1
|
Duke K, MacGregor S. Responding to 'wicked problems': policy and governance on drug-related deaths in English and Welsh prisons, 2015-2021. Int J Drug Policy 2024; 126:104358. [PMID: 38401175 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prison settings have been neglected in the growing literature on drug-related deaths. This paper explores policy and practice issues regarding the governance of drug-related deaths in prisons in England and Wales from 2015-2021. METHODS Thematic documentary analysis was conducted on national level policy documents published between 2015-2021 (e.g. drug strategies, prison policy documents, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Prisons and Prison and Probation Ombudsman (PPO) annual reports and guidance for staff). At the local (prison) level, all of the PPO fatal investigation reports and their associated action plans relating to 171 drug-related deaths from 2015-2021 were analysed thematically. Various modes of governance were identified using Head's 'wicked problems' conceptual framework including avoidance and denial, coercive controls, compartmentalised micro-management, incremental and pragmatic adjustment and technocratic problem-solving. RESULTS There was strong evidence of the dominance of denial of the problem of drug-related deaths, coercive controls, micro-management and reliance on technological solutions in the early years (2015-2018). In some prisons, there developed a move towards the adoption of more pragmatic and incremental policies and push towards comprehensive policies over time. In others, remnants of denial and coercion remained. In our analysis, the focus on new psychoactive substances came to dominate attention, to the relative neglect of other substances and of the contribution of mental and physical illness to these deaths. Staff are not equipped, supported or resourced adequately to deal with the two 'wicked problems' of increasing rates of drug use and mental illness which collide in the prison setting. CONCLUSION The PPO investigations repeatedly recommend reducing supply and improving monitoring and surveillance and the emergency response. There is less focus on prevention and reducing demand or improving the wider environmental context and culture in which the deaths occur. Policy needs to pay more attention to the fundamental issues driving the current deterioration in conditions in prisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Duke
- Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Middlesex University, London, UK.
| | - Susanne MacGregor
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Walker SJ, Shrestha LB, Lloyd AR, Dawson O, Sheehan Y, Sheehan J, Maduka NBC, Cabezas J, Akiyama MJ, Kronfli N. Barriers and advocacy needs for hepatitis C services in prisons: Informing the prisons hepatitis C advocacy toolkit. Int J Drug Policy 2024; 126:104386. [PMID: 38492433 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carceral settings are a key focus of the 2030 WHO global hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination goals. Despite this, access to HCV testing and treatment services in prisons remains low globally, limiting opportunities to achieve these goals. Advocacy efforts are needed to address service inequities and mobilise support for enhanced HCV programs in prisons globally. INHSU Prisons, a special interest group of the International Network on Health and Hepatitis in Substance Users (INHSU) is developing a Prisons HCV Advocacy Toolkit to address this need. Here we present findings of a mixed study to inform the development of the Toolkit. METHODS The aim of this study was to inform the development of the Toolkit, including understanding barriers for scaling up prison-based HCV services globally and advocacy needs to address these. An online survey (n = 181) and in-depth interviews (n = 25) were conducted with key stakeholders from countries of different economic status globally. Quantitative data were statistically analysed using R Studio and qualitative data were analysed thematically. The data sets were merged using a convergent design. RESULTS Key barriers for enhanced prison-based HCV services included lack of political will and action, lack of prison-based healthcare resources, and poor awareness about HCV and the importance of prison-based HCV services. These findings underscore how advocacy efforts are needed to motivate policymakers to prioritise HCV healthcare in prisons and ensure funds are available for services (including diagnostic tools and treatment, healthcare teams to implement services, and systems to measure their success). Advocacy resources to raise the awareness of policy makers, people working in the prison sector, and incarcerated populations were also identified as key to increasing HCV service uptake. CONCLUSION The Toolkit has the potential to support advocacy efforts for reaching HCV elimination targets. By understanding the advocacy needs of potential Toolkit end-users, the findings can inform its development and increase its accessibility, acceptability, and uptake for a globally diverse audience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley J Walker
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Lok B Shrestha
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew R Lloyd
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Olivia Dawson
- The International Network on Health and Hepatitis in Substance Users (INHSU)
| | - Yumi Sheehan
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Joaquin Cabezas
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain; Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Matthew J Akiyama
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine / Montefiore Medical Centre, New York, USA
| | - Nadine Kronfli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Roy RN, Kumar P, Singh VK, Singh DN. The Labyrinthine Journey: Unveiling Obstacles in addressing Mental Health Challenges in Prisons and its Confluence with Medico-Legal and Pharmacological Perspectives. Int Tinnitus J 2024; 27:225-230. [PMID: 38512870 DOI: 10.5935/0946-5448.20230034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
This paper delves into the intricate realm of mental health issues within prisons including other correctional facilities, the intersectionality with legal and medical aspects, and the potential of pharmacology as a viable treatment modality. The prevalence and diverse array of mental disorders among incarcerated individuals are thoroughly examined, underscoring the imperative for all-encompassing interventions. The legal structure, hurdles encountered in delivering mental healthcare, and the indispensability of interdisciplinary cooperation are scrutinized. Furthermore, the effectiveness and moral implications of pharmaceutical interventions in correctional environments are deliberated upon. Conclusive suggestions are put forth to enhance mental healthcare provisions in prisons. The research paper endeavors to penetrate the labyrinthine complexities of mental health predicaments within correctional institutions, with a specific emphasis on the convergence of medico-legal facets and the plausible impact of pharmacological interventions. The study strives to elucidate the intricate nature of mental health challenges among incarcerated populations, considering the intricate interplay of socio-cultural, environmental, and psychological factors that contribute to their pervasiveness. By delving into these interconnected dimensions, the research aims to unlock prospective remedies capable of efficaciously meeting the mental health requisites of incarcerated individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Navneet Roy
- Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sequera G, Estigarribia-Sanabria G, Aguirre S, Piñanez C, Martinez L, Lopez-Olarte R, Andrews JR, Walter KS, Croda J, Garcia-Basteiro AL. Excess tuberculosis risk during and following incarceration in Paraguay: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Am 2024; 31:100668. [PMID: 38500958 PMCID: PMC10945421 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Background The increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) among people deprived of liberty (PDL) is due to individual and institution-level factors. We followed a cohort of PDL from 5 prisons in Paraguay to describe the risk of TB during incarceration and after they were released. Methods We linked a 2013 national census of prisons with TB records from the TB Program from 2010 to 2021 to identify TB notifications among incarcerated and formerly incarcerated individuals. We used multivariable Cox regression models to quantify the risk of TB during and following incarceration and to identify risk factors associated with TB. Findings Among 2996 individuals incarcerated, 451 (15.1%) were diagnosed with TB. Of these, 262 (58.1%) cases occurred during incarceration and 189 (41.9%) occurred in the community after release. In prison, the hazard ratio of developing TB was 1.97 (95% CI: 1.52-2.61) after six months of incarceration and increased to 2.78 (95% CI: 1.82-4.24) after 36 months compared with the first six months. The overall TB notification rate was 2940 per 100,000 person-years. This rate increased with the duration of incarceration from 1335 per 100,000 person-years in the first year to 8455 per 100,000 person-years after 8 years. Among former prisoners, the rate of TB decreased from 1717 in the first year after release to 593 per 100 000 person-years after 8 years of follow up. Interpretation Our study shows the alarming risk of TB associated with prison environments in Paraguay, and how this risk persists for years following incarceration. Effective TB control measures to protect the health of people during and following incarceration are urgently needed. Funding Paraguay National Commission of Science and Technology grant CONACYT PIN 15-705 (GS, GES, SA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Sequera
- Cátedra de Salud Pública, Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA), Paraguay
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gladys Estigarribia-Sanabria
- Instituto Regional de Investigación en Salud, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú- (UNCA), Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Sarita Aguirre
- Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Claudia Piñanez
- Departamento de Sanidad Penitenciaria, Ministerio de Justicia, Paraguay
| | - Leonardo Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rafael Lopez-Olarte
- Former Regional Tuberculosis Adviser, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jason R. Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Julio Croda
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pfaff A, Cochran A, Vechinski J, Molfenter T, Zayas-Cabán G. The association between attitudes and the provision of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) in United States jails. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep 2024; 10:100211. [PMID: 38205144 PMCID: PMC10776447 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Opioid use disorder is prevalent among individuals who are incarcerated, yet medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are not widely available in United States jails and prisons. Negative staff attitudes across the criminal legal system may prevent MOUD from being provided. We sought to determine if staff attitudes are associated with the provision of MOUD in prisons or jails. Methods 227 staff members of 43 jails and partnering community-based treatment providers answered questions on the effectiveness and acceptability of methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone. Response patterns were summarized with principal component analysis. Mixed-effects regression was performed to determine if attitudes toward MOUD were associated with the number of individuals screened and diagnosed with an OUD, referred to treatment, provided MOUD and referred to treatment after release. Results Sites whose staff had negative attitudes towards methadone and positive attitudes towards naltrexone were associated with fewer people being screened (Mean ratio [MR] = 0.84, 95 % CI: [0.72, 0.97]), diagnosed (MR = 0.85, 95 % CI: [0.73, 0.99]), referred (MR = 0.76, 95 % CI: [0.65, 0.89]), provided MOUD (MR = 0.70, 95 % CI: [0.58, 0.84]), and referred after release (MR = 0.82, 95 % CI: [0.72, 0.94]). Sites with overall positive attitudes towards all MOUD were associated with more people being screened (MR = 1.16, 95 % CI: [1.01, 1.34]), diagnosed (MR = 1.37, 95 % CI: [1.18, 1.60]), and referred to treatment (MR = 1.41, 95 % CI: [1.20, 1.65]). Conclusions Attitudinal barriers exist in the criminal legal system and are associated with the provision of MOUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aly Pfaff
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
| | - Amy Cochran
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
- Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
| | - Jessi Vechinski
- Center for Health Enhancement Systems Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
| | - Todd Molfenter
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 3107 Mechanical Engineering Building, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53726, United States
| | - Gabriel Zayas-Cabán
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 3107 Mechanical Engineering Building, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53726, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Harries RL, Norman C, Reid R, Nic Daéid N, Nisbet LA. Detection of anabolic-androgenic steroids in e-cigarettes seized from prisons: A case study. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 356:111965. [PMID: 38359752 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The administration of new psychoactive substances (NPS), in particular synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs), via e-cigarettes, within prison settings has been well publicized. This study provides an overview of five e-cigarette case samples seized from Scottish prisons between May 2022 and July 2023 where the anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) mestanolone and oxandrolone were identified following gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. These e-cigarette samples represented 2.9% of all samples containing e-cigarette cartridges (n = 170) and 9.4% of all samples found to contain AASs (n = 53) seized during the same time period. The AASs were detected in combination with other drugs, including cocaine, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), SCRAs and nicotine. This represents a new and novel route of administration for AASs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Harries
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Caitlyn Norman
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Robert Reid
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Niamh Nic Daéid
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lorna A Nisbet
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kalebic N, Crole-Rees C, Tomlin J, Berrington C, Popovic I, Forrester A. Variations in services and intervention pathways for traumatic stress in Welsh prisons: A national survey. Med Leg J 2024; 92:50-53. [PMID: 38334710 PMCID: PMC10916347 DOI: 10.1177/00258172231214432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Both Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder are prevalent in prison settings. Both often go undetected and untreated, while prisoners who already suffered previous trauma may be re-traumatised upon imprisonment. The current study aimed to conduct a national survey of all Welsh prisons to gather information about existing services and treatments for traumatic stress. The survey identified variation within Welsh prisons with regard to NICE-recommended evidence-based therapies. It is therefore recommended that there needs to be development of a pathway of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the prison system which should be achieved through a consensus process of both frontline staff and experts in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Kalebic
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Clare Crole-Rees
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jack Tomlin
- School of Law and Criminology, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Claudia Berrington
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Isidora Popovic
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Forrester
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jubany-Roig P, Massó Guijarro E. [Breastfeeding behind bars: Experiences of incarcerated mothers in the Spanish penitentiary system]. Salud Colect 2024; 20:e4665. [PMID: 38427347 DOI: 10.18294/sc.2024.4665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the breastfeeding experiences of incarcerated mothers in the prisons of the Spanish penitentiary system. Additionally, it explores whether these mothers have perceived practices related to obstetric violence during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. An exploratory-descriptive study was conducted using a qualitative approach and a critical ethnographic method. Fieldwork, including participant observation and semi-structured interviews, was carried out between December 2021 and April 2022. The study involved 30 adult women from Africa, Europe, Eastern Europe, and Latin America, all serving sentences with their infants in Mother Units located in the Spanish cities of Alicante, Barcelona, Madrid, and Seville. The main findings highlight the need for penitentiary policies with a gender and feminist perspective. These policies should aim to eliminate severe inequalities and discriminations faced by incarcerated women while protecting the basic rights of both mothers and infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Jubany-Roig
- Psicóloga. Investigadora predoctoral, Programa de Doctorado en Filosofía, Universidad de Granada, España
| | - Ester Massó Guijarro
- Doctora en Filosofía y Antropología. Profesora titular de Filosofía Moral, Universidad de Granada, España
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Eck M, Da Costa J, Wathelet M, Beunas C, d'Ovidio K, Moncany AH, Thomas P, Fovet T. [Prevalence of mental disorders in French prisons: A systematic review]. Encephale 2024:S0013-7006(24)00018-6. [PMID: 38378405 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among prisoners remains a major public health issue worldwide. In France, despite the increasing number of persons who are incarcerated (+30% between 1992 and 2002 with a 120% prison overcrowding), and a historical concern about the mental health of persons in detention and its management, no systematic review has been published on this subject. The aim of this article is to present the results of a systematic review of the literature on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in French prisons. METHOD The reporting of this systematic review conforms to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) checklist. We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases. We used combinations of keywords relating to prison (prison*, jail*, inmate*), to psychiatry ("mental health", psychiatr*), and to France (France, French). This work was completed with a search through the digital libraries of the École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP) and of the Système Universitaire de Documentation (Sudoc) to obtain data from academic works and the gray literature. References cited in studies included in this review were also examined. All references published up to September 2022, written in English or French, presenting the results of original quantitative studies on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in correctional settings were included. Two researchers independently extracted data from included references according to a pre-established protocol. RESULTS Among 501 records identified, a total of 35 papers based on 24 epidemiological studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review: 16 were cross-sectional, 7 retrospective and 1 both cross-sectional and retrospective. All papers were published between 1999 and 2022. We found one European study, 5 international studies, 18 regional or local studies. Of these, 21 studies had all-male or mixed gender samples (but when the sample was mixed gender, it was always at least 92% male). Almost half of the studies (n=11) involved a small sample of fewer than 500 persons. Half of the studies involved a sample of recently incarcerated persons: 6 involved a random sample of persons in detention, and 1 involved a sample of people incarcerated for more than 5 years. The last 5 studies focused on persons aged over 50 years and incarcerated for more than one year (n=1), incarcerated for sexual offences (n=2), placed in disciplinary cells (n=1) or in a special wing for radicalized or suspected radicalized individuals (n=1). Nine studies used standardized and validated diagnostic tools. According to the 4 studies involving representative samples and using standardized and validated diagnostic tools, the prevalence of the following psychiatric disorders was: 29.4-44.4% for anxiety disorders, 5-14.2% for PTSD, 28-31.2% for mood disorders, 6.9-17% for psychotic disorders, 32% for personality disorders and 11% for ADHD. CONCLUSION This systematic review of the literature highlights the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in French prisons. The data collected are in line with international studies. The great methodological heterogeneity of the papers included in this review calls for further rigorous research to better understand the rates of mental disorders in French prisons and to explore their determinants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Eck
- Pôle de psychiatrie légale et de conduites addictives en milieu pénitentiaire, centre hospitalier Gérard Marchant, 31057 Toulouse, France; Inserm, U1172 - Lille neuroscience & cognition, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Julien Da Costa
- Pôle de psychiatrie légale et de conduites addictives en milieu pénitentiaire, centre hospitalier Gérard Marchant, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Marielle Wathelet
- Pôle de psychiatrie, médecine légale et médecine en milieu pénitentiaire, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-lez-Lille, France
| | - Clément Beunas
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-lez-Lille, France
| | - Kévin d'Ovidio
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-lez-Lille, France
| | - Anne-Hélène Moncany
- Pôle de psychiatrie légale et de conduites addictives en milieu pénitentiaire, centre hospitalier Gérard Marchant, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Inserm, U1172 - Lille neuroscience & cognition, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Pôle de psychiatrie, médecine légale et médecine en milieu pénitentiaire, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Thomas Fovet
- Inserm, U1172 - Lille neuroscience & cognition, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Pôle de psychiatrie, médecine légale et médecine en milieu pénitentiaire, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meyers TJ, Fahmy C, Wright KA. Coping with incarceration: examining the longitudinal relationship between individual coping styles and mental health outcomes. J Ment Health 2024; 33:14-21. [PMID: 36096672 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2022.2118693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiencing incarceration leads to increased rates of stress that result in a variety of negative physical, mental, and emotional outcomes. However, little research focuses on how individuals vary in their coping responses to stressful life events, like imprisonment. AIMS This study extends prior research by examining whether changes in coping styles throughout the first year of incarceration influence mental health symptomology at 6- and 12-months post placement. METHODS Using longitudinal data collected via semi-structured interviews with incarcerated men, this study measures changes in coping strategies and their effect on psychological well-being using the SCL-90-R. Ordinary least squares regression models were used to regress mental health symptomology on residual change scores of coping strategies. RESULTS Changes in dysfunctional coping during the first 6- and 12-months of placement were associated with increased levels of adverse mental health symptoms. Changes in emotion- and problem-focused coping were not associated with mental health symptomology. CONCLUSIONS This research illustrates the need to continue exploration into individual responses to stressful events, such as initial incarceration, and suggests that prison systems should be designed in ways that decrease the need to adapt in dysfunctional ways, while providing opportunities for incarcerated people to cope in more productive ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Meyers
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chantal Fahmy
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kevin A Wright
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Treacy S, Martin S, Samarutilake N, Phillips V, Underwood BR, Van Bortel T. Dementia care pathways in prisons - a comprehensive scoping review. Health Justice 2024; 12:2. [PMID: 38244098 PMCID: PMC10799435 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of older people in prison is growing. As a result, there will also be more prisoners suffering from dementia. The support and management of this population is likely to present multiple challenges to the prison system. OBJECTIVES To examine the published literature on the care and supervision of people living in prison with dementia and on transitioning into the community; to identify good practice and recommendations that might inform the development of prison dementia care pathways. METHODS A scoping review methodology was adopted with reporting guided by the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews checklist and explanation. RESULTS Sixty-seven papers were included. Most of these were from high income countries, with the majority from the United Kingdom (n = 34), followed by the United States (n = 15), and Australia (n = 12). One further paper was from India. DISCUSSION The literature indicated that there were difficulties across the prison system for people with dementia along the pathway from reception to release and resettlement. These touched upon all aspects of prison life and its environment, including health and social care. A lack of resources and national and regional policies were identified as important barriers, although a number of solutions were also identified in the literature, including the development of locally tailored policies and increased collaboration with the voluntary sector. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive and inclusive review of the literature on dementia care pathways in prison to date. It has identified a number of important areas of concern and opportunities for future research across the prison system, and its operations. This will hopefully lead to the identification or adaptation of interventions to be implemented and evaluated, and facilitate the development of dementia care pathways in prisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Treacy
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Criminology, Sociology & Social Policy, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Steven Martin
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Nelum Samarutilake
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Veronica Phillips
- Cambridge Medical Library, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ben R Underwood
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tine Van Bortel
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
da Silva Carvalho I, Mendes RCMG, de Souza Soares Lima LH, da Silva GP, de Freitas Gonçalves Lima M, Guedes TG, Linhares FMP. Board game on sexually transmitted infections for imprisoned women. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:24. [PMID: 38183024 PMCID: PMC10770977 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The board games is an educational technology that represents an appealing, active and playful pedagogical strategy and may be capable of motivating imprisoned women to learn about Sexually Transmitted Infections. METHODS A methodological study to develop and evaluate a board game, following these stages: 1. Integrative literature review to identify educational technologies on Sexually Transmitted Infections used by imprisoned women; 2. Development of the board game; and 3. Content validation performed by 23 evaluators and semantic evaluation carried out with 10 imprisoned women who were enrolled in a school located within a female prison unit in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. RESULTS The board game consisted of the following: 01 board; 01 instructions manual; 05 pawns; 52 cards; and 01 dice. A global Content Validity Index of 0.966 was reached in the content validation process performed by health and education professionals. In the validation of the board game content regarding appearance, performed by designers/developers, most of the items obtained a Content Validity Coefficient below 0.85, which resulted in the need for adjustments and a new validation round with these professionals, in which Content Validity Coefficient = 0.917 was obtained. In the semantic evaluation, all the women stated that they improved their knowledge, increased their motivation to attend the class and would like to play the board game again. CONCLUSIONS The "Previna" board game has been validated and can be considered an important pedagogical tool in the construction of knowledge in relation to the prevention, treatment and control of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the female prison context. The quality of this educational technology is directly related to its development based on an appropriate theoretical and methodological framework, in addition to satisfactory feedback from the target audience. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tatiane Gomes Guedes
- Graduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Novisky MA, Tostlebe J, Pyrooz D, Sanchez JA. "The COVID-19 pandemic and operational challenges, impacts, and lessons learned: a multi-methods study of U.S. prison systems". Health Justice 2023; 11:51. [PMID: 38051375 PMCID: PMC10696818 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine how the COVID-19 pandemic changed U.S. prison operations and influenced the daily work of prison staff. METHODS In collaboration with the National Institute of Corrections, we administered a survey to 31 state correctional agencies in April 2021 and conducted five focus groups with 62 correctional staff. RESULTS Using a framework of bounded rationality, we find that daily operations were strained, particularly in the areas of staffing, implementing public health policy efforts, and sustaining correctional programming. While prison systems and staff were under-prepared to respond to the pandemic, they attempted to address complex problems with the limited resources they had. CONCLUSIONS Results underscore a need in corrections for prioritizing further developments and reviews of collaborative policies and practices for managing crisis situations. Seeking avenues for leveraging technological innovations to improve operations and facilitate enhanced communication are especially warranted. Finally, meaningful reductions in the prison population, changes in physical infrastructure, and expansions of hiring and retention initiatives are critical for positioning prisons to manage future emergencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Novisky
- Department of Criminology and Sociology, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, UR 205, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.
| | - Jennifer Tostlebe
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David Pyrooz
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim SB, White B, Roberts J, Day CA. Substance use among pregnant women in NSW prisons. Int J Drug Policy 2023; 122:104256. [PMID: 37924608 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Little is published about pregnant women in custody. Existing data on the prevalence of substance use among incarcerated pregnant women or their needs are scant. This study sought to determine the prevalence and characteristics of women with substance use histories who present to prison pregnant in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective review of prison medical health records was completed for pregnant women entering New South Wales custodial settings between January 2020 and June 2021. RESULTS We identified 158 prison receptions among 141 pregnant women (median age 28 years [IQR 25-33 years]), 42 % identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. Eighty four percent of the women (n = 119) reported recent use of one or more than one substance and 36 % had injected drugs. The most commonly used substances were (meth)amphetamine (60 %), cannabis (40 %) and opioids (28 %). We found discrepancies between drug problems self-reported at reception screening on entry to prison and self-reported drug use collected during the subsequent drug and alcohol specialist assessment while incarcerated. Most (88 %) women described their current pregnancy as unplanned and half (52 %) were unaware they were pregnant before incarceration. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the high prevalence of substance use in incarcerated pregnant women and that many women are unaware of their pregnancy prior to incarceration. Findings emphasize the importance of timely and appropriate drug and alcohol assessment and treatment to minimize harm for both the mother and foetus and also underscore the urgent need for enhanced access to contraception for these women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Bi Kim
- Drug and Alcohol Services, Justice Health Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research Centre in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Bethany White
- Specialty of Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research Centre in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jillian Roberts
- Drug & Alcohol Clinical Services, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn A Day
- Specialty of Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research Centre in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Owusu-Bempah A, Nicholson HL, Butler A, Croxford R, Kouyoumdjian FG. Opioid toxicity deaths in Black persons who experienced provincial incarceration in Ontario, Canada 2015-2020: A population-based study. Prev Med 2023; 177:107778. [PMID: 37967621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the context of mass incarceration and the opioid toxicity crisis in North America, there is a lack of data on the burden of opioid toxicity deaths in Black persons who experience incarceration. We aimed to describe absolute and relative opioid toxicity mortality for Black persons who experienced incarceration in Ontario, Canada between 2015 and 2020. METHODS We linked data for all persons incarcerated in provincial correctional facilities and all persons who died from opioid toxicity in Ontario between 2015 and 2020, and accessed public data on population sizes. We described the characteristics of Black persons who were incarcerated and died from opioid toxicity, and calculated absolute mortality rates, as well as age-standardized mortality rates compared with all persons in Ontario not incarcerated during this period. RESULTS Between 2015 and 2020, 0.9% (n = 137) of 16,177 Black persons who experienced incarceration died from opioid toxicity in custody or post-release, for an opioid toxicity death rate of 0.207 per 100 person years. In the two weeks post-release, the opioid toxicity death rate was 1.34 per 100 person years. Standardized for age and compared with persons not incarcerated, the mortality ratio (SMR) was 17.8 (95%CI 16.4-23.1) for Black persons who experienced incarceration. CONCLUSIONS We identified a large, inequitable burden of opioid toxicity death for Black persons who experience incarceration in Ontario, Canada. Work is needed to support access to culturally appropriate prevention and treatment in custody and post-release for persons who are Black, and to prevent incarceration and improve determinants of health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harvey L Nicholson
- University of Toronto Department of Sociology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Amanda Butler
- McMaster University Department of Family Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Frank M, Loh R, Everhart R, Hurley H, Hanratty R. No health without access: using a retrospective cohort to model a care continuum for people released from prison at an urban, safety net health system. Health Justice 2023; 11:49. [PMID: 37979038 PMCID: PMC10656837 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Release from prison is characterized by discontinuity of healthcare services and results in poor health outcomes, including an increase in mortality. Institutions capable of addressing this gap in care seldom collaborate in comprehensive, data-driven transition of care planning. This study harnesses information from a data exchange between correctional facilities and community-based healthcare agencies in Colorado to model a care continuum after release from prison. METHODS We merged records from Denver Health (DH), an urban safety-net healthcare system, and the Colorado Department of Corrections (CDOC), for people released from January 1 to June 30, 2021. The study population was either (a) released to the Denver metro area (Denver and its five neighboring counties), or (b) assigned to the DH Regional Accountable Entity, or (c) assigned to the DH medical home based on Colorado Department of Healthcare Policy and Financing attribution methods. Outcomes explored were outpatient, acute care, and inpatient utilization in the first 180 days after release. We used Pearson's chi-squared tests or Fisher exact for univariate comparisons and logistic regression for multivariable analysis. RESULTS The care continuum describes the healthcare utilization at DH by people released from CDOC. From January 1, 2021, to June 30, 2021, 3242 people were released from CDOC and 2848 were included in the data exchange. 905 individuals of the 2848 were released to the Denver metro area or attributed to DH. In the study population of 905, 78.1% had a chronic medical or psychological condition. Within 180 days of release, 31.1% utilized any health service, 24.5% utilized at least one outpatient service, and 17.1% utilized outpatient services two or more times. 10.1% utilized outpatient services within the first 30 days of release. CONCLUSIONS This care continuum highlights drop offs in accessing healthcare. It can be used by governmental, correctional, community-based, and healthcare agencies to design and evaluate interventions aimed at improving the health of a population at considerable risk for poor health outcomes and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frank
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan Loh
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rachel Everhart
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hermione Hurley
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca Hanratty
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cassarino N, Ahnger-Pier KK, Wurcel A. Trends in COVID-19 and influenza vaccine ordering and distribution in Massachusetts jails. Vaccine 2023; 41:6607-6611. [PMID: 37758570 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Incarcerated populations are highly vulnerable to respiratory illnesses such as COVID-19 and influenza. We evaluated COVID-19 and influenza vaccine ordering and administration rates among 13 of 14 Massachusetts county jails and compared them with rates in the general population. Results showed heterogeneity in the number of vaccines ordered per incarcerated individual across institutions, with small to medium-sized jails ordering more vaccines per person. Vaccine administration in jails utilized approximately 41% of the total vaccines ordered by jails. Additionally, the study revealed disparities in vaccine brand distribution between incarcerated and non-incarcerated populations, potentially perpetuating historical health inequities in carceral settings. Considering that vaccine hesitancy among incarcerated individuals and jail staff has been identified as a significant barrier to vaccination, these findings underscore the need for equitable and comprehensive vaccine distribution strategies in carceral settings, necessitating collaboration between public health and correctional systems to ensure the health and well-being of incarcerated individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cassarino
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States.
| | - Kathryn K Ahnger-Pier
- Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02130, United States
| | - Alysse Wurcel
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Geographic Medicine, and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hearty P, Canvin K, Bellass S, Hampton S, Wright N, Sheard L. Understanding the impact of Covid-19 on the delivery and receipt of prison healthcare: an international scoping review. Health Justice 2023; 11:42. [PMID: 37847427 PMCID: PMC10583455 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People being held in prison are particularly vulnerable to Covid-19 infection, as places of detention are high-risk environments for spread of infection. Due to this risk, many prisons across the globe introduced measures to reduce the risk of Covid-19 transmission. The pandemic changed almost all aspects of prison life, including prison healthcare provision. We undertook a scoping review to understand what is known about the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the receipt and delivery of prison healthcare. This scoping review is part of a wider mixed-methods study focusing more specifically on the impact that Covid-19 had on prison healthcare delivery in England. METHODS We conducted an international scoping review of peer-reviewed articles published between December 2019 and January 2022, across six electronic databases. We also conducted a hand search of key journals and the reference lists of included articles. RESULTS Twelve articles met our inclusion criteria. The articles focused primarily on prisons in high-income countries and mostly explored the impact that the pandemic had on the provision of drug treatment services. Some aspects of drug treatment services were more impacted than others, with those delivered by external providers and preparations for release particularly hindered. Whilst prison mental health services were purportedly available, there were changes regarding how these were delivered, with group therapies suspended and most consultations taking place using telehealth. The articles reported both digital and non-digital adaptations or innovations to prison healthcare services to ensure continued delivery. Collaboration between different agencies, such as the prison itself, healthcare providers, and non-governmental organisations, was key to facilitating ongoing provision of healthcare to people in prison. CONCLUSIONS Covid-19 impacted on prison healthcare internationally, but different treatment services were affected in disparate ways, both within and between countries. The published literature concentrates on the impact on drug treatment services. Prison healthcare providers rapidly adapted their processes to attempt to maintain service provision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pip Hearty
- Spectrum Community Health CIC, Wakefield, UK.
| | - Krysia Canvin
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sue Bellass
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah Hampton
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Nat Wright
- Spectrum Community Health CIC, Wakefield, UK
| | - Laura Sheard
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Needham J, Beggs R, van de Mortel TF. Supporting learners in prison healthcare work-integrated learning settings through simulation: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs 2023; 22:322. [PMID: 37723488 PMCID: PMC10506296 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nursing students and nurse preceptors indicate that a comprehensive orientation is vital to successful work-integrated learning placements in Prison Health Services. The aim of this study was to implement and evaluate a Prison Health Service orientation package that included innovative asynchronous online video simulations with branched decision-making and feedback opportunities to stimulate learning and improve students' feelings of preparedness for a placement in this setting. METHODS A cross-sectional pre and post design was used to evaluate the resource. Students were given access to the package and invited to complete a pre-placement survey evaluating the resource and their feelings of preparedness for placement. Following placement, they re-evaluated the resource in terms of how well it prepared them for the placement and how well prepared they felt. Third year Australian undergraduate nursing students from one university who completed a Prison Health Service work-integrated learning placement in 2018, 2021, and 2022 were invited to participate. Placements were unavailable in 2019 and 2020. Independent t-tests were used to determine differences in scale means and level of preparedness between pre- and post-survey responses. RESULTS Twenty-three of 40 (57.5%) eligible nursing students completed the pre-placement survey and 13 (32.5%) completed the post placement survey. All respondents to the pre-placement survey indicated that they felt satisfactorily, well, or very well prepared after completing the orientation package prior to their clinical placement. Students were significantly more likely to consider themselves well prepared by the package after they had attended placement (p < .001). All students post placement indicated that overall, the simulation resources and the specific simulation scenario about personal boundaries and management of manipulative behaviours was useful for their placement. The majority of students would recommend the orientation package to other students. Suggestions for improvement included streamlining the resource to reduce the time to complete it. CONCLUSIONS Asynchronous online simulation with the capacity for branched decision making and feedback along with a comprehensive online orientation package were perceived as useful to prepare undergraduate students for placement in the Prison Health Service work-integrated learning setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Needham
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia
| | - Rhonda Beggs
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Thea F van de Mortel
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Iwai Y, Behne MF, Brinkley-Rubinstein L. Death in Prison: increasing transparency on next of kin notification and disposition of remains. Health Justice 2023; 11:37. [PMID: 37698704 PMCID: PMC10496396 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Policies for next-of-kin (NOK) notification and disposition of remains surrounding death are unclear across the United States' (US) carceral systems. The goal of this study was to collect data on carceral system policies pertaining to NOK notification and disposition of remains for individuals who are incarcerated. We collected publicly available operational policies for the Federal Bureau of Prisons, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 50 state prison systems, and the Washington D.C. jail for a total of 53 systems. RESULTS Approximately 70% of systems had available policies on NOK notification and disposition of remains. Few systems had information on time constraints for NOK notification, notifying parties or designated contacts person, and ultimate disposition of unclaimed remains. Several systems had no accessible policies. CONCLUSIONS Across the US, carceral systems vary in policies for notifying NOK after the death of an incarcerated individual and their processes for the disposition of remains. Carceral and health systems should work towards standardization of policies on communication and disposition of remains after death of an individual who is incarcerated to work towards equity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Iwai
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 340 MacNider Hall Campus, 333 South Columbia Street, Box 7240, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7240, USA.
| | - Michael Forrest Behne
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
McLintock K, Foy R, Canvin K, Bellass S, Hearty P, Wright N, Cunningham M, Seanor N, Sheard L, Farragher T. The quality of prison primary care: cross-sectional cluster-level analyses of prison healthcare data in the North of England. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 63:102171. [PMID: 37692078 PMCID: PMC10484963 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prisoners have significant health needs, are relatively high users of healthcare, and often die prematurely. Strong primary care systems are associated with better population health outcomes. We investigated the quality of primary care delivered to prisoners. Methods We assessed achievement against 30 quality indicators spanning different domains of care in 13 prisons in the North of England. We conducted repeated cross-sectional analyses of routinely recorded data from electronic health records over 2017-20. Multi-level mixed effects logistic regression models explored associations between indicator achievement and prison and prisoner characteristics. Findings Achievement varied markedly between indicators, prisons and over time. Achieved processes of care ranged from 1% for annual epilepsy reviews to 94% for blood pressure checks in diabetes. Intermediate outcomes of care ranged from only 0.2% of people with epilepsy being seizure-free in the preceding year to 34% with diabetes having sufficient blood pressure control. Achievement improved over three years for 11 indicators and worsened for six, including declining antipsychotic monitoring and rising opioid prescribing. Achievement varied between prisons, e.g., 1.93-fold for gabapentinoid prescribing without coded neuropathic pain (odds ratio [OR] range 0.67-1.29) and 169-fold for dried blood spot testing (OR range 0.05-8.45). Shorter lengths of stay were frequently associated with lower achievement. Ethnicity was associated with some indicators achievement, although the associations differed (both positive and negative) with indicators. Interpretation We found substantial scope for improvement and marked variations in quality, which were largely unaltered after adjustment for prison and prisoner characteristics. Funding National Institute for Health and Care Research Health and Social Care and Delivery Research Programme: 17/05/26.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate McLintock
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences (LIHS), University of Leeds, Level 10, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK
| | - Robbie Foy
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences (LIHS), University of Leeds, Level 10, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK
| | - Krysia Canvin
- School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall Building, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Sue Bellass
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, 99 Oxford Road, Manchester, M1 7EL, UK
| | - Philippa Hearty
- Spectrum Community Health CIC, Hebble Wharf, Wakefield, WF1 5RH, UK
| | - Nat Wright
- Spectrum Community Health CIC, Hebble Wharf, Wakefield, WF1 5RH, UK
| | - Marie Cunningham
- North of England Commissioning Support (NECS), John Snow House, Durham, DH1 3YG, UK
| | - Nicola Seanor
- North of England Commissioning Support (NECS), John Snow House, Durham, DH1 3YG, UK
| | - Laura Sheard
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tracey Farragher
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Room 2.544, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Klemperer EM, Wreschnig L, Crocker A, King-Mohr J, Ramniceanu A, Brooklyn JR, Peck KR, Rawson RA, Evans EA. The impact of the implementation of medication for opioid use disorder and COVID-19 in a statewide correctional system on treatment engagement, postrelease continuation of care, and overdose. J Subst Use Addict Treat 2023; 152:209103. [PMID: 37311520 PMCID: PMC10257572 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with opioid use disorder (OUD) are overrepresented in US correctional facilities and experience disproportionately high risk for overdose after release. Medications for OUD (MOUD) are highly efficacious but not available to most incarcerated individuals. In 2018, Vermont began providing MOUD for all incarcerated individuals with OUD statewide. In 2020, the COVID-19 state of emergency began. We assessed the impact of both events on MOUD utilization and treatment outcomes. METHODOLOGY Analyses linked Vermont Department of Corrections administrative data and Medicaid claims data between 07/01/2017 and 03/31/2021. The study used logistic regression to analyze treatment engagement among all incarcerated individuals in Vermont. Multilevel modeling assessed change in clinical outcomes among release episodes that occurred among individuals with an OUD diagnosis Medicaid claim. RESULTS Prescriptions for MOUD while incarcerated increased from 0.8% to 33.9% of the incarcerated population after MOUD implementation (OR = 67.4) and subsequently decreased with the onset of COVID-19 to 26.6% (OR = 0.7). After MOUD implementation, most prescriptions (63.1%) were to individuals who had not been receiving MOUD prior to incarceration, but this figure decreased to 53.9% with the onset of COVID-19 (OR = 0.7). Prescriptions for MOUD within 30 days after release increased from 33.9% of those with OUD before to 41.0% after MOUD implementation (OR = 1.4) but decreased to 35.6% with the onset of COVID-19 (OR = 0.8). Simultaneously, opioid-related nonfatal overdoses within 30 days after release decreased from 1.2% before to 0.8% after statewide MOUD implementation (OR = 0.3) but increased to 1.9% during COVID-19 (OR = 3.4). Fatal overdoses within 1 year after release decreased from 27 deaths before to ≤10 after statewide MOUD implementation and remained ≤10 during COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS This longitudinal evaluation demonstrated increased treatment engagement and a decrease in opioid-related overdose following implementation of MOUD in a statewide correctional system. In contrast, these improvements were somewhat attenuated with the onset of COVID-19, which was associated with decreased treatment engagement and an increase in nonfatal overdoses. Considered together, these findings demonstrate the benefits of statewide MOUD for incarcerated individuals as well as the need to identify and address barriers to continuation of care following release from incarceration in the context of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias M Klemperer
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America.
| | | | - Abigail Crocker
- University of Vermont, College of Engineering Mathematical Sciences, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, United States of America
| | - Jessica King-Mohr
- Vermont Agency of Human Services, Department of Corrections, United States of America
| | - Annie Ramniceanu
- Vermont Agency of Human Services, Department of Corrections, United States of America
| | - John R Brooklyn
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, United States of America
| | - Kelly R Peck
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | - Richard A Rawson
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Evans
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nakonechnyi M, Pallot J. Silences and Omissions in Reporting Epidemics in Russian and Soviet Prisons, 1890-2021. J Hist Med Allied Sci 2023:jrad047. [PMID: 37652056 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Penitentiary systems serve as breeding grounds for all kinds of diseases. Drawing upon new archival materials, this article examines the history of the management and reporting of epidemics in the Russian prison system from the late Imperial period to the present day. We use the case studies of cholera (1892-1893), typhus (1932-1933), and pulmonary tuberculosis (the 1990s) to examine how the general political and social conjuncture at different times affected the response of prison authorities to epidemics to show that, notwithstanding major shifts in society and polity, there was continuity in the management of epidemics by prison authorities in the long twentieth century. However, there were fundamental discrepancies in the way late Imperial, Soviet, and post-Soviet Russia reported epidemiological emergencies in prisons. We argue that Russia's tumultuous past has reinforced the tendency among the Russian penal administration towards a lack of transparency that has persisted to the present day, in relation to the latest, COVID-19, epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Pallot
- University of Helsinki, Finland
- University of Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gill S, Zeki R, Kaye S, Zingirlis P, Archer V, Lewandowski A, Creighton G, Shaw C, Bowman J. Health literacy strengths and challenges of people in New South Wales prisons: a cross-sectional survey using the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1520. [PMID: 37563584 PMCID: PMC10413686 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health literacy is an important factor for enabling people to manage their health and live long fulfilling lives. People in prison are frequently from marginalised communities, often out of reach of conventional community based health organisations, and have poorer health outcomes. It is essential to understanding the health literacy profiles of people in prison, and its contribution to the well-established health inequities and outcomes of this population. This study aimed to use a multi-dimensional health literacy measurement tool to describe the strengths and challenges of adults incarcerated in NSW prisons. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted for people in prison across 14 publicly operated metropolitan prisons. Data were collected from 471 participants using the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). Participant characteristics and health conditions were also collected. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Effect sizes (ES) for standardised differences in means were used to describe the magnitude of difference between participant characteristic groups. RESULTS Participants' median age was 38.0 (range 19 - 91) years. Males comprised 81% of the sample, 21% identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, and 53% reported a health problem. People in prison had lower scores for all nine HLQ scales when compared to the general Australian population. Small to medium ES were seen for mean differences between most demographic groups. Compared to males, females had lower scores for several of the HLQ scales including 'having sufficient information to manage health' (ES 0.30 [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.07, 0.53]), 'ability to actively engage with health care professionals' (ES 0.30 [95% CI 0.06, 0.53]), 'navigating the healthcare system' (ES 0.30 [95% CI 0.06, 0.53]), and, 'ability to find good health information' (ES 0.33 [95% CI 0.10, 0.57]). Differing health literacy scale scores with small to medium ES were found when comparing participants by legal status. Mainly small ES were seen when comparing other participant characteristic groups. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the health literacy strengths and challenges for people in NSW prisons. These findings highlight the important role health literacy could have in addressing health disparities in this vulnerable population and can inform prison health services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Gill
- Research Unit, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Global Health and Equity, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Reem Zeki
- Research Unit, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Sharlene Kaye
- Research Unit, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, Australia
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Panayiota Zingirlis
- Research Unit, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vicki Archer
- Research Unit, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amy Lewandowski
- Research Unit, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Grantley Creighton
- Aboriginal Health, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, Australia
| | - Caron Shaw
- Adolescent Health, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julia Bowman
- Research Unit, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rosen DL, Blue C, Brown M, Bradley-Bull S, DiRosa EA, Carda-Auten J. The role of detention officers in the provision of jail healthcare in the Southeastern United States. Soc Sci Med 2023; 330:116065. [PMID: 37418989 PMCID: PMC10528480 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Jailed individuals have considerable healthcare needs, yet jail healthcare resources are often limited. We interviewed staff from 34 Southeastern jails about strategies that jails use to deliver healthcare. One of the most prominent strategies was the use of detention officers to provide or facilitate the provision of healthcare. Officers' roles included assessing the need for medical clearance, conducting medical intake screenings, monitoring for suicide/withdrawal, transporting patients to medical appointments, medication administration, monitoring blood glucose and blood pressure, responding to medical emergencies, and communication with healthcare personnel. Several participants reported that due to officer shortages, conflicting priorities, and lack of adequate training, officers' healthcare roles can compromise privacy, delay access to care, and result in inadequate monitoring and safety. Findings suggest the need for training and standardized guidelines for officers' involvement in jail healthcare delivery and reassessment of the scope of officers' healthcare responsibilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Rosen
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7030, Bioinformatics Building, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7030, USA.
| | - Colleen Blue
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7030, Bioinformatics Building, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7030, USA
| | - Mersedes Brown
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7030, Bioinformatics Building, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7030, USA
| | - Steven Bradley-Bull
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7030, Bioinformatics Building, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7030, USA
| | - Elena A DiRosa
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7030, Bioinformatics Building, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7030, USA
| | - Jessica Carda-Auten
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7030, Bioinformatics Building, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jha S, Kant S, Thakur N, Kumar P, Rai S, Haldar P, Kardam P, Misra P, Goswami K, Rajan S. Prevalence of HIV among inmates in four states of north India: findings from the 16th round of HIV sentinel surveillance. Int J Prison Health 2023; ahead-of-print. [PMID: 37501374 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-03-2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prisoners are at a higher risk of HIV infection compared to the general population. The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of HIV and related risk behaviours among inmates of the Central Prisons in four states of North India. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The HIV sentinel surveillance was conducted in seven Central Prisons in four states of North India from February to April 2019. Four hundred inmates were included from each prison. The interviews were conducted at the Integrated Counselling and Testing Centre located within the prison premises. The Ethics Committee of the National AIDS Control Organization, New Delhi, granted ethical approval before the start of the surveillance. FINDINGS Overall, 2,721 inmates were enrolled in this study. The mean (SD) age was 38.9 (13.9) years. One-third of prison inmates had comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS. The proportion of convict (54%) and undertrial (46%) inmates was almost equal. The overall prevalence of HIV infection among inmates was 0.96% (95% CI 0.65-1.40). The odds of being HIV positive were significantly higher in never married inmates, undertrials, inmates who were in the prison for more than three months to one year, inmates incarcerated for multiple times, inmates with history of injecting drug use and inmates with history of intercourse with a commercial sex worker. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The findings from the very first HIV sentinel surveillance in central prisons in North India have been presented in this paper. This has huge implications for future policy decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Jha
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Kant
- Department of Strategic Information, National AIDS Control Organisation, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishakar Thakur
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Strategic Information, National AIDS Control Organisation, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Rai
- Department of Strategic Information, National AIDS Control Organisation, New Delhi, India
| | - Partha Haldar
- Department of Strategic Information, National AIDS Control Organisation, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Kardam
- Department of Strategic Information, National AIDS Control Organisation, New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Misra
- Department of Strategic Information, National AIDS Control Organisation, New Delhi, India
| | - Kiran Goswami
- Department of Strategic Information, National AIDS Control Organisation, New Delhi, India
| | - Shobini Rajan
- Department of Strategic Information, National AIDS Control Organisation, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Remch M, Swink G, Mautz C, Austin AE, Naumann RB. Evaluation of a prison violence prevention program: impacts on violent and non-violent prison infractions. Inj Epidemiol 2023; 10:36. [PMID: 37488625 PMCID: PMC10367332 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-023-00450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals who commit acts of violence in prisons are often placed in highly controlled environments called restrictive housing (i.e., solitary confinement), which can have severe physical and mental health consequences and does not reduce violence. As such, North Carolina prisons have introduced the rehabilitative diversion unit (RDU) to reduce the use of restrictive housing and reduce violence in prison. METHODS We evaluated the effect of the RDU on prison infractions. We compared rates of infractions by type (including violent infractions) among men enrolled in the RDU and men who were eligible for the RDU but placed in restrictive housing for control purposes (RHCP). We also evaluated sustained program impacts by comparing the hazard of first infraction among these same two groups of men after program completion, when they had returned to the general prison population. Finally, we compared the hazard of first promotion to a less restrictive custody level (medium custody) when these men had returned to the general prison population. RESULTS The primary analytic cohort was made up of 3128 men contributing 897,822 person-days. Adjusted rates of violent infractions were lower in the RDU than in RHCP (adjusted rate ratio: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4, 1.1). All other categories of infractions, including drug-related infractions, occurred at higher rates during RDU, as compared to RHCP. In analyses of sustained program impacts, for most categories of infractions, there were no differences in the hazard of first infraction post-RDU and post-RHCP. However, the hazard of violent infraction post-RDU was higher (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 4.0) than post-RHCP. The hazard of promotion to a less restrictive custody level was higher post-RDU (adjusted hazard ratio: 17.4; 95% CI: 7.2, 42.2) than post-RHCP. CONCLUSIONS We found the RDU program may be effective in reducing violence for men enrolled in the program, but that these benefits were not sustained. Continued programming may be a useful tool to transition men from the programmatically intensive environment of the RDU to the general prison population. Additionally, we recommend the expansion of evidence-based treatment for substance use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Remch
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA.
| | - Gregory Swink
- North Carolina Department of Adult Correction (Formerly Named North Carolina Department of Public Safety at Time of Analysis), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Charles Mautz
- North Carolina Department of Adult Correction (Formerly Named North Carolina Department of Public Safety at Time of Analysis), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anna E Austin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca B Naumann
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wu L, Sheehan R, Pinto da Costa M. Volunteering in prisons: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Public Health 2023; 220:155-164. [PMID: 37327562 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals from the community who volunteer within prisons are an understudied population, despite previous research indicating the increase in involvement of the penal voluntary sector and benefits to both prisons and prisoners from effective implementation of volunteer programmes. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the characteristics, motivations and experiences of individuals who volunteer in prisons. STUDY DESIGN This was a systematic review conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. METHODS Peer-reviewed publications were identified through searchers of five electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts and Social Sciences Database) without date restrictions, supplemented by hand searching and reference checking of retrieved articles. Explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria determined study eligibility. Study quality was appraised using standard tools. A narrative synthesis was conducted, and motivations were organised according to the Volunteer Function Inventory. RESULTS Eight studies (five qualitative and three quantitative) reported a total of 764 volunteers across five countries. More than half of the included studies investigated individuals providing primarily religious volunteer support; volunteers in these studies were typically middle aged, White and female. Prison volunteers frequently described motivations related to altruistic or humanitarian values, as well as social reasons. Positive experiences of volunteering were related to personal benefits to volunteers. Negative experiences were related to a lack of support and challenges in volunteers' relationships with prison staff. CONCLUSIONS Prison volunteer programmes have the ability to improve the psychological health of prisoners and provide a range of potential benefits to penal systems and volunteers themselves, but research on individuals who volunteer in prisons is limited. Difficulties in the volunteer role could be mitigated by developing formal induction and training packages, promoting closer integration with paid prison staff and providing ongoing supervision. Interventions to improve the volunteer experience should be developed and evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Wu
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - R Sheehan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - M Pinto da Costa
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Marco Mouriño A, Rivera-Esteban J, Augustin S, Turu Santigosa E, Pericàs JM. [Metabolic morbidity in the prison population of Catalonia, Spain]. Aten Primaria 2023; 55:102620. [PMID: 37043974 PMCID: PMC10119707 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2023.102620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of metabolic morbidity (MM) amongst prison inmates. DESIGN Multicentric, cross-sectional observational study. SETTING All (nine) prisons in Catalonia. PARTICIPANTS Convicted inmates that are not in an «open regime», whose healthcare relies on the Prison Primary Care Teams. INTERVENTIONS MM was defined as the presence of at least one component of the metabolic syndrome, i.e., obesity, arterial hypertension, type2 diabetes, and/or dyslipidemia. The variables collected included anthropometric measurements, medical history and laboratory values related to MM. The source of information was the Catalan Primary Healthcare Services Information System (SISAP). MAIN MEASUREMENTS The prevalence of MM, overall and by several participant subcategories, was calculated. To investigate the risk factors associated to a higher prevalence of MM, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out and expressed as adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS 4338 inmates were studied, of whom 93.9% were male. Mean age was 38.4years, 51.7% were born in European Union countries, and 6.7% were infected by HIV. The variables associated with a significantly increased risk of presenting MM were older age and HIV infection, whereas certain geographical origins (i.e., non-UE European countries, Maghreb and Sub-Saharan Africa) were associated with lower risk of MM. CONCLUSIONS In spite of being an overall young population, prison inmates present high rates of MM. Older age, HIV infection and geographic origin appear as the most strongly associated factors with MM in the prison population. MM should be detected early in order to prevent complications. Prevention, screening and treatment of MM ought to be considered a priority in the clinical routine of prison healthcare professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Marco Mouriño
- Programa de Salud Penitenciaria, Instituto Catalán de la Salud, Catalunya, España; CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, España.
| | - Jesús Rivera-Esteban
- Unidad Hepática, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Salvador Augustin
- Unidad Hepática, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | | | - Juan M Pericàs
- Unidad Hepática, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), ISCIII, Madrid, España
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Martha Paynter RN, Heggie C. Distance between institutions of incarceration and procedural abortion facilities in Canada. Contraception 2023:110079. [PMID: 37245785 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2023.110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People incarcerated in facilities for women and girls face a number of barriers to accessing abortion, including unclear legislation, operational procedures, and distance. While medication abortion could mitigate distance barriers, prison is not a hospitable environment for medication abortion. Considering this limitation, this paper aimed to identify the distance from institutions of incarceration designated for women and girls to facilities offering procedural abortion in Canada. STUDY DESIGN This study builds on an inventory of the 67 institutions of incarceration designated for women and girls across 13 provinces and territories in Canada, previously created by the authors. Procedural abortion facilities were identified using publicly available directories. Distances between institutions of incarceration and procedural abortion facilities were calculated using Google Maps. The closest procedural abortion facility was identified for each institution, as well as the gestational age limit of each facility. RESULTS Of the 67 institutions, 23 (34%) were located 0-10 km from a procedural abortion facility. Fourteen (21%) were located 10.1-20 km away. Ten (15%) were located 20.1-100 km away. Eleven were located 100.1-300 km away (16%). The remaining 9 (13%) were located between 300.1-738 km away. Distances ranged from 0.1 km to 738 km. The greatest distances were among institutions in northern Canada. CONCLUSION This paper identified a large range of distances between institutions of incarceration and procedural abortion facilities in Canada. Although it remains a barrier, physical distance is only one measure of accessibility of abortion services. For incarcerated people, contextual factors including carceral policies and procedures present barriers to care, with significant impact on health equity. IMPLICATIONS Distance between carceral institutions and procedural abortion facilities reduces equitable access to reproductive health services for incarcerated populations. Pregnant people should be protected from imprisonment to ensure reproductive autonomy.
Collapse
|
31
|
Farhoudi B, Shahmohamadi E, SeyedAlinaghi S, Rostam Afshar Z, Mirzapour P, Nadji S, Golsoorat Pahlaviani F, Tashakorian M, Hackett D. Sexual and reproductive history of female prisoners in Iran: a health care needs analysis. Int J Prison Health 2023; 19:591-598. [PMID: 37143342 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-12-2022-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE According to estimates, there are approximately 714,000 female prisoners in the world. A considerable proportion are pregnant, of childbearing age at the time of incarceration and may experience numerous reproductive health concerns. The purpose of this study is to examine the demographics and sexual and reproductive history of female prisoners in Iran. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Four hundred and thirty-four female prisoners (mean age: 39.0 ± 9.9) serving sentences at Qarchak prison, Iran, completed a questionnaire. The participants were recruited between October 2017 and September 2018 using a convenient sampling method. The questionnaire captured sociodemographic characteristics and sexual and reproductive history. FINDINGS Most respondents had 7-12 years of formal education, were housewives (69.9%), were either married (41.6%) or divorced (41.8%) and were literate (91.3%). History of drug use among the respondents was 34.7%. Most respondents had regular menstruation (63.5%) and were pre-menopausal (86.1%). Natural birth control was preferred (39.7%) compared to other methods, such as condoms (18%) and oral contraceptive pills (8.4%). Spontaneous and induced abortions were reported by 17.8% and 16.4% of respondents, respectively. There was 5.9% of respondents that reported having a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) before incarceration, with HPV the most common (12.7%). RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS This study has limitations, including the problem of following up with prisoners to shorten the average length of their imprisonment, which can leave many issues in the field of women's health and their follow-up incomplete. Prison health care workers should also follow up on women's health and pregnancy hygiene after their release because there is usually a high prevalence of STIs in prisoners. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The findings highlight the importance of improving the quality of women's health care and pregnancy-related care in prisons. Additionally, the importance of having a health protocol for incarcerated women in Iran. Other programs should also be implemented for women prisoners to eliminate the discrimination they may face in prison. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The international community has attempted to develop care guidelines for pregnant prisoners, particularly for prenatal and mental health services. However, currently in Iran no such guidelines have been developed. To date no research has explored the sexual health among female prisoners of this country. The aim of the present study was to examine the demographics and sexual and reproductive history of female prisoners in Iran. A secondary aim was to identify the health care needs of female prisoners in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Farhoudi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Amiralmomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Shahmohamadi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rostam Afshar
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Mirzapour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - SeyedAlireza Nadji
- Virology Research Center, National Institutes of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Golsoorat Pahlaviani
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Tashakorian
- Health and Treatment Directorate of Prisons and Security and Corrective Measures Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniel Hackett
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Marshall AD, Schroeder SE, Lafferty L, Drysdale K, Baldry E, Stoové M, Dietze P, Higgs P, Treloar C. Perceived access to opioid agonist treatment in prison among people with a history of injection drug use: A qualitative study. J Subst Use Addict Treat 2023; 150:209066. [PMID: 37156422 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Opioid agonist treatment (OAT) is associated with a reduced likelihood of hepatitis C incidence, nonfatal overdose, and (re)incarceration among people who inject drugs (PWID), yet factors underpinning decisions to access OAT in prison and postrelease are not well understood. The aim of the qualitative study was to explore the perspectives of OAT access while in prison among PWID recently released from prison in Australia. METHODS Eligible participants enrolled in the SuperMix cohort (n = 1303) were invited to take part in a semi-structured interview in Victoria, Australia. Inclusion criteria were informed consent, aged ≥18 years, history of injection drug use, incarcerated for ≥3 months, and released from custody <12 months. The study team analysed data via a candidacy framework to account for macro-structural influences. RESULTS Among 48 participants (33 male; ten Aboriginal), most injected drugs in the prior month (n = 41), with heroin most frequently injected (n = 33) and nearly half (n = 23) were currently on OAT (primarily methadone). Most participants described the navigation and permeability of OAT services in prison as convoluted. If not on OAT pre-entry, prison policies often restricted access, leaving participants to withdraw in cells. In turn, some participants commenced OAT postrelease to ensure OAT continuity of care if reincarcerated. Other participants who experienced delayed access to OAT in prison stated no need to initiate while in prison or postrelease as they were now "clean". Last, implementation of OAT delivery in prison (e.g., lack of confidentiality) frequently led to changes in OAT type to avoid peer violence (pressure to divert OAT). CONCLUSION Findings draw attention to simplistic notions of OAT accessibility in prisons, illuminating how structural determinants influence choice in PWID decision-making. Suboptimal access and acceptability of OAT delivery in prisons will continue to place PWID at risk of harm postrelease (e.g., overdose).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison D Marshall
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Sophia E Schroeder
- Behaviours and Health Risks Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lise Lafferty
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kerryn Drysdale
- Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Mark Stoové
- Behaviours and Health Risks Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Dietze
- Behaviours and Health Risks Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Higgs
- Behaviours and Health Risks Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carla Treloar
- Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
da Silva Carvalho I, Mendes RCMG, de Souza Soares Lima LH, da Silva GP, de Freitas Gonçalves Lima M, Guedes TG, Linhares FMP. Effect of a board game on imprisoned women's knowledge about sexually transmitted infections: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:690. [PMID: 37055825 PMCID: PMC10099001 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Board games can be used as a playful educational practice in the teaching and learning process, as they constitute an educational technology that can be a source of health knowledge and an aid in decision-making. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of a board game on imprisoned women's knowledge about STIs. METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2022 with 64 imprisoned women who were students at a school located in a prison unit from the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. A 32-item instrument was used to assess knowledge about sexually transmitted infections before, immediately after the intervention and at 15 days. The intervention consisted in applying the Previna board game in a classroom. All the analyses were performed in the Stata software, version 16.0, with a 5% significance level. RESULTS The knowledge mean in the pre-test was 23.62 (± 3.23) points, whereas it rose to 27.93 (± 2,28) in the immediate post-test, dropping to 27.34 (± 2.37) (p < 0.001) in post-test 2, which was performed 15 days after the intervention. There was a statistically significant difference in the means obtained between the pre-test and the immediate post-test (p < 0.001), with a difference of 4.241 points, as well as between the pre-test and post-test 2 (p < 0.001), a difference of 3.846 spots. CONCLUSIONS The Previna board game significantly increased its players' knowledge about STIs, and such increase in knowledge remained significant during the follow-up period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tatiane Gomes Guedes
- Graduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Watson TM, Benassi PV, Agic B, Maharaj A, Sockalingam S. Community-Based Mental Health and Substance Use Services for People Leaving Prison: Equity and Inclusion Strengths and Limitations in Specialized Service Inventory Development. Community Ment Health J 2023; 59:421-427. [PMID: 36380033 PMCID: PMC9667000 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-022-01050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Community reentry from prison is a challenging process, especially for persons with lived and living experience of mental health concerns. Access to appropriate community-based care for those leaving prison is a key part of improving health equity for this population. Our work to develop a cross-Canada inventory of active community mental health and substance use services for criminal justice-involved persons represents a valuable example for others hoping to conduct projects that are similar in nature and scope. We describe the strengths and limitations of our health equity-informed, multi-pronged approach to service inventory development, highlighting the importance of considering and addressing search- and stakeholder-related biases. Investment of time and resources is critical to ensuring comprehensive and inclusive identification of community-based mental health services and meaningful resource development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Marie Watson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 1000 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H4, Canada.
- Provincial System Support Program, CAMH, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.
| | - Paul Victor Benassi
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 1000 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Branka Agic
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 1000 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H4, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Asha Maharaj
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 1000 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Sanjeev Sockalingam
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 1000 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
McCormick DW, Hagan LM, Salvatore PP, Magleby R, Lee C, Sleweon S, Nicolae L, Dixon T, Banta R, Ogle I, Young C, Dusseau C, Ogden C, Browne H, Michael Metz J, Chen MH, Solano MI, Rogers S, Burgin A, Sheth M, Bankamp B, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Tate JE, Kirking HL; COVID-19 Surge Diagnostics Laboratory Teams. SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding in vaccinated and unvaccinated persons: A case series. Vaccine 2023; 41:1769-73. [PMID: 36435706 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The preclinical time course of SARS-CoV-2 shedding is not well-described. Understanding this time course will help to inform risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. During an outbreak in a congregate setting, we collected paired mid-turbinate nasal swabs for antigen testing and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) every other day from all consenting infected and exposed persons. Among 12 persons tested prospectively before and during SARS-CoV-2 infection, ten of 12 participants (83%) had completed a primary COVID-19 vaccination series prior to the outbreak. We recovered SARS-CoV-2 in viral culture from 9/12 (75%) of participants. All three persons from whom we did not recover SARS-CoV-2 in viral culture had completed their primary vaccination series. We recovered SARS-CoV-2 from viral culture in 6/9 vaccinated persons and before symptom onset in 3/6 symptomatic persons. These findings underscore the need for both non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccination to mitigate transmission.
Collapse
|
36
|
Smith LR, Ingel S, Rudes DS. "Like an animal": the well-being of women living in restricted housing units. Health Justice 2023; 11:15. [PMID: 36884088 PMCID: PMC9993580 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
|
37
|
McLeod LJ, McLeod KE, Liauw J, Ramirez AC, Coll-Black M, Kouyoumdjian FG. Antenatal obstetrician care among people who experience incarceration in Ontario: A retrospective cohort study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2023; 45:327-328. [PMID: 36871893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jane McLeod
- University of Toronto, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Toronto, ON.
| | | | - Jessica Liauw
- University of British Columbia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vancouver, BC
| | | | - Mary Coll-Black
- McMaster University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hamilton, ON
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Uggen C, Schnittker J, Shannon S, Massoglia M. The contingent effect of incarceration on state health outcomes. SSM Popul Health 2023; 21:101322. [PMID: 36632050 PMCID: PMC9827052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examines how growth in the population of former prisoners affects rates of communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, syphilis, chlamydia, and HIV. Methods We estimate state-level fixed effects count models showing how the former prisoner population affected communicable disease in U.S. states from 1987 to 2010, a period of dramatic growth in incarceration. Results We find contingent effects, based on how specific diseases are recognized, tested, and treated in prisons. The rate of former prisoners increases diseases that are poorly addressed in the prison health care system (e.g., chlamydia), but decreases diseases that are routinely tested and treated (e.g., tuberculosis). For HIV, the relationship has shifted in response to specific treatment mandates and protocols. Data on prison healthcare spending tracks these contingencies. Discussion Improving the health of prisoners can improve the health of the communities to which they return. We consider these results in light of the relative quality of detection and treatment available to underserved populations within and outside prisons.
Collapse
|
39
|
Ramakrishnan A, Gonzales G. Sexual Orientation, Mental Illness, and Substance Use Disorders Among Criminal Legal System-Involved Individuals. Psychiatr Serv 2023; 74:257-264. [PMID: 36039551 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of mental illness, substance use disorders, and access to treatment among individuals from sexual minority groups who have been involved with the criminal legal system. METHODS This study used data from 195,239 heterosexual adults and 14,995 sexual minority adults ages ≥18 years surveyed in the 2015-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. The authors compared mental illness, substance use disorders, and access to treatment between sexual minority and heterosexual adults by using multivariable logistic regression models and controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS Approximately 9% of legal system-involved adults identified as belonging to a sexual minority group. Among legally involved individuals, sexual minority individuals were more likely than heterosexual individuals to have a serious mental illness, suicidal ideation, or depressive thoughts and to use inhalants, hallucinogens, alcohol, marijuana, or cocaine. Legally involved sexual minority individuals were also more likely than their heterosexual counterparts to receive treatment for mental illness or substance use disorders. The increased probability of receiving treatment for mental illness and substance use among sexual minority individuals was also observed when comparing sexual minority and heterosexual adults not involved with the criminal legal system. CONCLUSIONS This study adds new population-based research to a limited body of evidence on the health disparities and mental health needs of legally involved sexual minority populations. More research and programmatic and policy interventions are needed to better support legally involved sexual minority groups in order to achieve mental health equity for this vulnerable population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Ramakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Health, and Society (Ramakrishnan, Gonzales) and Department of Health Policy (Gonzales), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gilbert Gonzales
- Department of Medicine, Health, and Society (Ramakrishnan, Gonzales) and Department of Health Policy (Gonzales), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Busatto C, Possuelo LG, Bierhals D, de Oliveira CL, de Souza MQ, Fanfa D, Barreto É, Schwarzbold P, Von Groll A, Portugal I, Perdigão J, Croda J, Andrews JR, da Silva PA, Ramis IB. Spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Southern Brazilian persons deprived of liberty: a molecular epidemiology study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:297-304. [PMID: 36701032 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the genetic diversity and clustering rates of M. tuberculosis strains to better understand transmission among persons deprived of liberty (PDL) in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study, including strains of M. tuberculosis isolated from PDL, stored at the Central Laboratory of RS, in the period from 2013 to 2018. The molecular characterization was performed using the MIRU-VNTR 15 loci method. A total of 598 M. tuberculosis strains were genotyped, and 37.5% were grouped into 53 clusters. Cluster sizes ranged from 2 to 34 strains. The largest cluster of the study had strains from 34 PDL, and 58.8% of the PDL of this cluster were in P01. Among the clusters formed, in 60.3%, there was at least one strain from P01. The most common strains in RS were LAM (53.2%) and Haarlem (31.1%). The LAM strain was the most likely to form clusters, and Haarlem was associated with anti-TB drug resistance. This was translational research, and the results can collaborate with the TB control programs, leading to improved strategies that allow the reduction of the TB burden in prisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Busatto
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Em Microbiologia Medica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lia Gonçalves Possuelo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz Do Sul, Santa Cruz Do Sul, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Dienefer Bierhals
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Em Microbiologia Medica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carolina Larrosa de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Em Microbiologia Medica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana Quaresma de Souza
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Em Microbiologia Medica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Dandara Fanfa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz Do Sul, Santa Cruz Do Sul, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Érika Barreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz Do Sul, Santa Cruz Do Sul, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pauline Schwarzbold
- 8ª Delegacia Penitenciária Regional, Superintendência Dos Serviços Penitenciários, Santa Cruz Do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Andrea Von Groll
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Em Microbiologia Medica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Isabel Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Perdigão
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Julio Croda
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, US
| | - Pedro Almeida da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Em Microbiologia Medica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil.
- Rua General Osório S/N, Centro, Rio Grande Do Sul, Rio Grande, 96200190, Brazil.
| | - Ivy Bastos Ramis
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Em Microbiologia Medica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Matucci T, Riccardi N, Occhineri S, Pontarelli A, Tiseo G, Falcone M, Puci M, Saderi L, Sotgiu G. Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in incarcerated people: a systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023:S1198-743X(23)00086-1. [PMID: 36868354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The estimated number of people deprived of liberty is increasing, with 11.55 million incarcerated globally in 2021. Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains is facilitated in over-crowded, poorly ventilated settings such as jails and penitentiaries. Moreover, inmates may show individual risk factors for the development of tuberculosis (TB) disease. Treatment regimens for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) may require up to 9 months of drug exposure and are characterized by adverse events (AEs) and low completion rates. OBJECTIVES to describe current scientific evidence on feasibility, acceptability and completion rate of LTBI treatment in prison/correctional institutes. DATA SOURCES Articles were retrieved from MEDLINE/PubMed, no time restriction was applied. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Human retrospective and prospective studies published on LTBI treatment in incarcerated populations were included. ASSESSMENT OF RISK OF BIAS Bias assessment plots and Egger weighted regression test were used to determine the risk of bias. METHODS OF DATA SYNTHESIS Absolute and relative frequencies were assessed for qualitative data. Pooled proportion of included study groups and 95% confidence interval estimates, weighted for sample sizes, were illustrated in forest plots. I2 indicator association were used for true variability and overall variation. Fixed and random-effects models were chosen depending on the estimated between-study heterogeneity. RESULTS Of11 selected studies only 1 was conducted in a high TB incidence country. Overall, completion rates ranged from 26% to 100% across the included studies. Reason for discontinuation of treatment were transfer to other facilities, release, or loss to follow-up (LTFU) (range 0-74%), incidence of AEs (range 0-18%), and refusal or withdrawal from treatment (range 0-16%). CONCLUSIONS Implementation of short-course regimens in prisons should be considered given the low incidence of AEs observed; however, inmates consistently refused to complete LTBI treatment, thus underlining the need for improvement in retention in care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Matucci
- StopTB Italia, Milan, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccolò Riccardi
- StopTB Italia, Milan, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Sara Occhineri
- StopTB Italia, Milan, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Agostina Pontarelli
- StopTB Italia, Milan, Italy; Unit of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Cotugno Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusy Tiseo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Falcone
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariangela Puci
- University of Sassari, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Italy
| | - Laura Saderi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- StopTB Italia, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Whaley S, Bandara S, Taylor K, Krawczyk N. Expanding buprenorphine in U.S. jails: One county's response to addressing the fears of diversion. J Subst Use Addict Treat 2023; 146:208944. [PMID: 36880899 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2022.208944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The overdose crisis continues to be a major public health emergency in the United States. While effective medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), such as buprenorphine, have ample scientific evidence to their effectiveness, they are underutilized in the United States and particularly in criminal justice settings. One rationale against the expansion of MOUD in carceral settings cited by jail, prison, and even Drug Enforcement Administration leaders is the potential for diversion of these medications. However, currently little data exist to support this claim. Instead, successful examples from early expansion states could help to change attitudes and calm misconceptions around diversion fears. RESULTS In this commentary, we discuss the experience of one county jail that successfully expanded buprenorphine treatment and did not suffer significant impacts related to diversion. Instead, the jail found that their holistic and compassionate approach to buprenorphine treatment improved conditions both for incarcerated individuals and jail staff. CONCLUSION Amid a changing policy landscape and a federal commitment to increase access to effective treatments in criminal justice settings, lessons can be learned from jails and prisons that have already or are working toward expansion of MOUD in their facilities. Ideally, these anecdotal examples, in addition to data, will help to encourage more facilities to incorporate buprenorphine into their opioid use disorder treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Whaley
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sachini Bandara
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Taylor
- Camden County Department of Corrections, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Noa Krawczyk
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bono MH, Treitler P, Saloner B, Crystal S. Returning home during the pandemic: a thematic analysis describing experiences of people with substance use disorders released early from New Jersey prisons during COVID-19. Health Justice 2023; 11:11. [PMID: 36847934 PMCID: PMC9969013 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The COVID-19 pandemic created intersecting health risks for incarcerated people with a history of substance use disorder (SUD). To reduce exposure to COVID-19 in prison, several US states enacted decarceration legislation. New Jersey enacted the Public Health Emergency Credit Act (PHECA), granting early release to thousands of incarcerated persons meeting eligibility criteria. This study undertook to explore how large scale decarceration during the pandemic impacted the reentry process for released individuals with SUDs. METHODS Twenty seven participants involved in PHECA releases - 21 persons released from NJ carceral facilities with past/present SUDs (14 with opioid use disorder, 7 with other SUDs) and 6 reentry service providers acting as key informants - completed phone interviews on PHECA experiences from February-June 2021. Cross-case thematic analysis of transcripts identified common themes and divergent perspectives. RESULTS Respondents described challenges consistent with long-documented reentry difficulties including housing and food insecurity, difficulty accessing community services, insufficient employment opportunities, and limited access to transportation. Challenges that were pertinent to mass release during a pandemic included limited access to communication technology and community providers and community providers exceeding enrollment capacity. Despite reentry difficulties, respondents identified many areas where prisons and reentry service providers adapted to meet novel challenges presented by mass decarceration during the COVID-19 pandemic. Facilitators made available by prison and reentry provider staff included providing released persons with cell phones, transportation assistance at transit hubs, prescription support for medications for opioid use disorder, and pre-release assistance with ID and benefits through NJ's Joint Comprehensive Assessment Plan. CONCLUSIONS Formerly incarcerated people with SUDs experienced reentry challenges during PHECA releases similar to those that occur during ordinary circumstances. Despite barriers faced during typical releases and novel challenges unique to mass release during a pandemic, providers made adaptations to support released persons' successful reentry. Recommendations are made based on areas of need identified in interviews, including reentry service provision facilitating housing and food security, employment, medical services, technology fluency, and transportation. In anticipation of future large scale releases, providers will benefit from planning ahead and adapting to address temporary increases in resource demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline H Bono
- Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Center for Health Services Research, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Peter Treitler
- Center for Health Services Research, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Brendan Saloner
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Crystal
- Center for Health Services Research, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hernando V, Vázquez I, Díaz A, Gómez-Pintado P, Martínez-Aznar C, Acín E. COVID-19 pandemic in prisons in Spain: characteristics of cases and implemented control measures, March 2020-June 2022. Public Health 2023; 218:45-52. [PMID: 36965463 PMCID: PMC9943727 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases in prison inmates in Spain and the control measures implemented to response to this public health challenge. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective observational study. METHODS All COVID-19-confirmed cases reported to the Spanish information system in prisons between March 2020 and June 2022 were analyzed. Prevention plans and protocols established by penitentiary and health authorities were reviewed. Likewise, information on vaccines administered to prison inmates was described. RESULTS A total of 8500 COVID-19 cases were reported to penitentiary public health surveillance. The overall cumulative incidence (CI) was 2054.18 cases per 10,000 inmate population. By epidemic periods, the average weekly CI was 1.15 per 10,000 inmate population during the first period, 6.91 during the second, 25.18 during the third, 3.53 during the fourth, 23.27 during the fifth, 34.72 during the sixth and 25.68 during the seventh period. The median age of cases was 49.2 years, 69.1% was born in Spain, 64.1% was asymptomatic and 16 cases died. Ninety-four percent were vaccinated. Control measures such as lockdown, suspending visitation rights and confining inmates in their cells were adopted at the beginning of the pandemic. These measures changed in accordance with the COVID-19 situation in the general population with a view to restoring the inmates' rights. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic has had a moderate incidence in Spanish prisons. Hospitalization and CFR were lower than the general population. The control measures adopted against COVID-19 have contributed to preventing and controlling the number of cases in prisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Hernando
- National Center for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Thematic Area of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Vázquez
- General Subdirectorate of Penitentiary Health, General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asuncion Díaz
- National Center for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Thematic Area of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Gómez-Pintado
- General Subdirectorate of Penitentiary Health, General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez-Aznar
- General Subdirectorate of Penitentiary Health, General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Acín
- General Subdirectorate of Penitentiary Health, General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Loh DA, Plugge E, Van Hout MC. Continuity of opioid substitution treatment between prison and community in Southeast Asia: A scoping review. Int J Drug Policy 2023; 112:103957. [PMID: 36693296 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Criminalisation of drug use and compulsory detention has largely characterised the Southeast Asia region's response to people who use drugs. Whilst access to and provision of healthcare for people living in prison are mandated by international human rights standards, many opioid dependent people living in prison continue to lack access to opioid substitution treatment (OST) during incarceration, and face uncertainties of continuity of care beyond the prison gate. METHODS A scoping review using Arksey and O'Malley's framework mapped what is currently known about the continuity of OST post-release in Southeast Asia, with a focus on the three countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam) that provide OST in at least one prison. A multi-lingual systematic search (English, Malay, Indonesian, Vietnamese) on Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library collected and reviewed extant relevant published empirical and grey literature including government reports between 2011 and 2021. Of the 365 records found, 18 were eligible for inclusion following removal of duplicates and application of exclusion criteria. These records were charted and thematically analysed. RESULTS Three main themes were generated: Facilitators of post release continuity of care, Barriers to post release continuity of care and Therapeutic considerations supporting post release continuity of care. When individual and structural gaps exist, disruptions to continuity of OST care post release are observed. Adequate methadone dosage of >80mg/day appears significantly associated with retention in post-release OST. CONCLUSIONS The review highlights the facilitators, barriers and therapeutic considerations of continuity of care of OST between prison and community for people living in prisons from Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Improving community services with family support are key to supporting continued OST adherence post release along with reducing societal stigma towards people who use drugs and those entering or leaving prison. Further efforts are warranted to ensure parity, quality and continuity of OST care post release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Ann Loh
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Plugge
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Claire Van Hout
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Placeres AF, de Almeida Soares D, Delpino FM, Moura HSD, Scholze AR, dos Santos MS, Arcêncio RA, Fronteira I. Epidemiology of TB in prisoners: a metanalysis of the prevalence of active and latent TB. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:20. [PMID: 36631770 PMCID: PMC9835258 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) in prisons usually occurs at higher rates than in the general population, especially in developing countries. TB has been reported as the most common cause of death among prisoners. Studies have shown limitations for early detection of TB in prisons that seem to result from mistaken concepts about TB, delayed diagnosis mainly due to the naturalization of lack of healthcare for this population METHODS: A scoping review was performed using the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute to assess "What are the scientific evidences on the epidemiology of TB in the prison system?". Then, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the prevalence of TB (active and latent) TB in prisoners. The results are presented as prevalence, in percentage, through random effects models, with a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS Regarding active TB, the results of the metanalysis showed that countries with a high burden of TB had a prevalence of 3.54% [2.71; 4.63], countries not considered to be high burden TB countries had a prevalence of 1.43% [0.86; 2.37]. Latent TB had a prevalence of 51.61% [39.46; 63.58] in high TB burden countries and a prevalence of 40.24% [23.51; 59.61] in countries with low TB burden. In terms of development, in low- and lower-middle-income countries, the prevalence of active TB was 3.13% [1.84; 5.29] and in high- and upper-middle income countries the prevalence was 2.25% [1.70; 2.99]. The prevalence of latent TB in high- and middle-income countries was 43.77% [28.61; 60.18] and of 49.42% [45.91; 52.94] in low and lower middle-income countries. CONCLUSION Our analysis suggests that TB, and probably other infectious diseases, find fertile ground in prisons where previous acquire social disadvantages seem to thrive-therefore, TB in prisons is a global public health problem and effective strategies are needed to control the disease are needed targeting the prison environment, including rapid health assessments to understand each context and to implement tailored and precision interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Ferreira Placeres
- grid.10772.330000000121511713Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Débora de Almeida Soares
- grid.10772.330000000121511713Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Felipe Mendes Delpino
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós Graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Heriederson Sávio Dias Moura
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto (EERP/USP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Rolim Scholze
- grid.441795.aUniversidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Campus Luiz Meneguel de Bandeirantes, Bandeirantes, Brazil
| | - Márcio Souza dos Santos
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto (EERP/USP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alexandre Arcêncio
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto (EERP/USP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Inês Fronteira
- grid.10772.330000000121511713Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Soares TR, Oliveira RDD, Liu YE, Santos ADS, Santos PCPD, Monte LRS, Oliveira LMD, Park CM, Hwang EJ, Andrews JR, Croda J. Evaluation of chest X-ray with automated interpretation algorithms for mass tuberculosis screening in prisons: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Reg Health Am 2023; 17:100388. [PMID: 36776567 PMCID: PMC9904090 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends systematic tuberculosis (TB) screening in prisons. Evidence is lacking for accurate and scalable screening approaches in this setting. We aimed to assess the accuracy of artificial intelligence-based chest x-ray interpretation algorithms for TB screening in prisons. Methods We performed prospective TB screening in three male prisons in Brazil from October 2017 to December 2019. We administered a standardized questionnaire, performed a chest x-ray in a mobile unit, and collected sputum for confirmatory testing using Xpert MTB/RIF and culture. We evaluated x-ray images using three algorithms (CAD4TB version 6, Lunit version 3.1.0.0 and qXR version 3) and compared their accuracy. We utilized multivariable logistic regression to assess the effect of demographic and clinical characteristics on algorithm accuracy. Finally, we investigated the relationship between abnormality scores and Xpert semi-quantitative results. Findings Among 2075 incarcerated individuals, 259 (12.5%) had confirmed TB. All three algorithms performed similarly overall with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.88-0.91. At 90% sensitivity, only LunitTB and qXR met the WHO Target Product Profile requirements for a triage test, with specificity of 84% and 74%, respectively. All algorithms had variable performance by age, prior TB, smoking, and presence of TB symptoms. LunitTB was the most robust to this heterogeneity but nonetheless failed to meet the TPP for individuals with previous TB. Abnormality scores of all three algorithms were significantly correlated with sputum bacillary load. Interpretation Automated x-ray interpretation algorithms can be an effective triage tool for TB screening in prisons. However, their specificity is insufficient in individuals with previous TB. Funding This study was supported by the US National Institutes of Health (grant numbers R01 AI130058 and R01 AI149620) and the State Secretary of Health of Mato Grosso do Sul.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiego Ramon Soares
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Roberto Dias de Oliveira
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
- Nursing School, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Yiran E. Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrea da Silva Santos
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Chang Min Park
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui Jin Hwang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jason R. Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Julio Croda
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Munkholm MC. Prisoners' experiences and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic response - an ethnographic study conducted mid-pandemic. Int J Prison Health 2022; 19:452-463. [PMID: 36512415 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-03-2022-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper aims to report findings about how prisoners experience and cope with COVID-19 restrictions, which can contribute to an understanding of how pandemic responses, and specifically the COVID-19 response, affect prisoners. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Data was collected through ethnographic fieldwork involving days of observations (N = 24) and the conduction of semi-structured interviews with prisoners (N = 30) in closed prisons and detentions in Denmark between May and December 2021. The transcribed interviews and field notes were processed and coded by using the software programme NVivo. FINDINGS The data analysis reveals that the pains of imprisonment have been exacerbated to people incarcerated during the COVID-19 pandemic. To relieve pains of imprisonment, prisoners turn to censoriousness as an informal coping strategy, where they complain about inconsistency and injustice in the prison's COVID-19 prevention strategy to reveal the prison system itself as a rule-breaking institution. The prisoners criticise the prison management for using COVID-19 as an excuse, treating prisoners unjustly or not upholding the COVID-19 rules and human rights. Furthermore, principles of justice and equality are also alleged by some prisoners who contemplate the difficulty in treating all prisoners the same. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS More research will be needed to create a full picture of how prisoners cope with pandemic responses. Further research could include interviews with people working inside prisons. ORIGINALITY/VALUE In a Scandinavian context, to the best of the author's knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to apply an ethnographic approach in exploring prison life during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
|
49
|
Blackmore C, Czachorowski M, Farrington E, O'Moore É, Plugge E. Testing for COVID-19 during an outbreak within a large UK prison: an evaluation of mass testing to inform outbreak control. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 125:138-44. [PMID: 36265822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper was to describe the results of mass asymptomatic testing for COVID-19 in a male prison in England following the declaration of an outbreak. It provides novel data on the implementation of a mass testing regime within a prison during the pandemic. METHODS The paper is an observational evaluation of the mass testing conducted for 6 months following the declaration of a COVID-19 outbreak within a prison. It investigated the incidence of positive cases in both staff and residents using polymerase chain reaction testing. RESULTS Data from October 2020 until March 2021 was included. A total of 2170 tests were performed by 851 residents and 182 staff members; uptake was 48.3% for people living in prison and 30.4% for staff. Overall test positivity was 11.6% (14.3% for residents, 3.0% for staff), with around one-quarter of these reporting symptoms. The prison wing handling new admissions reported the second-lowest positivity rate (9.4%) of the eight wings. CONCLUSION Mass testing for COVID-19 over a short space of time can lead to rapid identification of additional cases, particularly asymptomatic cases. Testing that relies on residents and staff reporting symptoms will underestimate the true extent of transmission and will likely lead to a prolonged outbreak.
Collapse
|
50
|
Pelissari DM, Saita NM, Monroe AA, Diaz-Quijano FA. Environmental factors associated with the time to tuberculosis diagnosis in prisoners in São Paulo, Brazil. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:1246-1252. [PMID: 35644298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental conditions play an important role in the high incidence of tuberculosis in prisons. We estimated the effect of environmental factors, including measurements based on cell dimensions, on the time to tuberculosis diagnosis in prison population of Brazil. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort of 2,257 prisoners diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2014 and 2015. We collected environmental data from 105 prisons and linked with routine tuberculosis surveillance and prison data. We estimated tuberculosis-free survival time with Cox risk models, guided by a validated directed acyclic graph. RESULTS The median disease-free time was 1.71 years (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.64-1.78). Each 50% increase in occupancy-rate, increased the tuberculosis speed incidence by 16% (95% CI 8%-25%) in the first 2 years, and 9% (95% CI 3%-16%) up to 5 years. An increase in the cell area per person (ln[m2/person]) reduced the hazard of tuberculosis by 13% (95% CI 3%-23%) for up to 2, and 12% (95% CI 3%-21%) for up to 5 years. DISCUSSION Most tuberculosis cases were diagnosed within 2 years of incarceration. Prison overcrowding and physical space per person in the cell were associated with the tuberculosis-free disease time. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to reduce overcrowding or increase physical space are crucial to prevent tuberculosis in prisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M Pelissari
- Department of Epidemiology, Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nanci M Saita
- Department of Public Health, Postgraduate Program Public Health Nursing, Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline A Monroe
- Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fredi A Diaz-Quijano
- Department of Epidemiology - Laboratory of Causal Inference in Epidemiology (LINCE-USP), School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Causal Inference in Epidemiology, University of São Paulo (LINCE-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|