CI, 1.002–3.65) were at higher risk of LTBI. Conclusions The prevalence of LTBI in prisoners in West Wollega Zone of western Ethiopia was high and could serve as sources of infection to the public. Hence optimum handling of prisoners, and regular follow up and treatment of TB cases in prisons were recommended to minimize the burden of TB in the Zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basha Chekesa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Collage of Natura and Computational Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mahlet Chanyalew
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Nelson B. Cervical and anal cancer prevention in jails and prisons: "A missed opportunity": Although cancers linked to the human papillomavirus are preventable through vaccination and screening, these protective measures largely have been overlooked in correctional health care systems. Cancer Cytopathol 2020; 128:227-228. [PMID: 32251554 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Smith KE, Archuleta A, Staton M, Winston E. Risk factors for heroin use following release from jail or prison in adults in a Central Appalachian state between 2012-2017. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2020; 46:485-497. [PMID: 33223579 PMCID: PMC7678949 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2020.1725032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Corrections-involved adults with a history of opioid use disorder are at elevated risk of opioid overdose following release from correctional settings. Increased opioid prescribing restrictions and monitoring during a time when heroin is becoming cheaper and ubiquitous means that adults who misused prescription opioids prior to incarceration may be reentering communities at greater risk for heroin exposure and use. Objectives Determine risk factors of post-release heroin use among a sample of adults who participated in corrections-based drug treatment in Kentucky released between 2012 and 2017. Methods Survey data obtained as part of an ongoing evaluation of corrections-based drug treatment were examined. Results The final sample (N = 1,563) was majority male (80.9%). Nearly 11.0% reported past-year heroin use following their release. Depressive symptoms, polydrug use, and urban proximity were more common among participants reporting post-release heroin use. Heroin use 30 days prior to incarceration was associated with a 432.1% increase in odds of heroin use subsequent to incarceration. Post-release suicidal ideation increased odds of heroin use by 154.2%, whereas reporting satisfaction from social interactions decreased odds of use by nearly 60%. Post-release use of cocaine and diverted buprenorphine were associated with increased likelihood of heroin use during this time period, increasing odds by 469.1% and 265.9%, respectively. Residing in Central Appalachia subsequent to incarceration was associated with decreased likelihood of use. Conclusions In this sample, post-release heroin use was associated with concerning features, such as polydrug use, lack of social satisfaction, and suicidal ideation. These features can serve as clear targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Elin Smith
- Center on Drug and Alcohol and Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Adrian Archuleta
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Michele Staton
- Center on Drug and Alcohol and Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Erin Winston
- Center on Drug and Alcohol and Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Camplain R, Pinn TA, Williamson HJ, Pro G, Becenti L, Bret J, Luna C, Baldwin JA. Adaptation of the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) for the Measurement of Physical Activity in Jail Settings. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17010349. [PMID: 31947914 PMCID: PMC6981919 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over 9 million people are incarcerated in jail each year, but physical activity has not been assessed among incarcerated populations. Measuring physical activity in the jail setting is complicated as current physical activity measurement tools are not designed for use inside jail facilities. Therefore, we adapted an evidence-based physical activity measurement tool, the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), to assess physical activity within a jail facility. SOPARC was designed to obtain observational information on physical activity of individuals. The study team created a protocol for SOPARC for use in jail facilities. Unlike the original SOPARC, access to recreation time in jail required prior scheduling. Target areas were unnecessary as recreation spaces were enclosed. The adapted SOPARC protocol for jails included start and end times, the number of individuals that attended, and recreation time users’ physical activity levels, footwear, outerwear, uniform color, and use of mobility assistive devices. The use of SOPARC in the jail setting requires adaptation to adequately capture physical activity data among incarcerated individuals. Accurately measuring physical activity among incarcerated individuals and the environment in which they are active may allow for future development and testing of physical activity interventions in jail facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Camplain
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (T.A.P.); (H.J.W.); (G.P.); (L.B.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-928-523-5165
| | - Travis A. Pinn
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (T.A.P.); (H.J.W.); (G.P.); (L.B.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Heather J. Williamson
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (T.A.P.); (H.J.W.); (G.P.); (L.B.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - George Pro
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (T.A.P.); (H.J.W.); (G.P.); (L.B.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Lyle Becenti
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (T.A.P.); (H.J.W.); (G.P.); (L.B.); (J.A.B.)
| | - James Bret
- Coconino County Sheriff’s Office, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA; (J.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Crystal Luna
- Coconino County Sheriff’s Office, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA; (J.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Julie A. Baldwin
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (T.A.P.); (H.J.W.); (G.P.); (L.B.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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Qureshi A, Kashim I, Akintorin S, Unruh L, Dharmapuri S, Soyemi K. COVID-19 and the Nigerian correctional service: need for structured data. Pan Afr Med J 2020. [PMID: 33343796 PMCID: PMC7733351 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.37.1.25370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although prisoners are considered a vulnerable population, no data repository currently exists to monitor the COVID-19 incidence in Nigerian prisons. To better understand the impact of COVID-19 within the Nigerian prison system, prisons should develop detailed COVID-19 response protocols, implement enhanced point-of-care testing, and initiate contact tracing with meticulous data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Qureshi
- Department of Trauma Burn and Critical Care, Cook County Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ima Kashim
- Department of Economic and Social Infrastructure, Islamic Development Bank, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Similolu Akintorin
- Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Larissa Unruh
- Department of Emergency Medicine John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sadhana Dharmapuri
- Cermark Health Services, Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kenneth Soyemi
- Cermark Health Services, Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Corresponding author: Kenneth Soyemi, Cermark Health Services, Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Abstract
To determine the prevalence and incidence of LTBI among prison guards and to the risk factors associated with infection. Two male prisons in Medellín and Itaguí, Colombia. A cohort study was conducted in adult prison guards that consented to participate. Exclusion criteria included: previous or current active TB, or conditions that preclude TST administration. We screened 194 guards and completed 155 TST administrations. The prevalence of LTBI was 55.8% in prison one, and 39.1% in prison two. The risk factors associated with LTBI diagnosis included drug use at least once in a lifetime (PR: 1.75; 95% CI 1.42-2.15) and male sex (PR: 2.16; 95% CI 1.01-4.62). The cumulative incidence of TST conversion over 6 months was 3.2%. All conversions occurred in prison 1. Our findings suggest an occupational risk for LTBI prevalence and incidence among guards (different prevalence and incidence according to the prison they work).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Arroyave
- Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Deny Sanchez
- Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lucelly López
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Calle 78B No. 72A-109, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Marin
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Calle 78B No. 72A-109, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maryluz Posada
- Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Calle 78B No. 72A-109, Medellín, Colombia.
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Rousselet M, Guerlais M, Caillet P, Le Geay B, Mauillon D, Serre P, Chameau PY, Bleher Y, Mounsande S, Jolliet P, Victorri-Vigneau C. Consumption of psychoactive substances in prison: Between initiation and improvement, what trajectories occur after incarceration? COSMOS study data. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225189. [PMID: 31800580 PMCID: PMC6892542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have examined the consumption trajectories of inmates after entry to prison. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in the consumption of psychoactive substance between the period before detention and during incarceration and to characterize the profiles of prisoners with similar consumption trajectories during incarceration. Methods and findings A multicenter, cross-sectional study was performed in all of the prisons from one region of France. All prisoners incarcerated during their 3rd months, over 18 years old, and with a sufficient level of French fluency to participate in the study were recruited over a period of 12 months. A total of 800 prisoners were recruited. All prisoners were interviewed face-to-face by a trained interviewer. A majority of prisoners had used at least one psychoactive substance in the weeks prior to incarceration. During incarceration, a substantial reduction in alcohol and illicit drug consumption was observed. The initiation of consumption and an increase in consumption were primarily related to medications. Five different profiles of consumption before incarceration were identified. These profiles all had a high probability of migrating to a similar profile during detention, characterized by less severe consumption of psychoactive substances. Conclusions Based on their consumption profile prior to incarceration, most prisoners would benefit from a specific medical evaluation as soon as possible following entry into detention. Prison could be an opportunity for reduced consumption and/or the initiation of treatment for the majority of prisoners, despite the pejorative development observed for a minority of prisoners during incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Rousselet
- Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence, Clinical Pharmacology Department, Nantes University Hospital, France
- INSERM U1246 SPHERE “methodS in Patient-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch”, Nantes and Tours University, Nantes, France
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Marylène Guerlais
- Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence, Clinical Pharmacology Department, Nantes University Hospital, France
| | - Pascal Caillet
- Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence, Clinical Pharmacology Department, Nantes University Hospital, France
- INSERM U1246 SPHERE “methodS in Patient-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch”, Nantes and Tours University, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Le Geay
- Department of Prison Psychiatry, Nantes University Hospital, France
| | - Damien Mauillon
- Medical department of prison, Angers University Hospital, France
| | - Patrick Serre
- Medical department of prison, Le Mans HospitalFrance
| | | | - Yves Bleher
- Medical department of prison, La Roche sur Yon Departemental Hospital, Boulevard Stéphane Moreau, France
| | - Serge Mounsande
- Medical department of prison, Fontenay-Le-Comte Hospital, France
| | - Pascale Jolliet
- Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence, Clinical Pharmacology Department, Nantes University Hospital, France
- INSERM U1246 SPHERE “methodS in Patient-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch”, Nantes and Tours University, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Victorri-Vigneau
- Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence, Clinical Pharmacology Department, Nantes University Hospital, France
- INSERM U1246 SPHERE “methodS in Patient-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch”, Nantes and Tours University, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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Grecco GG, Andrew Chambers R. The Penrose Effect and its acceleration by the war on drugs: a crisis of untranslated neuroscience and untreated addiction and mental illness. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:320. [PMID: 31780638 PMCID: PMC6882902 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1939, British psychiatrist Lionel Penrose described an inverse relationship between mental health treatment infrastructure and criminal incarcerations. This relationship, later termed the 'Penrose Effect', has proven remarkably predictive of modern trends which have manifested as reciprocal components, referred to as 'deinstitutionalization' and 'mass incarceration'. In this review, we consider how a third dynamic-the criminalization of addiction via the 'War on Drugs', although unanticipated by Penrose, has likely amplified the Penrose Effect over the last 30 years, with devastating social, economic, and healthcare consequences. We discuss how synergy been the Penrose Effect and the War on Drugs has been mediated by, and reflects, a fundamental neurobiological connection between the brain diseases of mental illness and addiction. This neuroscience of dual diagnosis, also not anticipated by Penrose, is still not being adequately translated into improving clinical training, practice, or research, to treat patients across the mental illness-addictions comorbidity spectrum. This failure in translation, and the ongoing fragmentation and collapse of behavioral healthcare, has worsened the epidemic of untreated mental illness and addictions, while driving unsustainable government investment into mass incarceration and high-cost medical care that profits too exclusively on injuries and multi-organ diseases resulting from untreated addictions. Reversing the fragmentation and decline of behavioral healthcare with decisive action to co-integrate mental health and addiction training, care, and research-may be key to ending criminalization of mental illness and addiction, and refocusing the healthcare system on keeping the population healthy at the lowest possible cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Grecco
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Indiana University of School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Andrew Chambers
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis & Development, IU Neuroscience Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Abstract
The dramatic expansion of the US penal system during the past 4 decades has led to an increase in adverse health conditions that affect an unprecedented number of individuals. This article first provides an overview of the literature on the immediate and lasting associations between incarceration and physical health, highlighting the diverse health conditions linked with incarceration, including health functioning, infectious disease, chronic conditions, and mortality. Next, we discuss potential explanations for the associations between incarceration and these health conditions, focusing on stress, contagion, social integration, and reintegration challenges. We then consider how medical and social science research can be combined to advance our understanding of these health conditions and suggest ways to reduce the negative association between incarceration and health, such as by improving prison conditions and medical care both inside prisons and after release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Massoglia
- 1 Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brianna Remster
- 2 Department of Sociology and Criminology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
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Wildeman C, Goldman AW, Wang EA. Age-Standardized Mortality of Persons on Probation, in Jail, or in State Prison and the General Population, 2001-2012. Public Health Rep 2019; 134:660-666. [PMID: 31603737 PMCID: PMC6832078 DOI: 10.1177/0033354919879732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The number of adults in the United States being held on probation-persons convicted of crimes and serving their sentence in the community rather than in a correctional facility-approached 4 million at the end of 2016 and continues to grow, yet little is known about the health and well-being of this population. We compared the standardized mortality ratios of persons on probation in the United States with persons in jail, persons in state prison, and the general US population. METHODS We used administrative data from 2001-2012 from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER database and indirect standardization techniques to compare the mortality rates of persons on probation in 15 states with the mortality rates of persons in jail, persons in state prison, and the general US population. We applied the age-specific mortality rates of 3 populations (general US population, persons in jail, and persons in state prison) to the age distribution of persons on probation to estimate standardized mortality ratios. RESULTS Persons on probation died at a rate 3.42 times higher than persons in jail, 2.81 times higher than persons in state prison, and 2.10 times higher than the general US population, after standardizing the age distribution of persons on probation relative to the other 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS Public health interventions should target persons on probation, who have received less attention from the public health community than persons serving sentences in jails and prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Emily A Wang
- Yale University, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Moreira Borges DT, Blanes L, Sobral CS, Ferreira LM. Development and Validation of a Manual of Skin Care for Persons Deprived of Liberty in the São Paulo State Prison System: A Descriptive Study. Wound Manag Prev 2019; 65:37-44. [PMID: 31702988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Brazil has the third largest prison population in the world. Studies on the health status of prisoners have shown that skin diseases, especially infectious skin diseases, are prevalent in this population. Because some skin diseases can be prevented, strategies to inform and guide incarcerated persons may be helpful. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a manual of skin care for use by prisoners in the São Paulo State Prison System. METHODS To develop the manual, a Google search to ensure originality of the concept was conducted, followed by an integrative literature search of the MEDLINE and the Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature, and the medical records of the prison system were reviewed for content. The Delphi technique was used to validate content; the content validity index (CVI) was determined based on the ratings of an expert panel of 10 prison employees who were health professionals and have experience providing care to prisoners. Twenty (20) target-users (prisoners) also evaluated the manual. The experts responded to questionnaires (sent by email) containing 19 items related to the manual's objective, structure and presentation, and relevance. Items were rated on a Likert-type scale where 1 = inadequate, 2 = partially inadequate, 3 = adequate, 4 = very adequate, and NA = not applicable, and participants also could provide suggestions and comments on the manual. The prisoners used a paper-and-pencil questionnaire to assess the manual that included 14 items with 3-choice answers (agree, undecided, disagree) on the utility and ability to understand the manual topics and space to write concerns and suggestions regarding the utility of the content; they also could offer their thoughts and opinions about the manual. The proportion of agreement among responses was calculated. RESULTS The overall CVI of the first round of evaluations was 1.0. Suggested changes were to include guidelines on the proper use of medications and modify some wording. The overall CVI of the next round was 1.0 (100% agreement). The evaluation by target users showed an agreement of 98.6%. The final version of the manual has 8 topics, 12 subtopics, and 29 illustrations; topics include skin, hair, and nail care and skin diseases. A printed version is available in the prison library and an electronic copy was sent to all prisons in the State of São Paulo to be printed as needed. CONCLUSION A manual providing guidelines on skin care for prison populations was developed and validated with the intent to improve prisoner quality of life and care. Research to examine overall manual usage and the effect of the information and guidance on healthy behaviors, prevention, and management of skin diseases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leila Blanes
- Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Facer-Irwin E, Blackwood NJ, Bird A, Dickson H, McGlade D, Alves-Costa F, MacManus D. PTSD in prison settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of comorbid mental disorders and problematic behaviours. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222407. [PMID: 31557173 PMCID: PMC6762063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Prevalence rates of PTSD are higher in the prison population than in the community. We sought to systematically review the extent to which this disorder is associated with other mental health disorders and problematic suicidal or aggressive behaviours in the prison population. Methods Studies reporting a relationship between PTSD and comorbid mental disorders and/or problematic behaviours in imprisoned adolescent and adult populations were identified from four bibliographic indexes. Primary studies involving clinical interviews, validated instruments leading to DSM or ICD diagnoses, or validated self-report questionnaires such as the PTSD checklist were included. Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted where possible. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Results This review identified 36 studies, with a combined sample of 9594 participants, (6478 male and 2847 female prisoners) from 11 countries. Thirty-four of the identified studies employed a cross-sectional design. We identified significant associations between PTSD and comorbid mental disorders including depression (OR = 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.3–4.9), anxiety (OR = 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8–4.7) and substance use (OR = 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5–2.4). We also identified significant associations between PTSD and suicidality (OR = 3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4–3.8) and aggressive behaviours (this latter finding was not subject to meta-analysis). Significant methodological heterogeneity was identified between studies. Conclusions High rates of psychiatric comorbidity among prisoners with PTSD, and links to suicidal behaviour, self-harm and aggressive behaviour, provide further support for the need for trauma-informed treatment approaches in prisons. However, significant gaps in the current evidence were apparent. In particular, a lack of large, longitudinal studies meant that the temporal relationships between PTSD and relevant outcomes cannot currently be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Facer-Irwin
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Nigel J. Blackwood
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Annie Bird
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Dickson
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel McGlade
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Alves-Costa
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Deirdre MacManus
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
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Spaulding AC, Chen J, Mackey CA, Adee MG, Bowden CJ, Selvage WD, Thornton KA. Assessment and Comparison of Hepatitis C Viremia in the Prison Systems of New Mexico and Georgia. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1910900. [PMID: 31490534 PMCID: PMC6735408 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study assesses and compares the prevalence of hepatitis C virus among criminal justice populations in New Mexico, a state with high hepatitis C virus prevalence, and Georgia, a state with low hepatitis C virus prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junyu Chen
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Madeline G. Adee
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chava J. Bowden
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Krieger D, Abe C, Pottorff A, Li X, Rich J, Nijhawan AE. Sexually Transmitted Infections Detected During and After Incarceration Among People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Prevalence and Implications for Screening and Prevention. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 46:602-607. [PMID: 31415042 PMCID: PMC6702963 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarceration and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs); however, little is known about STI prevalence among people living with HIV (PLWH) during and after incarceration. METHODS Electronic medical records from the Dallas County Jail and community HIV clinics were reviewed to determine the frequency and results of testing for gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) among PLWH incarcerated in Dallas County Jail between 2010 and 2013. HIV viral loads (VL) and evidence of STI symptoms and treatment were also collected. RESULTS During 2473 incarcerations, 6 (3%) of 190 tests were positive for gonorrhea, 7 (4%) of 190 for chlamydia, 231 (21%) of 1082 for syphilis, of which 53 (23%) were new diagnoses, and 48 (5%) of 1005 for HBV surface antigen. Among 1631 releases to the community, 808 followed up in community clinics, where 21 (4%) 553 tests were positive for gonorrhea, 23 (4%) of 555 for chlamydia, 150 (19%) of 808 for syphilis, of which 31 (21%) were new diagnoses, and 24 (6%) of 421 for HBV surface antigen. The majority of new STI cases, 51 (80%) of 64 in jail and 43 (77%)of 56 in the community, had a concurrent detectable (>200 copies/mL) HIV VL. CONCLUSIONS Testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia was low, particularly in jail, which was attributed to testing protocols. High proportions of PLWH tested positive for syphilis and HBV infection in both settings. The majority of patients with active STIs had a detectable HIV VL. Routine, opt-out screening for STIs for PLWH during and after incarceration has the potential to identify a high proportion of STIs and improve secondary HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi Krieger
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Caroline Abe
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Xilong Li
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Josiah Rich
- Department of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ank E. Nijhawan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Parkland Health and Hospital Systems, Dallas, TX, USA
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Crowley D, Murtagh R, Cullen W, Lambert JS, McHugh T, Van Hout MC. Hepatitis C virus infection in Irish drug users and prisoners - a scoping review. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:702. [PMID: 31395032 PMCID: PMC6686252 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C infection is a major public health concern globally. In Ireland, like other European countries, people who use drugs (PWUD) and prisoners carry a larger HCV disease burden than the general population. Recent advances in HCV management have made HCV elimination across Europe a realistic goal. Engaging these two marginalised and underserved populations remains a challenge. The aim of this review was to map key findings and identify gaps in the literature (published and unpublished) on HCV infection in Irish PWUD and prisoners. METHODS A scoping review guided by the methodological framework set out by Levac and colleagues (based on previous work by Arksey & O'Malley). RESULTS A total of 58 studies were identified and divided into the following categories; Epidemiology, Guidelines and Policy, Treatment Outcomes, HCV-related Health Issues and qualitative research reporting on Patients' and Health Providers' Experiences. This review identified significantly higher rates of HCV infection among Irish prisoners and PWUD than the general population. There are high levels of undiagnosed and untreated HCV infection in both groups. There is poor engagement by Irish PWUD with HCV services and barriers have been identified. Prison hepatology nurse services have a positive impact on treatment uptake and outcomes. Identified gaps in the literature include; lack of accurate epidemiological data on incident infection, untreated chronic HCV infection particularly in PWUD living outside Dublin and those not engaged with OST. CONCLUSION Ireland like other European countries has high levels of undiagnosed and untreated HCV infection. Collecting, synthesising and identifying gaps in the available literature is timely and will inform national HCV screening, treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Crowley
- Irish College of General Practitioners, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R. Murtagh
- School of Medicine, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - W. Cullen
- School of Medicine, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J. S. Lambert
- School of Medicine, University College, Dublin, Ireland
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T. McHugh
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M. C. Van Hout
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarise the extent and quality of evidence on the association between prison cell spatial density (a measure of crowding) and infectious and communicable diseases transmission among prisoners. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES Embase, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, PsycExtra, ProQuest Databases, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Index to Legal Periodicals, InformitOnline, Cochrane Library, Criminal Justice Abstracts and ICONDA were searched to 31 December 2018. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies that reported on the association between prison cell spatial density (measured in square feet or square metres of cell floor area per person) and infectious and communicable diseases in juvenile and adult populations incarcerated in a correctional facility. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS A review protocol was developed in consultation with an advisory panel. Two reviewers independently extracted data and used the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council's (NHMRC) checklist to critically appraise individual studies. An assessment of the overall body of the evidence was conducted using the NHMRC's Evidence Scale and Statement Form. RESULTS A total of 5126 articles were initially identified with seven included in the review from Pakistan (2003), Chile (2016), Nigeria (2012, 2013) and the USA (1980s). Infectious and communicable disease outcomes included pneumococcal disease/acute pneumonia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, latent tuberculosis infection, infectious skin conditions and contagious disease reporting to the prison clinic. Five articles reported statistically significant positive associations but were countered by associations possibly being explained by chance, bias or confounding factors. Heterogeneity prevented meta-analysis. CONCLUSION Overall, the body of evidence provides some support for an association between prison cell special density and infectious and communicable diseases, but care should be taken in the interpretation and transferability of the findings. Future research and policy responses should adequately consider prospective mediating factors implicated in associations between cell spatial density and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Simpson
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie Simpson
- Juvenile Justice New South Wales, New South Wales Department of Justice, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Armita Adily
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luke Grant
- Corrective Services New South Wales, New South Wales Department of Justice, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tony Butler
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Brown A, Sweeting H, Semple S, Bauld L, Demou E, Logan G, Hunt K. Views of prison staff in Scotland on the potential benefits and risks of e-cigarettes in smoke-free prisons: a qualitative focus group study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027799. [PMID: 31243033 PMCID: PMC6597633 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were introduced into all Scottish prisons in February 2018, some months after prisons began preparing in 2017 for a smoking ban implemented in November 2018. In 2016/2017, prison staff views on the potential benefits and risks of e-cigarettes were explored in advance of the introduction of: (1) a smoking ban and (2) e-cigarettes. SETTING Fourteen prisons in Scotland. PARTICIPANTS Seventeen focus groups and two paired interviews were conducted with 132 staff in 14 Scottish prisons 4-9 months before plans for a smoking ban were announced in July 2017. Both smoking and non-smoking staff were invited to participate. RESULTS Prison staff highlighted three potential risks of e-cigarettes in smoke-free prisons: staff health risks from e-cigarette vapour; prisoner health risks from vaping; and risks to both groups from e-cigarette misuse, defects or accidents. Conversely, potential benefits of e-cigarettes in smoke-free prisons centred on: reducing smoking-related health harms to staff and prisoners; helping prisoners to manage without tobacco; and supporting staff to maintain safety and discipline in prison. Staff who participated in focus groups had limited experience of vaping and expressed some uncertainty and misunderstandings about e-cigarettes. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight that scientific uncertainty, misunderstanding about vaping, the complexity of prisons as workplaces and prison tobacco control policy all have implications for staff perceptions of the potential place of e-cigarettes in smoke-free prisons. To alleviate staff concerns, there is a need for reliable information on e-cigarettes. Staff may also require reassurances on whether products are 'tamper proof', and rules about vaping indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Brown
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling Institute for Social Marketing, Stirling, UK
| | - Helen Sweeting
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling Institute for Social Marketing, Stirling, UK
| | - Linda Bauld
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Evangelia Demou
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Greig Logan
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kate Hunt
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling Institute for Social Marketing, Stirling, UK
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