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Gaston S, Porritt K, Jordan Z. Dementia care behind prison walls: A descriptive study understanding nurse's knowledge and educational needs. Nurse Educ Pract 2023; 72:103787. [PMID: 37776844 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM/OBJECTIVE To establish correctional nurses' dementia knowledge base and identify their educational needs related to caring for prisoners with dementia. BACKGROUND The aging prison population is growing, posing a heightened risk of dementia among older inmates. This study examined the knowledge and perceived educational needs of nurses caring for prisoners with dementia. DESIGN A descriptive study which was qualitative in nature was undertaken. METHODS Data was collected using an online survey which included Demographics, the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Tool 2 and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequency were used to analyse the quantitative data and a qualitative analysis was undertaken to identify common themes and extract meaningful insight from the open-ended questions. RESULTS Nurses showed a general understanding of dementia and its environmental impact but lacked knowledge of late-stage changes. Eight main themes relating more broadly to the environmental and staffing challenges faced by nurses are presented. CONCLUSION Although participants appeared to have a reasonable dementia knowledge base the study highlights the need for specific dementia education and support focussed on the correctional setting and collaborative partnerships with dementia experts in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherryl Gaston
- JBI, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Kylie Porritt
- JBI, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zoe Jordan
- JBI, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Carabellese F, Carabellese F, Mandarelli G, Montalbò D, Parente L, La Tegola D, Petroni G, Bruno G, Catanesi R, Felthous AR. Between psychopathy and deviant socialization: A close look at the mafia men. Int J Law Psychiatry 2023; 89:101907. [PMID: 37441856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2023.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The Italian mafia organizations represent a subculture with values, beliefs and goals that are antithetical to and undermining of the predominant society. The conduct of individual members includes such extreme violence for material gain, it may at least superficially suggest a severe personality disorder. Since the first edition of the DSM and into the 21st century, various terms have been used, sometimes interchangeably, but over time inconsistently, to designate the mentality and practices of mafia members. Only recently has the psychology of mafia members become a focus of serious scientific study. Following broader national multicenter research, the present study aimed at investigating the possible differences in psychopathy between those mafia associates who had been convicted only of mafia association (Group A, bosses), and those who were also convicted of violent crimes (Group B, soldiers). The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) was administered to n = 48 male inmates convicted of mafia association (Mage 45.0 years, SD 10.9, range 20-80 years); Group A consisted of n = 26 (54%) subjects, Group B n = 22 (46%). Most of the sample (73%) did not manifest psychopathy (PCL-R ≥ 25) nor Mann-Whitney U test disclosed significant differences in the total PCL-R scores between the study groups. We found significantly higher scores of PCR-R factor 1 (interpersonal / affective) in the members of the mafia association also convicted of violent crimes (PCL-R F1, group A: 5.8 ± 3.7; group B: 7.9 ± 3.5; p < 0.05), this difference appeared explainable on the basis of a higher component of affective psychopathy. These initial results add to the limited literature on mafia and psychopathy and seem to suggest the existence of a specific component of psychopathy in the subgroup of mafiosi with overtly violent conduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Carabellese
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", p.za G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Fulvio Carabellese
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", p.za G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Mandarelli
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", p.za G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Montalbò
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", p.za G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Lia Parente
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", p.za G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Donatella La Tegola
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", p.za G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia Petroni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Bruno
- St.Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roberto Catanesi
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", p.za G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Alan R Felthous
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Forensic Psychiatry Division, 1438 South Grand Blvd, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Okamura M, Okada T, Okumura Y. Recidivism among prisoners with severe mental disorders. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17007. [PMID: 37484360 PMCID: PMC10361118 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mental disorders are common among prison inmates, with a high rate of recidivism found among those with severe mental disorders. In Japan, the number of inmates with mental disorders has been increasing with the increasing rate of recidivism. Prisoners need an uninterrupted connection to post-release support to prevent them from being incarcerated again. This study identified inmates diagnosed with mental disorders whose recidivism had recently increased to investigate recidivism among inmates with severe mental disorders and the risk factors for reincarceration. Methods This study included 148 prisoners released from the Medical Correction Center in East Japan. Clinical diagnoses were coded using the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. Risk factors focusing on the central eight items were categorized, and recidivism within 3 years of release was investigated. Result Overall, the recidivism rate was 29.7%, with the risk of recidivism increasing by 170% in inmates with multiple incarcerations. A diagnosis of intellectual disability increased the risk of recidivism by 176%. Patients with schizophrenia were consistently less likely to recidivate than patients with other disorders. Conclusion Intellectual disability was identified as a risk factor for recidivism, as was multiple incarcerations. These prisoners may not be connected to medical and social services and thus may not be receiving appropriate assistance. Patients with schizophrenia might be more likely to be connected to medical care and receive support after release. Further research should be conducted using these findings to prevent recidivism among inmates with mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Okamura
- Medical Correction Center in East Japan, 2-1-9, Mokuseinomori, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, 1968560, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okada
- Medical Correction Center in East Japan, 2-1-9, Mokuseinomori, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, 1968560, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okumura
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
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Levy JA, Earnshaw VA, Milanti A, Waluyo A, Culbert GJ. A qualitative study of healthcare providers' attitudes toward assisted partner notification for people with HIV in Indonesia. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:71. [PMID: 36690986 PMCID: PMC9872286 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assisted partner notification (APN) is recommended as a public health strategy to increase HIV testing in people exposed to HIV. Yet its adoption in many countries remains at an early stage. This qualitative study sought the opinions of HIV health service providers regarding the appropriateness and feasibility of implementing APN in Indonesia where such services are on the cusp of adoption. METHODS Four focus group discussions totaling 40 health service providers were held in Jakarta, Indonesia to consider APN as an innovative concept and to share their reactions regarding its potential implementation in Indonesia. Voice-recorded discussions were conducted in Bahasa, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed. RESULTS Participants recognized APN's potential in contacting and informing the partners of HIV-positive clients of possible viral exposure. They also perceived APN's value as a client-driven service permitting clients to select which of three partner notification methods would work best for them across differing partner relationships and settings. Nonetheless, participants also identified personal and health system challenges that could impede successful APN adoption including medical and human resource limitations, the need for specialized APN training, ethical and equity considerations, and lack of sufficient clarity concerning laws and government policies regulating 3rd party disclosures. They also pointed to the job-overload, stress, personal discomfort, and the ethical uncertainty that providers might experience in delivering APN. CONCLUSION Overall, providers of HIV services embraced the concept of APN but forecast practical difficulties in key service areas where investments in resources and system change appeared necessary to ensure effective and equitable implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A. Levy
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Health Policy & Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Valerie A. Earnshaw
- grid.33489.350000 0001 0454 4791Human Development and Family Sciences, College of Education and Human Development, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA
| | - Ariesta Milanti
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Agung Waluyo
- grid.9581.50000000120191471Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Kota Depok, Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Gabriel J. Culbert
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
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Kent H, Kirby A, Leckie G, Cornish R, Hogarth L, Williams WH. Looked after children in prison as adults: life adversity and neurodisability. Int J Prison Health 2023; 19:512-523. [PMID: 36689249 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-08-2022-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Looked after children (LAC) are criminalised at five times the rate of children in the general population. Children in contact with both child welfare and child justice systems have higher rates of neurodisability and substance use problems, and LAC in general have high rates of school exclusion, homelessness and unemployment. This study aims to understand whether these factors persist in LAC who are in prison as adults. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Administrative data collected by the Do-IT profiler screening tool in a prison in Wales, UK, were analysed to compare sentenced prisoners who were LAC (n = 631) to sentenced prisoners who were not LAC (n = 2,201). The sample comprised all prisoners who were screened on entry to prison in a two-year period. FINDINGS Prisoners who were LAC scored more poorly on a functional screener for neurodisability (effect size = 0.24), and on four self-report measures capturing traits of dyslexia (0.22), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (0.40), autism spectrum disorders (0.34) and developmental co-ordination disorder (0.33). Prisoners who were LAC were more likely to have been to a pupil referral unit (0.24), have substance use problems (0.16), be homeless or marginally housed (0.18) and be unemployed or unable to work due to disability (0.13). ORIGINALITY/VALUE This study uniquely contributes to our understanding of prisoners who were LAC as a target group for intervention and support with re-integration into the community upon release. LAC in prison as adults may require additional interventions to help with employment, housing and substance use. Education programmes in prison should screen for neurodisability, to develop strategies to support engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Kent
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Amanda Kirby
- Dyscovery Centre, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - George Leckie
- School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rosie Cornish
- Bristol Medical School (PHS), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lee Hogarth
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - W Huw Williams
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Findlay MC, Kim RB, Sherrod BA, Mazur MD. High Failure Rates in Prisoners Undergoing Spine Fusion Surgery. World Neurosurg 2023; 172:e396-e405. [PMID: 36649855 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The medical literature on prisoner health care is limited, despite data showing that prisoners experience high rates of physical and mental health challenges. We compared clinical outcomes for prisoners undergoing spine fusion with comparable nonincarcerated patients and determined what factors were implicated in differences in outcomes. METHODS Prisoners who underwent spinal fusion in 2011-2021 were retrospectively compared with an age-, sex-, and procedure-matched 3:1 control group of nonincarcerated spinal fusion patients. Fusion failure was confirmed by lack of bridging bone between vertebrae on CT or radiographic images >1 year postoperatively or evidence of instrumentation failure with resultant >2 mm of translation on flexion/extension radiographs. RESULTS Twenty-seven identified prisoners were compared with 81 nonincarcerated controls. Ten prisoners and 6 controls experienced nonunion (37% vs. 7%, P < 0.01). Rates of risk factors for nonunion, such as smoking history, elevated body mass index, chronic steroid use, diabetes mellitus, previous spine surgery, and levels fused, were not significantly different between prisoners and controls. Among prisoners, those with nonunion were younger (45 vs. 53 years, P = 0.03), had greater body mass index (34 vs. 29, P = 0.02), and were more likely to undergo reoperation (30% vs. 0%, P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis revealed that prisoners carry a 9.62 increased odds of nonunion compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS This is one of few studies investigating health care outcomes in prisoners. We found they had a significantly higher rate of nonunion than matched control patients from the general population treated at the same hospital, suggesting additional measures may be necessary postoperatively to support fusion in prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert B Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Brandon A Sherrod
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Marcus D Mazur
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Andrews ME, Mattan BD, Richards K, Moore-Berg SL, Falk EB. Using first-person narratives about healthcare workers and people who are incarcerated to motivate helping behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Soc Sci Med 2022; 299:114870. [PMID: 35286848 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Rational Overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic requires large-scale cooperation and behavior change on an unprecedented scale. Individuals can help reduce the burden of the pandemic by participating in behaviors that benefit people whose life circumstances make them especially vulnerable. Objective We tested the effect of reading narrative (i.e., story-like) as opposed to expository (i.e., factual recounting) messages on beliefs about protecting others in groups vulnerable during the pandemic through increased message transportation (i.e. immersing the reader into the story). Additionally, we examined if reading narratives, as opposed to expository messages, increased intentions to engage in prosocial behaviors that benefit these groups through increased transportation. Methods The study used a between-subjects design where participants either read narrative or expository messages about the experiences of people who were at greater exposure to SARS-CoV-2 due to social and political factors, namely people who were incarcerated or working in healthcare during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results In line with pre-registered hypotheses, participants in the narrative (vs. expository) condition reported greater transportation into the message. We also observed indirect effects of narrative (vs. expository) messages, through increased message transportation, on: (1) beliefs that by physical distancing, one can protect vulnerable people (2) beliefs that members of the target groups (i.e., healthcare workers and people who are incarcerated), were vulnerable during the pandemic, (3) intentions to engage in prosocial behaviors that help family and friends, and (4) intentions to engage in prosocial behaviors that help members of vulnerable groups. Conclusion Together these results suggest that narratives can be used to motivate prosocial action during the COVID-19 pandemic to the extent that the narratives elicit transportation.
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Laine R, Myrskylä M, Kaskela T, Pitkänen T. Imprisonment, community sanctions and mortality by cause of death among patients with substance use disorder - a 28-year follow-up using Finnish register data. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109327. [PMID: 35123360 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first few weeks' post-imprisonment are associated with high mortality, particularly among individuals with a history of substance use. Excess risk may vary by societal context due to a range of penal systems and substance use patterns. Using data on Finnish individuals who had sought treatment for substance use, we studied the association between criminal sanctions with cause-specific mortality. METHODS The database contained 10887 individuals who had sought treatment between 1990 and 2009. Their treatment data were combined with register data on imprisonments and community sanctions and weekly mortality between 1992 and 2015. Mortality was analysed using discrete-time survival models. We controlled for age and sociodemographic factors, and analysed whether education, type of substance used and the type of latest sentence modified the associations. FINDINGS Mortality was high in the first two weeks after sanctions (all-cause odds ratio [OR] 2.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.67-4.07; drug-related deaths OR 8.52, 95% CI 4.64-15.7). Excess risk declined over time (OR after 12 weeks: 1.19, 95% CI 1.07-1.31). Most of the excess risk was attributable to external causes. Mortality was low during imprisonment, but not during community sanctions. The patterns were similar by level of education, substance use and the type of latest sentence. CONCLUSIONS Community sanctions were not associated with mortality among people with substance use disorders. Mortality was low during imprisonment, but high post-release. Criminal sanctions should be better utilised as intervention touchpoints and follow-up resources should target prisoners with substance use treatment history to reduce post-release mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Laine
- Centre for Social Data Science, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 37 (P.O. Box 54), 00014, Finland; A-Clinic Foundation, Ratamestarinkatu 7A, 00520 Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Youth Research Society, Kumpulantie 3, 00520 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mikko Myrskylä
- Centre for Social Data Science, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 37 (P.O. Box 54), 00014, Finland; Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany; Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 37 (P.O. Box 54), 00014, Finland
| | - Teemu Kaskela
- A-Clinic Foundation, Ratamestarinkatu 7A, 00520 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuuli Pitkänen
- A-Clinic Foundation, Ratamestarinkatu 7A, 00520 Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Youth Research Society, Kumpulantie 3, 00520 Helsinki, Finland
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Jawad AM, Nyeko-Lacek M, Brown L, Javed MU, Hemington-Gorse S. "Burns Behind Bars": A 10-year review and cost analysis of burn injuries in prison inmates presenting to a regional burns centre, and the role of the burns outreach service. Burns 2021; 48:1719-1726. [PMID: 34974930 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION From 85348 inmates in England and Wales, over 26,000 incidents of assault and 40,000 of self-harm were reported from within prisons in 2016. This study focuses primarily on burn injuries in prison, determining the predominant aetiology as well as clinical outcomes of these injuries. METHODS Data was retrieved retrospectively and a case series performed, including all burns referred from regional prisons to our centre from 2007 to 2017 and comprising patient demographics, mechanism of injury, total body surface area affected, management, and outcome. Cost analysis of care was conducted using a previously published framework. RESULTS 18 cases from three regional prisons were recorded, with 67% from a single prison. Referrals rose exponentially over time, with 44% occurring in 2017. 94% were scald burns, and 56% secondary to assault, primarily through the use of kettles and mostly targeting the face and trunk. The mean TBSA of burn was 2.89% (<1-8%), and 80% received first aid. 72.2% were admitted to hospital for an average of 4 days. All burns were managed nonoperatively with dressings and underwent on average 2 outpatient reviews (1-8). DISCUSSION The disproportionate spread of referrals across the prisons correlates partly with the respective populations, but may also represent contrasting medical provisions. The recurring method of assault reflects the relative ease of access to hot water as a harmful agent, predominantly presenting with scalds affecting more critical areas, and with concurrent physical trauma in nearly half of cases which presents management challenges. CONCLUSION Targeted education is recommended to reduce the incidence and ensure adequate management of burns in prison, referrals for which are demonstrably rising. Accordingly, the Burns Outreach team can provide training to in-house prison health staff and review referrals to specialist Burns services, aiming to ensure equitable care while alleviating costs associated with transfer to and management in hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Majeed Jawad
- Specialty Registrar in Burns and Plastic Surgery, Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Miriam Nyeko-Lacek
- Foundation Year 2 Doctor, Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Liz Brown
- Clinical Nurse Specialist in Burns, Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Muhammad Umair Javed
- Consultant Burns and Plastic Surgeon, Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Sarah Hemington-Gorse
- Consultant Burns and Plastic Surgeon, Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
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Bilmumad B, Liabsuetrakul T, Ngamtrairai N, Chongsuvivatwong V. Pulmonary tuberculosis among prisoners in Southern Thailand: prevalence and its association with imprisonment status. Int J Prison Health 2021; ahead-of-print:10.1108/IJPH-01-2021-0012. [PMID: 34464526 PMCID: PMC9719586 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-01-2021-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to measure the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), its association with imprisonment status and to document the treatment success rate (TSR) among prisoners in Songkhla province, Southern Thailand. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in five prisons in Songkhla province, including all prisoners in the fiscal of year 2019, who had an annual chest radiography (CXR) screening result. Information of prisoners who had been imprisoned from 1 October 2018 to 30 September 2019, were reviewed for PTB diagnosis. Imprisonment status and other associated factors with PTB were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. FINDINGS The prevalence of PTB was 2.72%. Prisoners having new or transfer-in status were more likely to have PTB. Those aged 40-80 years, who had smoked for ten years or more, or who were underweight, had higher odds of having PTB. TSR among prisoners with PTB in this study was 94.9%. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The prevalence of PTB among prisoners having annual CXR screening was high. Detection of PTB was higher among new or transfer-in prisoners; therefore, the CXR for PTB screening before admission to prison should be performed to prevent transmission to other prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bintinee Bilmumad
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, and Songkhla Correctional Institution for Drug Addicts, Department of Corrections Thailand, Mueang, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Liabsuetrakul
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Nipa Ngamtrairai
- Songkhla Central Prison, Department of Corrections Thailand, Mueang, Thailand
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Crowley D, Avramovic G, Cullen W, Farrell C, Halpin A, Keevans M, Laird E, McHugh T, McKiernan S, Miggin SJ, Murtagh R, Connor EO, O'Meara M, Reilly DO, Lambert JS. New hepatitis C virus infection, re-infection and associated risk behaviour in male Irish prisoners: a cohort study, 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 79:97. [PMID: 34103080 PMCID: PMC8186141 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prisoners are recognised as a high-risk population and prisons as high-risk locations for the transmission of hepatitis c virus (HCV) infection. Injecting drug use (IDU) is the main driver of HCV infection in prisoners and harm reduction services are often suboptimal in prison settings. HCV prevalence and incident data in prisoners is incomplete which impacts the public health opportunity that incarceration provides in identifying, treating and preventing HCV infection. The aim of this study is to identify new HCV infection and associated risk factors in an Irish male prison. METHODS We conducted a follow up (18-month) cohort study on prisoners who had previously tested negative, self-cleared or had been successfully treated for HCV infection. We conducted the study in a male medium security prison located in Dublin Ireland (Mountjoy Prison) using HCV serology, a review of medical records and a researcher-administered questionnaire. RESULTS 99 prisoners with a mean age of 33.2 yrs. participated in the study and 82(82.8%) completed a research-administered questionnaire. Over half (51%) had a history of drug use from a young age (14.8 yrs.), 49.9% a history of heroin use and 39% a history of IDU. The prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B virus core antibody was 3% and HCV antibody was 22.2%. No new HCV infections were identified in those who had never been infected (n = 77), had self-cleared (n = 9) or achieved sustained virological response (n = 12). Small numbers of prisoners continued to engage in risk-behaviour including, IDU both in the prison (n = 2) and the community (n = 3), sharing syringes (n = 1) and drug taking paraphernalia (n = 6) and receiving non-sterile tattoos (n = 3). CONCLUSION Despite the high numbers of Irish prisoners with a history of IDU and HCV infection, new HCV infection is low or non-existent in this population. Small numbers of prisoners continue to engage in risk behaviour and larger studies are required to further understand HCV transmission in this cohort in an Irish and international context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Des Crowley
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Irish Prison Service, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - Walter Cullen
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | - Tina McHugh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Ross Murtagh
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - John S Lambert
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Grammatikopoulou MG, Lampropoulou MΑ, Milapidou M, Goulis DG. At the heart of the matter: Cardiovascular health challenges among incarcerated women. Maturitas 2021; 149:16-25. [PMID: 34134886 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many factors appear to contribute to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among incarcerated women. Imprisonment is associated with a bodyweight gain and an increased prevalence of overweight and obesity. Inadequate physical activity and unhealthy nutrition further contribute to this positive energy balance. Classical CVD risk factors are common, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and smoking. Moreover, imprisonment is associated with an increased incidence of mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, with coping mechanisms, including substance abuse, being frequently adopted. Specific attitudes in the correctional environment, including hunger strikes, bullying, abuse and solitary confinement, are effectors of cardiovascular and mental ill-health. Furthermore, the plethora of psychological stressors induces an accelerated aging process, paired with CVD risk. Communicable diseases, mainly human immunodeficiency virus, opportunistic infections and inadequate sunlight exposure increase cardiovascular dysregulation. Health care needs associated with the female sex are not always met, adding to the frustration and compromised well-being. All these factors act independently and cumulatively, increasing CVD risk among incarcerated women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Grammatikopoulou
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alexander Campus, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Α Lampropoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alexander Campus, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Milapidou
- Dr. Juris, Post Doc Researcher, Faculty of Law, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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13
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Meyer BJ, Byrne MK, Cortie CH, Parletta N, Jones A, Eckermann S, Butler T, Greenberg D, Batterham M, Fernandez F, Schofield PW, Winberg PC, Bowles K, Dally J, Martin AM, Grant L. The effect of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on aggressive behaviour in adult male prisoners: a structured study protocol for a multi-centre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial and translation into policy and practice. Trials 2021; 22:318. [PMID: 33934704 PMCID: PMC8088826 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions to better manage aggressive behaviour and reduce recidivism are a primary concern for corrective services. Nutritional interventions to correct prisoner behaviour have been largely overlooked in the literature. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary intake influences aggressive behaviours and that nutritional supplementation with omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) could attenuate both the severity and frequency of aggressive behaviour. METHODS Adult male prisoners who have a history of aggressive behaviour (n = 600) will be recruited from at least 6 Correctional Centres and randomised to receive either n-3 LCPUFA or placebo supplementation for a 16-week duration. Treatment will be with either 1 g/day of n-3 LCPUFA (694 mg DHA and 397 mg EPA) or placebo capsules, which are a corn/soy oil blend and are identical in size and colour. The primary outcome measure is the Inmate Behavioural Observation Scale (IBOS): an objective measure of aggressive behaviour. Secondary outcome measures include questionnaires (including aggression, attention deficit disorder, impulsivity, depression/anxiety/stress scales), engagement in programmes, recidivism and quality of life. Baseline and post-intervention assessments include the IBOS, questionnaires and blood to measure the levels of n-3 LCPUFA. DISCUSSION To conclusively test the potential that increasing n-3 LCPUFA intakes can improve rates of prisoner aggression and associated mental health and violence-related social system management costs, we propose an adequately powered multi-centre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial, examining the effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on aggressive behaviour in adult male prisoners. If successful, this study will inform prisoner policy with respect to nutrition and by inference contribute to a broader community approach to preventative mental health practices. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12618001665224 . Registered on 10 October 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Meyer
- School of Medicine, Lipid Research Centre, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Mitchell K Byrne
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Colin H Cortie
- School of Medicine, Lipid Research Centre, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Natalie Parletta
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Alison Jones
- DVC (Health and Communities), University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Simon Eckermann
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Tony Butler
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - David Greenberg
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network, Anzac Pde., Matraville, NSW, 2035, Australia
| | - Marijka Batterham
- School of Mathematics & Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Francesca Fernandez
- School of Health and Behavioural Science, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, QLD, 4014, Australia
| | - Peter W Schofield
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2300, Australia
| | - Pia C Winberg
- Venus Shell Systems, PO Box 2149, Bomaderry, NSW, 2541, Australia
| | - Kate Bowles
- School of the Arts, English and Media, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jean Dally
- Corrective Services NSW, 20 Lee St, Haymarket, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | | | - Luke Grant
- Corrective Services NSW, 20 Lee St, Haymarket, NSW, 2000, Australia
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14
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Neufeld M, Alves da Costa F, Ferreira-Borges C. Prisons need to be included in global and national vaccinations effort against COVID-19. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2021; 4:100088. [PMID: 33997833 PMCID: PMC7981462 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Neufeld
- World Health Organization European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Leontyevsky Pereulok 9, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Straße 46, Dresden, 01187, Germany.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health ,33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1
| | - Filipa Alves da Costa
- World Health Organization European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Leontyevsky Pereulok 9, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carina Ferreira-Borges
- World Health Organization European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Leontyevsky Pereulok 9, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus and subsequent COVID-19 illness has had a major impact on all levels of society internationally. The extent of the impact of COVID-19 on prison staff and prisoners in England and Wales is unknown. Testing for COVID-19 both asymptomatic and symptomatic, as well as for antibodies, to date, has been minimal. The purpose of this paper is to explore the widespread testing of COVID-19 in prisons poses philosophical and ethical questions around trust, efficacy and ethicacy. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This paper is both descriptive, providing an overview of the widespread testing of COVID-19 in prisoners in England and Wales, and conceptual in that it discusses and argues the issues associated with large-scale testing. This paper provides a discussion, using comparative studies, of the issues associated with large-scale testing of prisoners across the prison estate in England and Wales (120 prisons). The issues identified in this paper are contextualised through the lens of COVID-19, but they are equally transferrable to epidemiological studies of any pandemic. Given the prevalence of COVID-19 globally and the lack of information about its spread in prisons, at the time of writing this paper, there is a programme of asymptomatic testing of prisoners. However, there remains a paucity of data on the spread of COVID-19 in prisons because of the progress with the ongoing testing programme. FINDINGS The authors argue that the widespread testing of prisoners requires careful consideration of the details regarding who is included in testing, how consent is gained and how tests are administered. This paper outlines and argues the importance of considering the complex nuance of power relationships within the prison system, among prisoner officers, medical staff and prisoners and the detrimental consequences. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The widespread testing of COVID-19 presents ethical and practical challenges. Careful planning is required when considering the ethics of who should be included in COVID-19 testing, how consent will be gained, who and how tests will be administered and very practical challenges around the recording and assigning of COVID-19 test kits inside the prison. The current system for the general population requires scanning of barcodes and registration using a mobile number; these facilities are not permitted inside a prison. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This paper looks at the issues associated with mass testing of prisoners for COVID-19. According to the authors' knowledge, there has not been any research that looks at the issues of testing either in the UK or internationally. The literature available details countries' responses to the pandemic rather and scientific papers on the development of vaccines. Therefore, this paper is an original review of some of the practicalities that need to be addressed to ensure that testing can be as successful as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Lambert
- Faculty of Education and Children's Services, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Dean Wilkinson
- Faculty of Education and Children's Services, University of Chester, Chester, UK
- Faculty of Social Science, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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16
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Mukwenha S, Dzinamarira T, Mapingure MP, Musuka G. Zimbabwe's prison facilities: Preparedness for institutional COVID-19 outbreaks. Public Health Pract (Oxf) 2021; 2:100089. [PMID: 33564751 PMCID: PMC7862897 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Covid-19 cases and death are on the rise in Zimbabwe and other Southern African countries. This increase poses a major risk of outbreaks in institutions such as prisons and detention centers. Zimbabwe has a total of 46 main prisons that are overcrowded and without adequate running water, hand sanitizers, and face masks for both prisoners and warden officers. Although the country has released some prisoners, it is still not enough to decongest the prisons and mitigate the Covid-19 risk. There is a need to further decongest the prisons, ensure facilities have adequate tap water, and consider the use of video and audio technology to minimize visitors to inmates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tafadzwa Dzinamarira
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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17
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Carabellese F, Felthous AR, Montalbò D, La Tegola D, Carabellese F, Catanesi R. The psychopathic dimension in women of mafia. Int J Law Psychiatry 2021; 74:101600. [PMID: 33486393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The authors focus their interest on the socially deviant mafia world, especially on the question of a psychopathic dimension of individuals in mafia. From the scientific point of view this continues to be an unknow world. In all these cases, individuals in mafia, their "feats", their profiles seem to correspond to popular conceptions of the psychopath. Even less known is the women's role in criminal organizations. Their historical role in recent decades has gradually shifted and become more important than it was in the past. The investigators' interest was focused on identifying the prevalence of the psychopathic dimension in mafia women. So the authors examined a sample of 20 convicted mafia women coming from Campania and Calabria, the regions of Camorra and 'Ndrangheta respectively, historical Italian criminal organizations. These women inherited their roles from previous bosses and successfully carried on the criminal business. The authors compared this sample of mafia women with a sample of female offenders with full criminal responsibility who were in common female prisons. Like men of mafia, the women of mafia have a low prevalence of the psychopathic dimension. Further research is necessary to identify the psychopathic dimension in larger samples of women, and then compare them with similar male samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Carabellese
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico Universitario, p.za G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Alan R Felthous
- Forensic Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 South Grand Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Domenico Montalbò
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico Universitario, p.za G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Donatella La Tegola
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico Universitario, p.za G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Carabellese
- Department of Medical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Roberto Catanesi
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico Universitario, p.za G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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18
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Kalapos MP. Does Penrose's Law apply to Hungary? Data of an extended survey and reappraisal. Int J Law Psychiatry 2020; 72:101608. [PMID: 32889421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Penrose described an observation in 1939, according to which an inverse relationship between the size of prison populations and the number of psychiatric beds existed. The purpose of this article was to investigate the validity of this statement for Hungary. The national data between 1989 and 2017 for 25 variables were extracted from the official reports of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. The number of psychiatric beds decreased by 33%, while the number of prisoners increased by about 50%. At the same time, the number of mentally ill patients under compulsive treatment was low, but showed a slight, statistically significant increase. Variables measuring similar feature, for example, the psychiatric characteristics (alcoholics registered, suicide rate, number of hospital beds, welfare home inmates) are variables consistently moving in one direction or the other that may allow finding appropriate indicators of and explanations for the phenomena. An example is the number of psychiatric beds showing a parallel decrease to the numbers of total hospital beds, registered alcoholics, out-patient clinics for children, and suicide rate, and just the opposite direction with forensic settling, involuntary admissions, and welfare home inmates. Similarly, crimes, criminals, homicides, and prisoners can also be grouped. Correlation does not mean a cause and effect relationship, therefore, at the current state of knowledge the connection among variables is not clear in all the cases. To sum up, Hungarian statistical data for three decades support Penrose's original observation on psychiatric beds and prison population, while the Penrose's statement on the inverse relationship between the number of crimes and of psychiatric beds is not supported. However, until deeper relationships are explored, aggregation of variables into few factors seems impossible.
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19
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Crowley D, Cullen W, O'Donnell P, Van Hout MC. Prison and opportunities for the management of COVID-19. BJGP Open 2020; 4:bjgpopen20X101106. [PMID: 32522752 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen20X101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to analyze prisoners' experiences of prison drug-treatment programs in Sweden. How do they describe their personal relationships with the prison staff and with other prisoners in the wings? How do they describe the social climate and the control in drug-treatment wings? How could differences between these wings be understood? DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The data consist of observations and face-to-face interviews with male and female prisoners in three Swedish prison drug-treatment wings. Analytical concepts used are roles, relationships and rituals. FINDINGS The prisoners' relationships with prison officers seemed connected to what kinds of rituals the prisoners and staff engaged in. In all three treatment wings, the staff and prisoners were involved in natural rituals. This was most frequent in the women's prison with a 12-step program. The prisoners were frustrated with control measures but were mainly positive to the measures as preventing drugs from coming into the wing. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS Only three prison wings, however in varying prisons, have been studied. ORIGINALITY/VALUE These results gives a useful prisoners' perspective on the development of drug-prevention and treatment in different kinds of prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per-Åke Nylander
- Department of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Claes Holm
- Department of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Odd Lindberg
- Department of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE High quality health-care delivery is not only the governments' responsibility but also every prisoner's right. Health care in prison and, particularly, of Iranian prisoners is increasingly important topic because of the rising number of the prison population. This paper aims to explore health-care managers' perspectives and experiences of prisons and the barriers to health-care delivery in Iranian prisons. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A qualitative research design was conducted in Iran from October 2018 to August 2019. The participants consisted of 51 health-care managers (50 men and one woman) from Iranian prisons. A combination of face-to-face (N = 42) and telephonic (N = 9) semi-structured interviews were used because of the geographical distribution of the respondents. The first part of the interview guide consisted of demographic characteristics, and the second part consisted of three main open ended-questions. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and thematic descriptive analysis was used to interpret the data. FINDINGS The barriers to health-care delivery in Iranian prisons were categorized into four main topics: human resources, financing, facilities and barriers related to the health-care delivery process. Data synthesis identified the following themes for barriers to human resources: barriers to human resources planning (with eight sub-themes); barriers to education (with three sub-themes); and motivational barriers (with seven sub-themes). Moreover, barriers to financing consisted of five sub-themes. The barriers to facilities consisted of barriers related to physical infrastructures (with two sub-themes) and barriers related to equipment (with six sub-themes). Finally, barriers to the health-care delivery process included the following themes: communication barriers (with six sub-themes); legal barriers (with five sub-themes); and environmental-demographic factors (with seven sub-themes). ORIGINALITY/VALUE Identifying the barriers to health-care delivery in Iranian prisons plays a critical role in the improvement of planning, decision-making and the health-care delivery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hajebrahimi
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Management and Social Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khalil Alimohammadzadeh
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Management and Social Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran and Health Economics policy Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Management and Social Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Maher
- Department of Economics and Health Policy, School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadkarim Bahadori
- Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Getachew Y, Azale T, Necho M. Poor sleep quality and associated factors among prisoners of the Diredawa correctional facility in eastern Ethiopia. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2020; 19:40. [PMID: 32577123 PMCID: PMC7306144 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-020-00291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired sleep quality affects judgment, psychomotor skills, memory, decision-making, concentration, and attention. It might also contribute to the development of new physical health problems, as well as exacerbating already existing physical problems. Despite this, there is a scarcity of research done in Africa including Ethiopia that addressed this issue. So this study assessed the quality of sleep and related factors among prisoners of the Diredawa correctional facility, Diredawa, eastern Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was done using a simple random sampling technique to recruit 421 participants from May 21 to June 21; 2017. A semi-structured questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleeps Quality Index (PSFIG), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PQ-9), and Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) were used to assess participants' socio-demographic data, sleep quality, depression, and sleep hygiene, respectively. The collected data were entered into EPA-data 3.1 and analyzed by using SPAS-20. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression with odds ratio and 95% CI were employed. The statistical significance was declared at p value < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 421 out of 423 prisoners were interviewed, resulting in a response rate of 99.5%. The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 227 (53.9%) with 95% CI (49.2, 58.7). Having co-morbidity of depression (adjusted odds ratio; OAR = 3.47, 95% CI 1.38,8.76), lifetime use of cigarette (OAR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.21,5.58), marijuana and hashish (OAR = 5.02, 95% CI 1.63,15.46), current use of coffee (OAR = 2.75, CI 1.37, 7.05), poor sleep hygiene (OAR = 3.19, CI 1.32,7.69), committing assault crime (OAR = 4.12, CI 1.29,10.63) and crime of rape (OAR = 5.57, CI (1.45, 13.89) were the associated factors for poor sleep quality in this study. CONCLUSION More than half of the participants (53.9%) have poor sleep quality. Depression, lifetime use of cigarettes, using cannabis and hashish, current use of coffee, poor sleep hygiene, and crime types were the associated factors that should be taken into consideration and evaluated early to minimize poor sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Getachew
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Diredawa University, Diredawa, Ethiopia
| | - Telake Azale
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mogesie Necho
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolli University, Dassie, Ethiopia
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23
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Crowley D, Murtagh R, Cullen W, Lambert JS, McHugh T, Van Hout MC. Hepatitis C virus infection in Irish drug users and prisoners - a scoping review. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:702. [PMID: 31395032 PMCID: PMC6686252 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C infection is a major public health concern globally. In Ireland, like other European countries, people who use drugs (PWUD) and prisoners carry a larger HCV disease burden than the general population. Recent advances in HCV management have made HCV elimination across Europe a realistic goal. Engaging these two marginalised and underserved populations remains a challenge. The aim of this review was to map key findings and identify gaps in the literature (published and unpublished) on HCV infection in Irish PWUD and prisoners. METHODS A scoping review guided by the methodological framework set out by Levac and colleagues (based on previous work by Arksey & O'Malley). RESULTS A total of 58 studies were identified and divided into the following categories; Epidemiology, Guidelines and Policy, Treatment Outcomes, HCV-related Health Issues and qualitative research reporting on Patients' and Health Providers' Experiences. This review identified significantly higher rates of HCV infection among Irish prisoners and PWUD than the general population. There are high levels of undiagnosed and untreated HCV infection in both groups. There is poor engagement by Irish PWUD with HCV services and barriers have been identified. Prison hepatology nurse services have a positive impact on treatment uptake and outcomes. Identified gaps in the literature include; lack of accurate epidemiological data on incident infection, untreated chronic HCV infection particularly in PWUD living outside Dublin and those not engaged with OST. CONCLUSION Ireland like other European countries has high levels of undiagnosed and untreated HCV infection. Collecting, synthesising and identifying gaps in the available literature is timely and will inform national HCV screening, treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Crowley
- Irish College of General Practitioners, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R. Murtagh
- School of Medicine, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - W. Cullen
- School of Medicine, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J. S. Lambert
- School of Medicine, University College, Dublin, Ireland
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T. McHugh
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M. C. Van Hout
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Jang E. The relation between temperament and anger response among prisoners: comparison of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and the Psychobiological Model of temperament and character. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02103. [PMID: 31372554 PMCID: PMC6661267 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the relation between temperament and anger response among prisoners, and compares temperament as proposed by Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and the Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character. We asked 210 prisoners to respond to Korean standardized questionnaires, with items of the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Approach System (BAS/BIS), and the items of Temperament and character inventory (TCI). Based on the Novaco Anger Scale, prisoners' anger responses were rated as those of direct, indirect, verbal, or impulsive. Three factors of the BAS and BIS all demonstrated significantly positive correlations, while reward dependence and novelty-seeking from the TCI showed a correlation nearing 0. Also, higher harm avoidance of TCI was associated with lower reward dependence, lower level of persistence, and higher level of novelty-seeking of TCI. Regression analyses showed that impulsive anger reaction was significantly explained by novelty-seeking of TCI and BIS; verbal aggression by fun-seeking of BAS and novelty-seeking of TCI; physical confrontation by novelty-seeking of TCI and fun-seeking of BAS; and indirect expression by novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, and persistence of TCI and fun-seeking of BAS.
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Solomon A, Mihretie G, Tesfaw G. The prevalence and correlates of common mental disorders among prisoners in Addis Ababa: an institution based cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:394. [PMID: 31300039 PMCID: PMC6624986 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective About one in seven prisoners is diagnosed with common mental disorders whose global prevalence ranges from 13 to 92.5%. The problem negatively affects the physical, psychological, and social well-being of prisoners. However, research into common mental disorders and associated factors among prisoners in low and middle-income countries has been limited. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the common mental disorders and associated factors among prisoners in Ethiopia to contribute the attempt to ensure optimal care for prisoners. Results The prevalence of common mental disorders among prisoners was found to be 58.4% [95% CI 53.70, 63.00]. In the multivariable logistic regression, poor social support [AOR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.16, 4.85], economic crisis [AOR = 3, 95% CI 1.84, 4.85], secondary school education [AOR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.04, 5.20], unemployment before arrest [AOR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.04, 2.80], and history of psychiatric illness [AOR = 4.3, 95% CI 1.21, 15.56] were factors significantly associated with the problem. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4425-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemseged Solomon
- Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Addis Ababa Correctional Institution, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Mihretie
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Tesfaw
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Ceylan MF, Tural Hesapcioglu S, Kasak M, Yavas CP. High prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury, tattoos, and psychiatric comorbidity among male adolescent prisoners and their sociodemographic characteristics. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 43:45-49. [PMID: 31079007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates the frequency of psychiatric disorders and the sociodemographic and clinical features in adolescent prisoners. METHOD The psychiatric diagnoses and sociodemographic characteristics of treatment of 76 adolescent male prisoners and 76 age-matched patients were compared (age range: 15-17). RESULTS Conduct disorder (85.5%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (61.8%), depression (50%), substance abuse (40.8%), post-traumatic stress disorder (19.7%), and psychotic disorder (3.9%) were more frequent among adolescent prisoners than the control group. The educational levels of parents of adolescent prisoners and their socioeconomic statuses were significantly lower, and the nonsuicidal self-injury (73.7%) and tattooing frequency (65.8%) were significantly higher among adolescent prisoners than the control group. Only 51.3% had both parents living together. CONCLUSION Psychiatric disorders, low socioeconomic status, family disorganization, nonsuicidal self-injury, tattoos, and interruption of education were frequent in adolescent prisoners in this study. Our findings emphasize the importance of early psychiatric treatment and family-based interventions to help prevent adolescents from committing crimes. In addition, nonsuicidal self-injury and tattoos may be associated with criminal behavior in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Fatih Ceylan
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, 06306, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Selma Tural Hesapcioglu
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, 06306, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Meryem Kasak
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, 06306, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Cansu Pınar Yavas
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, 06306, Ankara, Turkey.
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Harris AM, Chokoshvili O, Biddle J, Turashvili K, Japaridze M, Burjanadze I, Tsertsvadze T, Sharvadze L, Karchava M, Talakvadze A, Chakhnashvili K, Demurishvili T, Sabelashvili P, Foster M, Hagan L, Butsashvili M, Morgan J, Averhoff F. An evaluation of the hepatitis C testing, care and treatment program in the country of Georgia's corrections system, December 2013 - April 2015. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:466. [PMID: 32326938 PMCID: PMC6696696 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The country of Georgia has a high burden of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and prisoners are disproportionately affected. During 2013, a novel program offering no cost screening and treatment of HCV infection for eligible prisoners was launched. METHODS The HCV treatment program implemented a voluntary opt-in anti-HCV testing policy to all prisoners. Anti-HCV positive persons received HCV RNA and genotype testing. Transient elastography was also performed on prisoners with positive HCV RNA results. Prisoners with chronic HCV infection who had ≥F2 Metavir stage for liver fibrosis and a prison sentence ≥ 6 months were eligible for interferon-based treatment, which was the standard treatment prior to 2015. We conducted an evaluation of the HCV treatment program among prisoners from the program's inception in December 2013 through April 2015 by combining data from personal interviews with corrections staff, prisoner data in the corrections database, and HCV-specific laboratory information. RESULTS Of an estimated 30,000 prisoners who were incarcerated at some time during the evaluation period, an estimated 13,500 (45%) received anti-HCV screening, of whom 5175 (38%) tested positive. Of these, 3840 (74%) received HCV RNA testing, 2730 (71%) tested positive, and 880 (32%) met treatment eligibility. Of these, 585 (66%) enrolled; 405 (69%) completed treatment, and 202 (50%) achieved a sustained virologic response at least 12 weeks after treatment completion. CONCLUSIONS HCV infection prevalence among Georgian prisoners was high. Despite challenges, we determined HCV treatment within Georgian Ministry of Correction facilities was feasible. Efforts to address HCV infection among prison population is one important component of HCV elimination in Georgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Harris
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS: G37, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Otar Chokoshvili
- Infectious diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Joshua Biddle
- Hubert Fellowship, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Maia Japaridze
- Global Disease Detection, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Irma Burjanadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Ministry of Labour Health and Social Affairs (MoLHSA) of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tengiz Tsertsvadze
- Infectious diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Lali Sharvadze
- Infectious diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Marine Karchava
- Infectious diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | - Monique Foster
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS: G37, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Liesl Hagan
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS: G37, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | | | - Juliette Morgan
- Global Disease Detection, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Francisco Averhoff
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS: G37, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
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Guo W, Cronk R, Scherer E, Oommen R, Brogan J, Sarr M, Bartram J. A systematic scoping review of environmental health conditions in penal institutions. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:790-803. [PMID: 31078437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adequate environmental health conditions in penal institutions are necessary to protect and promote the health of prisoners and prison workers. We conducted a scoping systematic review to: describe the environmental health conditions in penal institutions and the associated exposures and health outcomes; identify effective approaches to prevent environmental health concerns; and identify evidence gaps on environmental health in penal institution populations. PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and ProQuest were searched. Peer-reviewed studies that reported original data and on environmental health conditions and/or exposures in penal institutions were included. Seventy-three studies met these criteria. The most common risk factor identified was contaminated food and/or beverages prepared or handled in the institution's kitchen. Overcrowding, inadequate ventilation, and a lack of, or sharing of, soap and other hygiene products increased the risk of adverse health outcomes. Common responses included isolating infectious patients, educating prisoners and prison staff on improved sanitation and hygiene practices, improving ventilation, and disinfecting contaminated surfaces and/or water sources. Inadequate environmental health conditions in penal institutions are common, and adversely impact the health of prisoners and prison staff, yet are preventable. Few studies have been conducted in low- and middle-income countries, biasing our results. The development and implementation of national guidelines for essential environmental health in prisons, monitoring of conditions, and greater accountability of facility managers are needed to secure the health, rights, and well-being of prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Guo
- The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ryan Cronk
- The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| | - Elissa Scherer
- The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rachel Oommen
- The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Jamie Bartram
- The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Papaluca T, McDonald L, Craigie A, Gibson A, Desmond P, Wong D, Winter R, Scott N, Howell J, Doyle J, Pedrana A, Lloyd A, Stoove M, Hellard M, Iser D, Thompson A. Outcomes of treatment for hepatitis C in prisoners using a nurse-led, statewide model of care. J Hepatol 2019; 70:839-846. [PMID: 30654067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Treatment programs for people who inject drugs (PWID), including prisoners, are important for achieving hepatitis C elimination targets. There are multiple barriers to treatment of hepatitis C in prisons, including access to specialist physicians, testing and antiviral therapy, short prison sentences, and frequent inter-prison transfer. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of a nurse-led model of care for the treatment of prisoners with hepatitis C. METHODS A statewide program for assessment and management of hepatitis C was developed in Victoria, Australia to improve access to care for prisoners. This nurse-led model of care is supported by telemedicine to provide decentralized care within all prisons in the state. We prospectively evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of this nurse-led model of care for hepatitis C within the 14 adult prisons over a 13-month period. The primary endpoint was sustained virological response at post-treatment week 12 (SVR12) using per protocol analysis. RESULTS There were 416 prisoners included in the analysis. The median age was 41 years, 90% were male, 50% had genotype 3 and 44% genotype 1 hepatitis C and 21% had cirrhosis. Injecting drug use was reported by 68% in the month prior to prison entry, 54% were receiving opioid substitution therapy, and 86% reported never previously engaging with specialist HCV care. Treatment duration was 8 weeks in 24%, 12 weeks in 59%, and 24 weeks in 17% of treatment courses. The SVR12 rate was 96% (301/313) per protocol. Inter-prison transfer occurred during 26% of treatment courses but was not associated with lower SVR12 rates. No treatment-related serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSION Hepatitis C treatment using a decentralized, nurse-led model of care is highly effective and can reach large numbers of prisoners. Large scale prison treatment programs should be considered to support hepatitis C elimination efforts. LAY SUMMARY There is a high burden of hepatitis C infection among prisoners worldwide. Prisoners who continue to inject drugs are also at risk of developing new infections. For this reason, the prison setting provides an opportunity to treat those people at greatest risk of infection and to stop transmission to others. We developed a new method of providing hepatitis C treatment to prisoners, in which nurses rather than doctors assessed prisoners locally at each prison site. Treatment was safe and most prisoners were cured. Such programs will contribute greatly to achieving the World Health Organization's hepatitis C elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Papaluca
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy McDonald
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne Craigie
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Annabelle Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Desmond
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darren Wong
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Nick Scott
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Australia
| | - Jessica Howell
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Australia; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joseph Doyle
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne Australia
| | | | - Andrew Lloyd
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Stoove
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Australia
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Australia
| | - David Iser
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne Australia
| | - Alexander Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Vainionpää R, Kinnunen T, Pesonen P, Laitala ML, Anttonen V, Sipilä K. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) among Finnish prisoners: cross-sectional clinical study. Acta Odontol Scand 2019; 77:264-268. [PMID: 30430904 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2018.1535660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of self-reported temporomandibular disorders (TMD) symptoms and clinically diagnosed TMD among Finnish prisoners. MATERIAL AND METHODS Altogether 100 prisoners from the Pelso Prison, Vaala, Finland, underwent dental and TMD clinical examinations performed by a calibrated and well-trained dentist. Symptom Questionnaire and clinical examination according to a Finnish pre-final version of the DC/TMD (Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders) Axis I protocol were used to evaluate the prevalence of TMD sub-diagnoses. RESULTS The most common TMD symptoms were facial pain (54.0%), temporomandibular joint noises (43.0%) and headache (37.0%). The prevalence of joint-related TMD diagnoses was four and a half times higher than diagnoses attributed with pain (76.0% vs. 17.0%). The most common TMD diagnoses were degenerative joint disease (33.0%) and disc displacement with reduction (33.0%). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of self-reported TMD symptoms and clinical assessed TMD, especially join-related TMD diagnoses, is high among Finnish prisoners. Examination and treatment of TMD should become a common practice also in prison dental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raija Vainionpää
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Cariology Endodontology and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tommi Kinnunen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paula Pesonen
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Laitala
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Cariology Endodontology and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vuokko Anttonen
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Cariology Endodontology and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kirsi Sipilä
- Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Gulati G, Kelly BD, O'Neill C, O'Connell P, Linehan S, Spain E, Meagher D, Dunne CP. The psychiatric management of prisoners on hunger strike: developing a management algorithm using the Delphi technique. Int J Prison Health 2019; 15:66-75. [PMID: 30827164 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-06-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The assessment and management of prisoners on hunger strikes in a custodial setting is complex. There is limited clinical guidance available for psychiatrists to draw upon in such cases. The purpose of this paper is to develop a management algorithm through expert elicitation to inform the psychiatric care of prisoners on a hunger strike. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A Delphi method was used to elicit views from Irish forensic psychiatrists, a legal expert and an expert in ethics using a structured questionnaire. Themes were extracted from the results of the questionnaire to propose a management algorithm. A consensus was reached on management considerations. FINDINGS Five consultant forensic psychiatrists, a legal expert and an expert on psychiatric ethics ( n=7) consented to participation, with a subsequent response rate of 71.4 per cent. Consensus was achieved on a proposed management algorithm. Assessment for mental disorder, capacity to refuse food and motivation for food refusal are seen as key psychiatric tasks. The need to work closely with the prison general practitioner and the value of multidisciplinary working and legal advice are described. Relevant aspects of law included mental health, criminal law (insanity) and capacity legislation. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This study outlines a management algorithm for the psychiatric assessment and management of prisoners on a hunger strike, a subject about which there is limited guidance to date. Although written from an Irish perspective, this study outlines key considerations for psychiatrists in keeping with international guidance and therefore may be generalisable to other jurisdictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Gulati
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Limerick , Limerick, Ireland.,Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brendan D Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Eimear Spain
- Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, School of Law, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - David Meagher
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - Colum P Dunne
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
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Morrison M, Pettus-Davis C, Renn T, Veeh C, Weatherly C. What Trauma Looks Like for Incarcerated Men: A Study of Men's Lifetime Trauma Exposure in Two State Prisons. J Trauma Stress Disord Treat 2019; 8:192. [PMID: 32704504 PMCID: PMC7377264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While it is understood that high rates of trauma exposure are common among incarcerated male populations, there is limited data on the nature of the trauma exposure. This study sought to develop foundational knowledge about the trauma experiences of incarcerated men in order to provide a basis for further theory building in this area. METHOD This study used a quantitative-qualitative approach to examine the trauma histories of a randomly selected sample of 67 men incarcerated in the Missouri Department of Corrections. RESULTS The analyses revealed several patterns among study participants, including near universal trauma exposure in adolescence with the most frequent exposures involving witnessing or being proximate to violent deaths of family and friends. The mean age of exposure for all trauma exposure types measured was 17 years old. We found that for this group of incarcerated men, trauma exposures in childhood tended to result more from community violence than child maltreatment (e.g., abuse and neglect by caregivers). CONCLUSION The study results suggested that further research may be needed into the effects of close proximity to violent death during this particular window in adolescent development. Neuroscience research has shown that this is a "sensitive period" in brain development with potential negative outcomes in early adulthood, including emotional regulation deficits that can potentially lead to increased risk of arrest. Further research on trauma exposure within this population is needed both to appropriately serve men while in prison or in the process of reentering society and to support efforts to reduce mass incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morrison
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, Missouri, USA
| | - C Pettus-Davis
- College of Social Work, Florida State University, Florida, USA
| | - T Renn
- College of Social Work, Florida State University, Florida, USA
| | - C Veeh
- School of Social Work, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - C Weatherly
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, Missouri, USA
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Quinn C, Byng R, Shenton D, Smart C, Michie S, Stewart A, Taylor R, Maguire M, Harris T, Shaw J. The feasibility of following up prisoners, with mental health problems, after release: a pilot trial employing an innovative system, for engagement and retention in research, with a harder-to-engage population. Trials 2018; 19:530. [PMID: 30285825 PMCID: PMC6167907 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following up released prisoners is demanding, particularly for those prisoners with mental health problems, for whom stigma and chaotic lifestyles are problematic. Measurement of mental health outcomes after release is challenging. To evaluate mental healthcare for offender populations, using high-quality randomised controlled trials, evidenced-based methods must be developed to engage them while in custody, to locate and re-interview them after release, and to collect potentially stigmatising mental health outcomes data. Methods We developed an initial theoretical model and operational procedures for collecting baseline and follow-up data informed by a literature search, focus groups, and case studies. Male prisoners from five prisons in two sites were invited to participate. The inclusion criteria included individuals who were above threshold on nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire, seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder scales, or who had reported mental health problems in the past 2 years or had been assessed with a likely personality disorder. Potential participants were interviewed to generate baseline data and were re-contacted before their release. We then contacted them for a follow-up interview, which included repeating the earlier data collection measures 2–8 weeks after release. A qualitative formative process evaluation produced and refined a model procedure for the recruitment and retention of male prison leavers in trials, identified the mechanisms which promoted engagement and retention, and mapped these against a theoretical behaviour change model. Results We developed a flexible procedure which was successful in recruiting male prison leavers to a pilot trial: 185/243 (76%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 70–81%) of those approached agreed to participate. We also retained 63% (95% CI 54–71%) of those eligible to participate in a follow-up interview 2–8 weeks after release. Mental health outcomes data was collected at both these time points. Conclusions It is possible to design acceptable procedures to achieve sustained engagement critical for delivering and evaluating interventions in prison and in the community and to collect mental health outcomes data. These procedures may reduce attrition bias in future randomised controlled trials of mental health interventions for prison leavers. This procedure has been replicated and successfully delivered in a subsequent pilot trial and a definitive randomised controlled trial. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2911-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cath Quinn
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Richard Byng
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Deborah Shenton
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Cordet Smart
- Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Susan Michie
- University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Amy Stewart
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Rod Taylor
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Mike Maguire
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
| | | | - Jenny Shaw
- The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Bedaso A, Kediro G, Yeneabat T. Factors associated with depression among prisoners in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:637. [PMID: 30176922 PMCID: PMC6122681 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among prisoners in Hawassa Central Correctional Institution, Hawassa, SNNPR, Ethiopia. RESULT 56.4% of study participants had significant depressive symptoms. During Multiple logistic regression, depression was significantly associated with not participating in income generating activities inside the prison [AOR = 0.531 95% CI (0.32, 0.87)], History of Chronic disease [AOR = 2.62 95% CI (1.29, 5.32)] and history of Khat chewing [AOR = 2.47, 95% CI (1.04-5.85)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Asres Bedaso
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, SNNPR Ethiopia
| | - Gemechu Kediro
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, SNNPR Ethiopia
| | - Tebikew Yeneabat
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Amhara, Ethiopia
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Lillie K, Corcoran M, Hunt K, Wrigley A, Read S. Encountering offenders in community palliative care settings: challenges for care provision. Int J Palliat Nurs 2018; 24:368-375. [PMID: 30141709 DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2018.24.8.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is very little research into the way that offender management strategies impinge on the practices and decision-making of palliative care personnel in community settings. AIMS To improve understanding of the challenges that community palliative care service providers encounter when caring for people who have been sentenced to custody and are under the supervision of the prison or probation services. METHODS This paper discusses one part of a larger multidisciplinary study on bereavement, loss and grief in the criminal justice system. It reports the findings from a focus group with 10 health professionals working within specialist community palliative care services. Thematic analysis was undertaken to identify and explicate the most significant themes arising from the transcript data. RESULTS There were situations where the participants were able to identify that patients were under the jurisdiction of the criminal justice system or had relatives in custody. Three themes emerged that highlighted distinctive aspects of providing care to this patient group. These themes were: patients under prison, probation or police supervision altered the dynamics of care provision; prisoners were restricted from supporting or contacting their dying relatives in the community; and participants (professionals) were obstructed from supporting patients at home because of criminal or antisocial behaviour by relatives of the dying. CONCLUSIONS Health professionals face multiple challenges that curtail them from fully realising the aims of palliative care for patients and relatives under criminal justice supervision, in ways that merit further consideration and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lillie
- Lecturer, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Mary Corcoran
- Senior Lecturer in Criminology, School of Social Science and Public Policy, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Katie Hunt
- Postgraduate Research Student, Southampton Law School, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Anthony Wrigley
- Senior Lecturer in Ethics, PEAK, School of Law, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Sue Read
- Professor of Learning Disability Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
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Kelly G, Brown S, Simpson GK. The Building Bridges project: Linking disconnected service networks in acquired brain injury and criminal justice. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2018; 30:481-502. [PMID: 29882464 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2018.1479274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
People with acquired brain injury (ABI) are overrepresented in prison populations across many countries. An effective service response to reduce this trend requires collaboration between the ABI and criminal justice (CJ) sectors. The Building Bridges project piloted a novel professional development model designed to increase cross-sectoral knowledge and collaboration between the ABI and CJ sectors. A total of 178 service providers from Victoria, Australia, participated in six professional development forums that included content about ABI, policing, disability and legal supports, and correctional/post-release services. Participants came from the disability, criminal justice, and health and community service sectors. Using a pre-test-post-test design with 6-month follow-up, data were obtained via a project-specific questionnaire evaluating knowledge and behaviour change among participants. Statistically significant gains in knowledge were shown at post-test and maintained at follow-up. Work-related behaviours addressing ABI/CJ issues had increased significantly within both sectors at follow-up compared to the 6 months prior to the forum. Carefully constructed professional forums improved cross-silo collaboration in the ABI/CJ sectors. This pilot project illustrates effective use of existing service resources, and highlights training as an important part of a raft of initiatives needed to address the overrepresentation of people with ABI in the CJ system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne Brown
- Concept Psychology Services, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Grahame K Simpson
- Brain Injury Rehabilitation Research Group, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Leaman J, Richards AA, Emslie L, O'Moore EJ. Improving health in prisons - from evidence to policy to implementation - experiences from the UK. Int J Prison Health 2018; 13:139-167. [PMID: 28914122 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-09-2016-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the components of a high-quality prison healthcare system and the impact, ten-years on, of the transfer of accountability in England, from a justice ministry to a health ministry. Design/methodology/approach A rapid the evidence review was undertaken, which included a review of 82 papers and qualitative interviews with key informants. The concepts and themes identified were summarised and analysed through a framework analysis, designed to improve population outcomes and address health inequalities. The use of a rapid evidence assessment, rather than a systematic review methodology, the use of abstracts (rather than full-text articles) to extract the data, and limiting the search strategy to articles published in the English language only might mean that some relevant research papers and themes were not identified. The need for the evidence to be produced within a limited time frame and with limited resources determined these pragmatic approaches. Findings The review found that English prison healthcare has undergone "transformation" during this period, leading to increased quality of care through organisational engagement, professionalisation of the healthcare workforce, transparency, use of evidence-based guidance and responsiveness of services. The review also highlighted that there is still room for improvement, for example, relating to the prison regime and the lack of focus on early/preventive interventions, as well as specific challenges from limited resources. Research limitations/implications Time and resource constraints meant a rapid evidence review of papers in the English language was undertaken, rather than a systematic review. This might mean relevant papers have been missed. The review also only covered small number of countries, which may limit the transferability of findings. The lack of qualitative data necessitated the use of quantitative data gathered from key informants. However, this enabled a good understanding of current practice. Practical implications The review findings support the World Health Organisation position on the value of integrated prison and public health systems in improving quality of healthcare. It also recommends future policy needs to take account of the "whole prison approach" recognising that healthcare in prisons cannot operate in isolation from the prison regime or the community. Originality/value This is unique research which has great value in supporting prison reform in England. It will also be of interest internationally due to the paucity of data in the published peer-reviewed literature on the impact of commissioning models on healthcare or health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Leaman
- Health and Justice Team, Public Health England, Reading, UK
| | | | - Lynn Emslie
- Health and Justice Team, Public Health England, Reading, UK
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Silverman-Retana O, Serván-Mori E, McCoy SI, Larney S, Bautista-Arredondo S. Hepatitis C antibody prevalence among Mexico City prisoners injecting legal and illegal substances. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 181:140-145. [PMID: 29054033 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly prevalent among prisoners and this prevalence estimates reach 64% among prisoners who inject illicit drugs. Prisons are important sites for HCV transmission in the absence of access to sterile injecting equipment; hence, it can be transmitted between prisoners who share contaminated needles and syringes. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of risk factors for anti-HCV prevalence, with particular interest on injecting behavior, and to assess correlates of anti-HCV positivity among Mexico City prisoners. METHODS Cross-sectional study based on information -collected in three male and two female prisons in Mexico City during 2010-2011- about sexually transmitted infections, socio-demographics, criminal history, substance use, vitamin injection, tattooing, among others (n=3,910). Weighted multivariable adjusted logistic regression models were estimated to assess the overall and differential odds for anti-HCV due to injecting behavior. RESULTS Overall prevalence of anti-HCV was 3.3%. This figure rose to 43.1% among prisoners with a history of illicit drug injection. Prisoners with history of vitamin injection showed a similar prevalence of anti-HCV (43.8%). After stratifying by substance injected, the adjusted odds ratio was 9.8 (95% CI: 4.0, 23.8) for illicit drug injection and 11.9 (95% CI: 5.8, 23.8) for illicit drug and vitamin injection. CONCLUSION Based on data from the most populous prisons in Mexico City, this study showed that anti-HCV is highly prevalent among prisoners with history of injecting behavior. In this sense, injecting behavior per-se, independent of the substance used, is associated with increased odds of anti-HCV positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Silverman-Retana
- Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México; Aarhus University, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Building 1260, Batholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhuc C, Denmark.
| | - Edson Serván-Mori
- Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
| | - Sandra I McCoy
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 779 University Hall, MC 7360, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Sarah Larney
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales. Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Sergio Bautista-Arredondo
- Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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Melese A, Demelash H. The prevalence of tuberculosis among prisoners in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 75:37. [PMID: 28835818 PMCID: PMC5563894 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-017-0204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Except individual studies with varying prevalence rates, there are no national prevalence studies conducted in prison settings in Ethiopia. Appropriate estimates of the disease is essential to formulate health service plans most fitted for prisoners. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to pool the results of individual studies and estimate the prevalence of tuberculosis among prisoners in Ethiopia. Methods MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochran library, and Google scholar databases were searched for potential studies on the prevalence of tuberculosis among prisoners in Ethiopia. A total of 177 titles were identified and 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. Descriptive and quantitative data of the included studies were presented in tables and forest plots. Potential sources of heterogeneity across studies were assessed using the Cochrane’s Q and I2 tests. The MetaXL (version 5.3) was employed to compute the pooled prevalence of TB using the random effect model and 95% confidence interval. Result Based on the ten studies included in the meta-analysis, about 4086 prisoners were infected with tuberculosis (TB). The pooled prevalence of TB among prisoners was therefore 8.33% (95% CI; 6.28%–10.63%) and the pooled point prevalence was estimated at 888 per 100,000 prison population (95% CI; 531–1333). The prevalence of TB using microscopy alone was 6.59% (95% CI: 3.96–9.50%) whereas the prevalence of TB when microscopy is combined with either culture or molecular tests was 8.57% (95% CI: 4.94–12.6%). Conclusion The pooled prevalence of tuberculosis among prisoners in Ethiopia is expectedly high. This high prevalence could explain the spread of TB within prisons and between prisoners and varies communities. Thus; attention should be given to prison settings to prevent the transmission and emergence of drug resistance TB both in inmates and general population. Further studies covering large scale prison population are needed to design effective diagnostic, treatment and preventive methods. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13690-017-0204-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu Melese
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Demelash
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Abbott P, Magin P, Davison J, Hu W. Medical homelessness and candidacy: women transiting between prison and community health care. Int J Equity Health 2017; 16:130. [PMID: 28728555 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-017-0627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women in contact with the prison system have high health needs. Short periods in prison and serial incarcerations are common. Examination of their experiences of health care both in prison and in the community may assist in better supporting their wellbeing and, ultimately, decrease their risk of returning to prison. Methods We interviewed women in prisons in Sydney, Australia, using pre-release and post-release interviews. We undertook thematic analysis of the combined interviews, considering them as continuing narratives of their healthcare experiences. We further reviewed the findings using the theoretical lens of candidacy to generate additional insights on healthcare access. Results Sixty-nine interviews were conducted with 40 women pre-release and 29 of these post-release. Most had histories of substance misuse. Women saw prison as an opportunity to address neglected health problems, but long waiting lists impeded healthcare delivery. Both in prison and in the community, the dual stigmas of substance misuse and being a prisoner could lead to provider judgements that their claims to care were not legitimate. They feared they would be blocked from care even if seriously ill. Family support, self-efficacy, assertiveness, overcoming substance misuse, compliance with health system rules and transitional care programs increased their personal capacity to access health care. Conclusions For women in transition between prison and community, healthcare access could be experienced as ‘medical homelessness’ in which women felt caught in a perpetual state of waiting and exclusion during cycles of prison- and community-based care. Their healthcare experiences were characterized by ineffectual attempts to access care, transient relationships with healthcare providers, disrupted medical management and a fear that stigma would prevent candidacy to health care even in the event of serious illness. Consideration of the vulnerabilities and likely points of exclusion for women in contact with the criminal justice system will assist in increasing healthcare access for this marginalised population.
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Lincoln T, Johnson BD, McCarthy P, Alexander E. Extended-release naltrexone for opioid use disorder started during or following incarceration. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 85:97-100. [PMID: 28479011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A western Massachusetts county jail began initiating extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) prior to release from incarceration and linking participants to community treatment providers upon release. Program barriers prevented the start of XR-NTX prior to release for a subset. METHODS This report consists of the initial 67 jail releasees with opioid dependence, 47 who received XR-NTX before release, and 20 after release. Utility of the program was assessed by determining medication addiction treatment (MAT) retention rates at 4, 8, and 24 weeks. RESULTS Forty-seven commenced XR-NTX approximately 7 days prior to release, and 20 were referred to commence XR-NTX at outpatient treatment centers. Rate of retention at week 4 was higher in group with treatment initiation prior to release as compared to those started in community: week 4: 55% (24 XR-NTX+2 agonist MAT out of 47) versus 25% (4 XR-NTX+1 agonist MAT out of 20) (p=0.03); week 8: 36% (13 XR-NTX+4 agonist) versus 25% (3 XR-NTX+2 agonist) (p=0.41); week 24: 21% (6 XR-NTX+4 agonist) versus 15% (1 XR-NTX+2 agonist) (p=0.74). Three patients died, all in the pre-release group, all from overdose at 3-5months after release and 2.5 or more months after stopping XR-NTX, compared to none of 20 in community group (p=0.55). Limitations include that cohorts were non-random and observational; substance use could not be consistently determined; and overdose deaths in MA occurred partly in clusters, limiting historical comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Receiving XR-NTX prior to jail release for opioid use disorder appears to increase the treatment retention rate as compared to commencing after release. The treatment attrition and striking rate of overdose deaths are concerning, and support expanded availability of opioid agonist treatments prior to release and other evidence-based supports and retention strategies in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lincoln
- Baystate Medical Center, Baystate Brightwood Health Center, 380 Plainfield St., Springfield, MA 01107, United States; Hampden County Sheriff's Department, 627 Randall Rd., Ludlow, MA 01056-1079, United States.
| | - Benjamin D Johnson
- Baystate Medical Center, Baystate Brightwood Health Center, 380 Plainfield St., Springfield, MA 01107, United States.
| | - Patrick McCarthy
- Hampden County Sheriff's Department, 627 Randall Rd., Ludlow, MA 01056-1079, United States.
| | - Ellen Alexander
- Clean Slate Addiction Treatment Centers, Administrative Office, P.O. Box 32, Northampton, MA 01061, United States.
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Durand E, Chevignard M, Ruet A, Dereix A, Jourdan C, Pradat-Diehl P. History of traumatic brain injury in prison populations: A systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2017; 60:95-101. [PMID: 28359842 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to cognitive, behavioural and social impairments. The relationship between criminality and a history of TBI has been addressed on several occasions. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to present an update on current knowledge concerning the existence of a history of TBI in prison populations. METHODS PubMed and PsycINFO databases were searched for relevant papers, using the PRISMA guidelines. We selected papers describing TBI prevalence among incarcerated individuals and some that also discussed the validity of such studies. RESULTS Thirty-three papers were selected. The majority of the papers were on prison populations in Australia (3/33), Europe (5/33) and the USA (22/33). The selected studies found prevalence rates of the history of TBI ranging from 9.7% and 100%, with an average of 46% (calculated on a total population of 9342). However, the level of evidence provided by the literature was poor according to the French national health authority scale. The majority of the prisoners were males with an average age of 37. In most of the papers (25/33), prevalence was evaluated using a questionnaire. The influence of TBI severity on criminality could not be analysed because of a lack of data in the majority of papers. Twelve papers mentioned that several comorbidities (mental health problems, use of alcohol…) were frequently found among prisoners with a history of TBI. Two papers established the validity of the use of questionnaires to screen for a history of TBI. CONCLUSION These results confirmed the high prevalence of a history of TBI in prison populations. However, they do not allow conclusions to be drawn about a possible link between criminality and TBI. Specific surveys need to be performed to study this issue. The authors suggest ways of improving the screening and healthcare made available to these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Durand
- CNRS UMR 7371, Inserm UMR S 1146, Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging (LIB), Sorbonne University, UPMC University, Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; GRC-UPMC n(o) 18 Cognitive Handicap and Rehabilitation HanCRe, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - M Chevignard
- CNRS UMR 7371, Inserm UMR S 1146, Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging (LIB), Sorbonne University, UPMC University, Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; GRC-UPMC n(o) 18 Cognitive Handicap and Rehabilitation HanCRe, 75013 Paris, France; Rehabilitation Unit for acquired neurological pathologies in children, Saint-Maurice Hospital, 94410 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - A Ruet
- Physical medicine and rehabilitation unit, Caen University Hospital, 14000 Caen, France
| | - A Dereix
- General Medicine Intern, 75012 Paris, France
| | - C Jourdan
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Raymond-Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP, 92380 Garches, France
| | - P Pradat-Diehl
- CNRS UMR 7371, Inserm UMR S 1146, Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging (LIB), Sorbonne University, UPMC University, Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; GRC-UPMC n(o) 18 Cognitive Handicap and Rehabilitation HanCRe, 75013 Paris, France; Paris Resource Centre for Traumatic Brain Injury, Paris, France; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles-Foix University Hospital, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
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Bi-Mohammed Z, Wright NM, Hearty P, King N, Gavin H. Prescription opioid abuse in prison settings: A systematic review of prevalence, practice and treatment responses. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 171:122-31. [PMID: 28086177 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To systematically review the quantitative and qualitative evidence base pertaining to the prevalence, practice of, and treatment response to the diversion of prescribed opiates in the prison setting. METHODS Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, ASSIA and Science Direct databases were searched for papers from 1995 to the present relevant to the abuse of prescribed opiate medication. Identified journals and their reference lists were hand searched for other relevant articles. Of the abstracts identified as relevant, full text papers were retrieved and critiqued against the inclusion criteria for the review. RESULTS Three hundred and fifty-five abstracts were identified, leading to 42 full-text articles being retrieved. Of those, 10 papers were included in the review. Significant differences in abuse behaviours between different countries were reported. However, a key theme emerged from the data regarding a culture of nasal administration of prescribed sublingual buprenorphine within some prisons due to both reduced prevalence of injection within prison and reduced supplies of illicit drugs within prison. The buprenorphine/naloxone preparation appears to be less amenable to abuse. The review highlighted a paucity of empirical research pertaining to both prevalence of the phenomenon and treatment responses. CLINICAL AND RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS Healthcare providers within prisons need to prescribe opioids in the least abuseable preparation since the risk of abuse is significant, despite widespread processes of supervised dispensing. Prescription medication abuse is not limited to opioids and the predominant drug of abuse in an individual prison can rapidly change according to availability.
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Abstract
Suicide is a serious public health problem but a problem that is preventable. This complex and challenging problem is particularly prevalent amongst prisoners; associated with a five-fold increase in risk compared to the general community. Being in prison can lead people to experience fear, distrust, lack of control, isolation, and shame, which is often experienced as overwhelming and intolerable with some choosing suicide as a way to escape. Few effective psychological interventions exist to prevent suicide although cognitive behaviour therapies appear to offer some promise. Offering cognitive behaviour suicide prevention (CBSP) therapy to high risk prisoners may help to reduce the likelihood of preventable self-inflicted deaths. In this paper we present three cases drawn from a randomised controlled trial designed to investigate the feasibility of CBSP for male prisoners. Implications of the current findings for future research and clinical practice are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pratt
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - Yvonne Awenat
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Steve Eccles
- Manchester Mental Health and Social Care NHS Trust, UK
| | - Nicholas Tarrier
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
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Sander G, Scandurra A, Kamenska A, MacNamara C, Kalpaki C, Bessa CF, Laso GN, Parisi G, Varley L, Wolny M, Moudatsou M, Pontes NH, Mannix-McNamara P, Libianchi S, Antypas T. Overview of harm reduction in prisons in seven European countries. Harm Reduct J 2016; 13:28. [PMID: 27717368 PMCID: PMC5055713 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-016-0118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
While the last decade has seen a growth of support for harm reduction around the world, the availability and accessibility of quality harm reduction services in prison settings is uneven and continues to be inadequate compared to the progress achieved in the broader community. This article provides a brief overview of harm reduction in prisons in Catalonia (Spain), Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, and Portugal. While each country provides a wide range of harm reduction services in the broader community, the majority fail to provide these same services or the same quality of these services, in prison settings, in clear violation of international human rights law and minimum standards on the treatment of prisoners. Where harm reduction services have been available and easily accessible in prison settings for some time, better health outcomes have been observed, including significantly reduced rates of HIV and HCV incidence. While the provision of harm reduction in each of these countries' prisons varies considerably, certain key themes and lessons can be distilled, including around features of an enabling environment for harm reduction, resource allocation, collection of disaggregated data, and accessibility of services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Sander
- Harm Reduction International, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcin Wolny
- Helsinki Foundation For Human Rights, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Patricia Mannix-McNamara
- Research Centre for Education and Professional Practice, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Sandro Libianchi
- Medical Services in Rebibbia Prison (Rome) and Coordinamento Nazionale degli Operatori per la Salute nelle Carceri Italiane, Rome, Italy
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Bard E, Knight M, Plugge E. Perinatal health care services for imprisoned pregnant women and associated outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:285. [PMID: 27680206 PMCID: PMC5041517 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-1080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women are an increasing minority of prisoners worldwide, and most are of childbearing age. Prisons offer unique opportunities for improving the pregnancy outcomes of these high-risk women, and no systematic review to date has looked at their care. This systematic review identified studies describing models of perinatal health care for imprisoned women which report maternal and child health and care outcomes. Methods We systematically searched for literature published between 1980 and April 2014. Studies were eligible if they included a group of imprisoned pregnant women, a description of perinatal health care and any maternal or infant health or care outcomes. Two authors independently extracted data. We described relevant outcomes in prisons (including jails) under models of care we termed PRISON, PRISON+ and PRISON++, depending on the care provided. Where outcomes were available on a comparison group of women, we calculated odds ratios with 95 % confidence intervals. Results Eighteen studies were reported, comprising 2001 imprisoned pregnant women. Fifteen were in the US, two in the UK and one in Germany. Nine contained a comparison group of women comprising 849 pregnant women. Study quality was variable and outcome reporting was inconsistent. There was some evidence that women in prisons receiving enhanced prison care, PRISON+, were less likely to have inadequate prenatal care (15.4 % vs 30.7 %, p < 0 · 001), preterm delivery (6.4 % vs 19.0 %, p = 0 · 001) or caesarean delivery (12.9 % vs 26.5 %, p = 0 · 005) compared to women in prisons receiving usual care (PRISON). Women participating in two PRISON++ interventions, that is, interventions which included not only enhanced care in prisons but also coordination of community care on release, demonstrated reductions in long term recidivism rates (summary OR 0 · 37, 95 % CI 0 · 19–0 · 70) compared to pregnant women in the same prisons who did not participate in the intervention. Conclusions Enhanced perinatal care can improve both short and long-term outcomes but there is a lack of data. Properly designed programmes with rigorous evaluation are needed to address the needs of this vulnerable population. The cost to mothers, children and to society of failing to address these important public health issues are likely to be substantial. Trial registration PROSPERO registration: CRD42012002384.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Bard
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust/Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Marian Knight
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (NPEU), University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Emma Plugge
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
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Altınöz AE, Tosun Meriç O, Tosun Altınöz Ş, Eşsizoğlu A, Coşar B. Psychiatric disorders comorbid with epilepsy in a prison sample. Seizure 2016; 40:133-5. [PMID: 27423133 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Epilepsy is an extremely widespread and serious neurological disease. Although comorbidities of psychiatric disorders are prevalent in epilepsy patients, quite often this coexistence could be overlooked. Studies in this area demonstrated that depression, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia are the most common psychiatric disorders accompanying epilepsy. Mental health problems are known to be more common in prisoners compared to general population. The present study aims to demonstrate the psychiatric comorbidities in prisoners diagnosed with epilepsy. METHOD In this study, demographic data and the psychiatric comorbidity of 200 patients who were diagnosed with epilepsy by a neurologist at Ankara Penal Institution Campus State Hospital between January 2013 and January 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS The mean age of study population was 32.6±10.1years. 181 of these patients were male (90.5%). 81 of 200 patients (40.5%) had a comorbid psychiatric disorder. The most common comorbid psychiatric disorders were depression (18.5%), anxiety (11%), and personality disorders (11%), respectively. CONCLUSION The most common psychiatric comorbid disorders among prisoners diagnosed with epilepsy were depression and anxiety as general population with epilepsy whereas some disorders, personality disorder, substance dependence and bipolar affective disorders, were found to be more common among prisoners compared to the general population with epilepsy. It is crucial to question psychiatric symptoms and comorbidities while evaluating the patients with epilepsy, especially among prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ercan Altınöz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Olcay Tosun Meriç
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Altan Eşsizoğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Behçet Coşar
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Hilder L, Walker JR, Levy MH, Sullivan EA. Preparing linked population data for research: cohort study of prisoner perinatal health outcomes. BMC Med Res Methodol 2016; 16:72. [PMID: 27312027 PMCID: PMC4910208 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-016-0174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A study of pregnancy outcomes related to pregnancy in prison in New South Wales, Australia, designed a two stage linkage to add maternal history of incarceration and serious mental health morbidity, neonatal hospital admission and infant congenital anomaly diagnosis to birth data. Linkage was performed by a dedicated state-wide data linkage authority. This paper describes use of the linked data to determine pregnancy prison exposure pregnancy for a representative population of mothers. METHODS Researchers assessed the quality of linked records; resolved multiple-matched identities; transformed event-based incarceration records into person-based prisoner records and birth records into maternity records. Inconsistent or incomplete records were censored. Interrogation of the temporal relationships of all incarceration periods from the prisoner record with pregnancies from birth records identified prisoner maternities. Interrogation of maternities for each mother distinguished prisoner mothers who were incarcerated during pregnancy, from prisoner control mothers with pregnancies wholly in the community and a subset of prisoner mothers with maternities both types of maternity. Standard descriptive statistics are used to provide population prevalence of exposures and compare data quality across study populations stratified by mental health morbidity. RESULTS Women incarcerated between 1998 and 2006 accounted for less than 1 % of the 404,000 women who gave birth in NSW between 2000 and 2006, while women with serious mental health morbidity accounted for 7 % overall and 68 % of prisoners. Rates of false positive linkage were within the predicted limits set by the linkage authority for non-prisoners, but were tenfold higher among prisoners (RR 9.9; 95%CI 8.2, 11.9) and twice as high for women with serious mental health morbidity (RR 2.2; 95%CI 1.9, 2.6). This case series of 597 maternities for 558 prisoners pregnant while in prison (of whom 128 gave birth in prison); and 2,031 contemporaneous prisoner control mothers is one of the largest available. CONCLUSIONS Record linkage, properly applied, offers the opportunity to extend knowledge about vulnerable populations not amenable to standard ascertainment. Dedicated linkage authorities now provide linked data for research. The data are not research ready. Perinatal exposures are time-critical and require expert processing to prepare the data for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hilder
- National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jane R Walker
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael H Levy
- College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Sullivan
- Faculty of Health University of Technology Sydney, Conjoint School of Women's and Children's Health, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia
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Samele C, Forrester A, Urquía N, Hopkin G. Key successes and challenges in providing mental health care in an urban male remand prison: a qualitative study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2016; 51:589-96. [PMID: 26846126 PMCID: PMC4823327 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-016-1170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to describe the workings of an urban male remand prison mental health service exploring the key challenges and successes, levels of integration and collaboration with other services. METHOD A purposive sampling was used to recruit key prison and healthcare professionals for in-depth interviews. A thematic analysis was used to analyse transcripts based on an initial coding frame of several predefined themes. Other key themes were also identified. RESULTS Twenty-eight interviews were conducted. Prisoners referred to the service had complex, sometimes acute mental illness requiring specialist assessment and treatment. Key successes of the in-reach service included the introduction of an open referral system, locating a mental health nurse at reception to screen all new prisoners and a zoning system to prioritise urgent or non-urgent cases. Achieving an integrated system of healthcare was challenging because of the numerous internal and external services operating across the prison, a highly transient population, limited time and space to deliver services and difficulties with providing inpatient care (e.g., establishing the criteria for admission and managing patient flow). Collaborative working between prison and healthcare staff was required to enable best care for prisoners. CONCLUSIONS The prison mental health in-reach service worked well in assessing and prioritising those who required specialist mental health care. Although the challenges of working within the prison context limited what the in-reach team could achieve. Further work was needed to improve the unit environment and how best to target and deliver inpatient care within the prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Samele
- Informed Thinking, 10 Grove Road, London, SW19 1BL, UK.
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Andrew Forrester
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, 108 Landor Road, London, SW9 9NT, UK
| | - Norman Urquía
- Informed Thinking, 10 Grove Road, London, SW19 1BL, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Gareth Hopkin
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
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Dadi AF, Dachew BA, Kisi T, Yigzaw N, Azale T. Anxiety and associated factors among prisoners in North West of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:83. [PMID: 27036945 PMCID: PMC4815165 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental illnesses are more common among the prison population than the general public. However, little attention is given to mental health service in low and middle income countries in general. The problem is more so for prisoners where the overall health care is poor. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of anxiety and the associated factors among prisoners of North West Amhara, Ethiopia. METHODS Institutional based cross-sectional study was employed from February to March 2015 by taking a sample of 700 prisoners. Simple random sampling method was employed to select three prisons out of 10 prisons found in the North West Amhara region. Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale was used to assess prisoners' anxiety status. The receiver- operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the cutoff point with high sensitivity and specificity. Structured and pretested interviewer administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were checked, coded and entered into Epi Info version 7 and analyzed using R version 3.2.0. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify factors associated with anxiety. Odds ratio with its 95 % confidence interval was used as a measure of association. Akaike's Information's Criterion (AIC) was used to check model fitness. RESULTS A total of 649 prisoners were included in the analysis making the response rate 92.5 %. The prevalence of Anxiety was found to be 36.1 % (95 % CI: 32.7, 39.9). The odds of Anxiety was 2.49(95 % CI: 1.38, 4.55) times higher among prisoners who used to be unhappy in their life before imprisonment. Moreover, smokers were 2.6 (AOR = 2.6, 95 % CI: 1.08, 6.6) times more likely to have anxiety compared with non smokers. However, the odds of the odds of anxiety was 89% lower among Debre-Tabor prisoners (AOR = 0.11, 95 % CI: 0.06, 0.20) and 57 % lower among Gondar prisoners (AOR = 0.43, 95 % CI: 0.28, 0.67). CONCLUSION The prevalence of anxiety is found to be very high among prisoners in North West Ethiopia. Anxiety was associated with current smoking and having had a dissatisfying life. Screening prisoners for common mental disorders and integrated health care is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Fekadu Dadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Berihun Assefa Dachew
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Teresa Kisi
- Department of Public Health, College of health sciences, Arsi University, Arsi, Ethiopia
| | - Nigussie Yigzaw
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Telake Azale
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Science, Institute of public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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