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Shirazian TS, Zahedian Tejeneki H, Nikbakht A, Rominger F, Balalaie S. Sequential Base‐Promoted Formal [4+2] Allenoate Based Cycloaddition: An Efficient Strategy for the Synthesis of Functionalized Acridines. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toktam S. Shirazian
- KN Toosi University of Technology Department of Chemistry Tehran IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | | | - Ali Nikbakht
- KN Toosi University of Technology Department of Chemistry Tehran IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Frank Rominger
- Heidelberg University Organisch-Chemisches Institut Heidelberg GERMANY
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- K N Toosi University of Technology Faculty of General Science Chemistry Department PO Box 15875-4416 15875-4416 Tehran IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
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2
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Sughanya V, Loganathan B, Praveenkumar D, Ayyappan J, Sundararajan ML, Prabhakaran A, Dhandapani A, Suresh Babu N. Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface and frontier mol-ecular orbital analysis of 10-benzyl-9-(4-hydroxy-3-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-3,3,6,6-tetra-methyl-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexa-hydro-acridine-1,8(2 H,5 H)-dione. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2022; 78:789-793. [PMID: 35974835 PMCID: PMC9361374 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022006557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In the fused ring system of the title mol-ecule, C31H35NO4, the conformation of the central di-hydro-pyridine ring is inter-mediate between boat and envelope with the N and the opposite C atoms lying out of the basal plane. The conformations of terminal rings are close to envelope, with the atoms substituted by two methyl groups as the flaps. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into helical chains. The Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H⋯H (63.2%), O⋯H/H⋯O (20.1%) and C⋯H/H⋯C (14.4%) contacts. Quantum chemical calculations of the frontier mol-ecular orbitals were carried out to characterize the chemical reactivity of the title compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Sughanya
- Department of Chemistry, Periyar Government Arts College, Cuddalore-607 001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B. Loganathan
- Department of Chemistry (Science and Humanities), Dr. N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore-641 048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D. Praveenkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Swami Vivekananda Arts and Science College, Orathur-605 601, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J. Ayyappan
- Department of Physics, Government College of Engineering-Sengipatti, Thanjavur-613 402, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. L. Sundararajan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A. Prabhakaran
- Department of Chemistry, CK College of Engineering and Technology, Chellangkuppam, Cuddalore-607003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A. Dhandapani
- Department of Chemistry, CK College of Engineering and Technology, Chellangkuppam, Cuddalore-607003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N. Suresh Babu
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering-Sengipatti, Thanjavur-613 402, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sharma V, Sharma S, Paul S, Gupta VK. Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of 3,3,6,6-Tetramethyl-9-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,8-Dioxodecahydroacridine Dimethyl Sulfoxide. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774521070154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Nehme R, Hallal R, El Dor M, Kobeissy F, Gouilleux F, Mazurier F, Zibara K. Repurposing of Acriflavine to Target Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2218-2233. [PMID: 32900342 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200908114411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing has lately received increasing interest in several diseases especially in cancers, due to its advantages in facilitating the development of new therapeutic strategies, by adopting a cost-friendly approach and avoiding the strict Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. Acriflavine (ACF) is an FDA approved molecule that has been extensively studied since 1912 with antiseptic, trypanocidal, anti-viral, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer effects. ACF has been shown to block the growth of solid and hematopoietic tumor cells. Indeed, ACF acts as an inhibitor of various proteins, including DNA-dependent protein kinases C (DNA-PKcs), topoisomerase I and II, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), in addition to its recent discovery as an inhibitor of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT). Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder characterized by the expression of the constitutively active tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL. This protein allows the activation of several signaling pathways known for their role in cell proliferation and survival, such as the JAK/STAT pathway. CML therapy, based on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as imatinib (IM), is highly effective. However, 15% of patients are refractory to IM, where in some cases, 20-30% of patients become resistant. Thus, we suggest the repurposing of ACF in CML after IM failure or in combination with IM to improve the anti-tumor effects of IM. In this review, we present the different pharmacological properties of ACF along with its anti-leukemic effects in the hope of its repurposing in CML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Nehme
- Universite de Tours, EA7501 GICC, Tours, France
| | | | - Maya El Dor
- Universite de Tours, EA7501 GICC, Tours, France
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Suresh Babu N, Sughanya V, Dhandapani A, Kalaivanan R. Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface and frontier mol-ecular orbital analysis of 10-benzyl-9-(3-eth-oxy-4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)-3,3,6,6-tetra-methyl-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexa-hydro-acridine-1,8(2 H,5 H)-dione. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:585-588. [PMID: 32280509 PMCID: PMC7133029 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020004065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the fused ring system of the title compound, C32H37NO4, the central di-hydro-pyridine ring adopts a flattened boat conformation, the mean and maximum deviations of the di-hydro-pyridine ring being 0.1429 (2) and 0.2621 (2) Å, respectively. The two cyclo-hexenone rings adopt envelope conformations with the tetra-substituted C atoms as flap atoms. The benzene and phenyl rings form dihedral angles of 85.81 (2) and 88.90 (2)°, respectively, with the mean plane of the di-hydro-pyridine ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via an O-H⋯O hydrogen bond, forming a helical chain along the b-axis direction. A Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H⋯H (65.2%), O⋯H/H⋯O (18.8%) and C⋯H/H⋯C (13.9%) contacts. Quantum chemical calculations for the frontier mol-ecular orbitals were undertake to determine the chemical reactivity of the title compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Suresh Babu
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering-Sengipatti, Thanjavur-613 402, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V. Sughanya
- Department of Chemistry, Periyar Government Arts College, Silver Beach Road, Devanampattinam, Cuddalore-607 001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A. Dhandapani
- Department of Chemistry, CK College of Engineering & Technology, Sellankuppam, Cuddalore-607 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Kalaivanan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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6
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Mutagen-induced phytotoxicity in maize seed germination is dependent on ROS scavenging capacity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14078. [PMID: 30232360 PMCID: PMC6145914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethidium bromide (EB) and acridine orange (AO) bind to nucleic acids and are thus considered as potential mutagens. In this study, the effects of EB and AO on the germination behaviours of white, yellow, red, and purple maize seeds were investigated. The results indicate that low concentrations of EB (50 μg mL−1) and AO (500 μg mL−1) promote germination, particularly for the white and yellow seeds. However, high concentrations of EB (0.5 mg mL−1) and AO (5 mg mL−1) significantly inhibit germination, with the level of inhibition decreasing in the following order: white > yellow > red > purple. In addition, EB and AO induce H2O2 production in a concentration-dependent manner. The effects of these mutagens on seed germination were partly reversed by dimethyl thiourea, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, while the effects were enhanced by treatment with H2O2 and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, a specific inhibitor of catalase. In addition, AO and EB profoundly increased NADPH oxidase activities in germinating seeds. The treatment of seeds with EB and AO did not affect the growth or drought tolerance of the resultant seedlings. The findings suggest that the mechanism of mutagen toxicity is related to the induction of ROS production.
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Rupar J, Dobričić V, Aleksić M, Brborić J, Čudina O. A review of published data on acridine derivatives with different biological activities. KRAGUJEVAC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/kgjsci1840083r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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8
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Zhang Y, Li C, Fan Y, Wang C, Yang R, Liu X, Zhou L. A self-quenching-resistant carbon nanodot powder with multicolored solid-state fluorescence for ultra-fast staining of various representative bacterial species within one minute. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19744-19753. [PMID: 27874136 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06553h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we prepared self-quenching-resistant solid-state fluorescent carbon nanodots (SFCDs) without any other solid matrices. The SFCDs were prepared using a one-step microwave synthesis method through precise control of the heating power and time. The resulting SFCD powder showed excitation-dependent emission behavior with a maximum fluorescence quantum yield of 40%. The multicolored SFCDs were successfully used as fluorescent agents for rapid staining of 14 representative bacterial species, including Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and acid-fast bacteria. Moreover, some pathogenic bacteria, including Bacillus anthracis (vegetative cells and endospores), Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholera O1, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, could all be stained within just 1 min by the smear staining method without any incubation, which was also applicable by using the liquid incubation method. Moreover, excellent staining quality, superior resistance to photobleaching, high stability in solutions of different pH values, and low toxicity were also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China. and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China and Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Chengbin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Xingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Lei Zhou
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.
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Pépin G, Nejad C, Thomas BJ, Ferrand J, McArthur K, Bardin PG, Williams BRG, Gantier MP. Activation of cGAS-dependent antiviral responses by DNA intercalating agents. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 45:198-205. [PMID: 27694309 PMCID: PMC5224509 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acridine dyes, including proflavine and acriflavine, were commonly used as antiseptics before the advent of penicillins in the mid-1940s. While their mode of action on pathogens was originally attributed to their DNA intercalating activity, work in the early 1970s suggested involvement of the host immune responses, characterized by induction of interferon (IFN)-like activities through an unknown mechanism. We demonstrate here that sub-toxic concentrations of a mixture of acriflavine and proflavine instigate a cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS)-dependent type-I IFN antiviral response. This pertains to the capacity of these compounds to induce low level DNA damage and cytoplasmic DNA leakage, resulting in cGAS-dependent cGAMP-like activity. Critically, acriflavine:proflavine pre-treatment of human primary bronchial epithelial cells significantly reduced rhinovirus infection. Collectively, our findings constitute the first evidence that non-toxic DNA binding agents have the capacity to act as indirect agonists of cGAS, to exert potent antiviral effects in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Pépin
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Charlotte Nejad
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Belinda J Thomas
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Monash Lung and Sleep, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jonathan Ferrand
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Kate McArthur
- ACRF Chemical Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Philip G Bardin
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Monash Lung and Sleep, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Bryan R G Williams
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Michael P Gantier
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia .,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Bernheim NJ, Falk H. Chemical, Physical, and Genetic Factors Interfering with DNA Repair-a Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/10915818309140690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Because of its function as transmitter of genetic information, DNA is the most important macromolecule in need of protection from attack by chemical and physical agents, but mechanisms have evolved for repairing such damage to DNA. The presence of the adaptive response and other cellular repair systems (excision, post-replication, SOS, etc.) diminishes the toxicologic effects of low doses of toxic or muta-genic substances. Whether or not these genotoxic effects can be reduced to undetectable levels is not certain. Nonetheless, this repair-mediated diminution of damage due to chemicals constitutes one of the arguments in favor of existence of “safe” threshold levels of chemical exposure (Schendel, 1981). In turn, the repair process itself may be affected by chemical and physical agents. To determine the mode of action of a specific compound on the process of DNA repair becomes complex when all factors are taken into consideration. There are agents which interfere with DNA repair but they are also as active or more active in suppressing replicative DNA synthesis, as well as RNA and protein synthesis. The interference with repair may arise from other major processes such as alteration of energy metabolism and effects on precursor pathways and/or enzymatic cofactors. Whether or not an agent can specifically inhibit DNA repair enzymes has not been answered. The point must be made, however, that this type of interference with essential protective mechanisms is taking place and it may change anticipated outcomes of chemical or physical exposures. The magnitude of this effect due to the exposure of people to so many chemicals should be recognized and studied for their degree of interference with all the processes of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Falk
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
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11
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Sureshbabu N, Sughanya V. Crystal structure of 10-benzyl-9-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexahydroacridine-1,8(2 H,5 H)-dione. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:o688-9. [PMID: 26396906 PMCID: PMC4555413 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015014966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the acridinedione moiety of the title compound, C32H37NO4, the central dihydropyridine ring adopts a flattened-boat conformation, with the N atom and the methine C atom displaced from the mean plane of the other four atoms by 0.0513 (14) and 0.1828 (18) Å, respectively. The two cyclohexenone rings adopt envelope conformations, with the tetrasubsituted C atoms as the flap atoms. The 3,4-dimethoxybenzene and benzyl rings are almost normal to the dihydropyridine mean plane, with dihedral angles of 89.47 (9) and 82.90 (11)°, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are linked via a pair of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers, which are, in turn, linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming slabs lying parallel to (001).
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13
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Binding of acridine orange by probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains of human origin. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Nagai T. A Defective Bacteriophage Produced by Bacillus subtilis MAFF 118147 and a Mutant Producing No Normal Particles of the Defective Bacteriophage. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.20.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Comparison of genomes of Brucella melitensis M28 and the B. melitensis M5-90 derivative vaccine strain highlights the translation elongation factor Tu gene tuf2 as an attenuation-related gene. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2812-8. [PMID: 23716607 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00224-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella melitensis causes brucellosis, a disease affecting sheep, cattle, and sometimes humans. Attenuated B. melitensis strain M5-90, derived from virulent strain M28, is widely used as a live vaccine in ruminants in China. Genetic differences between the strains may cast light on the mechanism of attenuation. We recently reported the complete genomic sequences of M28 and M5-90. Genome organization is highly conserved between these isolates, and also with virulent strains 16 M and ATCC 23457. Analysis revealed 23 open reading frames (ORFs) with consistent differences between M5-90 and the virulent strains. Notably, the tuf2 gene encoding translation elongation factor EF-Tu from M5-90 contained 50 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 9 gaps (indels) compared to tuf2 of M28 or of the other virulent strains. There were no changes in tuf1. To evaluate the potential role of EF-Tu in pathogenesis, tuf1 and tuf2 mutants of M28 and an M5-90 strain harboring wild-type tuf2 were constructed, and their virulence/attenuation was evaluated in vivo. We report that the tuf2 gene plays an important role in the attenuation of M5-90 virulence.
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Sughanya V, Sureshbabu N. 10-Benzyl-9-(4-eth-oxy-phen-yl)-3,3,6,6-tetra-methyl-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexa-hydro-acridine-1,8(2H,5H)-dione. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:o2755. [PMID: 22969637 PMCID: PMC3435766 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536812036094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(32)H(37)NO(3), the central dihydro-pyridine ring adopts a nearly planar flattened-boat conformation, whereas both cyclo-hexenone rings adopt half-chair conformations. The mean and maximum deviations from the mean plane of the dihydro-pyridine ring are 0.1252 (9) and 0.188 (1) Å, respectively. The 4-eth-oxy-phenyl and phenyl rings form dihedral angles of 75.20 (4) and 82.14 (5)° with the dihydro-pyridine mean plane, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Sughanya
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N. Sureshbabu
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zang H, Zhang Y, Mo Y, Cheng B. Ultrasound-Promoted One-Pot Synthesis of 7-Aryl-7,10,11,12-tetrahydrobenzo[c]acridin-8(9H)-one Derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2010.517610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Zang
- a Department of Material Science and Chemistry Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Fiber Modification and Functional Fiber , Tianjin , China
| | - Yong Zhang
- a Department of Material Science and Chemistry Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Fiber Modification and Functional Fiber , Tianjin , China
| | - Yingming Mo
- a Department of Material Science and Chemistry Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Fiber Modification and Functional Fiber , Tianjin , China
| | - Bowen Cheng
- a Department of Material Science and Chemistry Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Fiber Modification and Functional Fiber , Tianjin , China
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18
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Hanlin JH, Slepecky RA. Mechanism of the Heat Sensitization of Bacillus subtilis Spores by Ethidium Bromide. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 49:1396-400. [PMID: 16346805 PMCID: PMC241736 DOI: 10.1128/aem.49.6.1396-1400.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pretreatment with ethidium bromide (5 mug/ml) followed by a water wash had no effect on unheated Bacillus subtilis spores, but the viability of these spores after heating was much lower than that of similarly heated spores exposed to water alone. The fate of water- or ethidium bromide-treated spores, unheated or heated, was followed by allowing them to germinate and outgrow in a minimal or a complex liquid medium. Spores exposed to ethidium bromide and then heated (85 degrees C, 10 min) exhibited a developmental block during germination and outgrowth. Many of them were blocked at the stage when the bacterium emerged from the germinated spore. When 0.35 mug of ethidium bromide per ml was added to heated spores in the germination-growth medium, the outgrowth of heated spores was inhibited to the same extent as were pretreated spores. Ethidium bromide acted in the first hour of germination of heated spores since addition after this time was ineffective in inhibiting recovery events. Repair of heat-damaged spore DNA was detected during the first 2 h of germination. The addition of ethidium bromide (final concentration, 0.35 mug/ml) inhibited DNA repair during early outgrowth. Increased sensitivity of spores to heat after pretreatment with sublethal concentrations of ethidium bromide was due to the inhibition of the repair of heat-damaged DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Hanlin
- Biological Research Laboratories, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13210
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Sinha RP. Alteration of Host Specificity to Lytic Bacteriophages in Streptococcus cremoris. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 40:326-32. [PMID: 16345612 PMCID: PMC291575 DOI: 10.1128/aem.40.2.326-332.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutant of Streptococcus cremoris strain ML1 was isolated based on its resistance to acriflavine. The mutant strain showed resistance to the growth of virulent bacteriophages to which the parental strain was sensitive whereas it became sensitive to a number of other virulent phages to which the parental strain was resistant. At the same time, infection of the mutant strain by another bacteriophage sc607 resulted in killing of cells without production of progeny phages. The phage adsorption appeared normal, suggesting that the killing was a postadsorption event. Such killing of bacterial cells was prevented by chloramphenicol treatment, indicating that involvement of some protein either synthesized by phage or phage-induced cellular protein. Synthesis of ribonucleic acid was abruptly terminated after infection of the mutant strain by phage sc607 but not of the parental strain. The alteration of host specificity in the mutant to different lytic bacteriophages and especially abortive infection by phage sc607 resembles the prophage-mediated interference observed in other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Sinha
- Food Research Institute, Research Branch, Canada Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6
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Zang H, Zhang Y, Zang Y, Cheng BW. An efficient ultrasound-promoted method for the one-pot synthesis of 7,10,11,12-tetrahydrobenzo[c]acridin-8(9H)-one derivatives. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2010; 17:495-499. [PMID: 20006532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new, efficient and general method for preparation of 7,10,11,12-tetrahydrobenzo[c]acridin-8(9H)-one derivatives using ultrasound irradiation is reported. Under ultrasound, the reaction time is short, the yields are high and the reaction conditions are mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Zang
- Department of Material Science and Chemistry Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Fiber Modification and Functional Fiber, Tianjin 300160, China.
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Tang Z, Liu C, Wu S, Hao W. 9-(4-Fluoro-phen-yl)-3,3,6,6-tetra-methyl-10-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-deca-hydroacridine-1,8-dione. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o1844. [PMID: 21201815 PMCID: PMC2960545 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808027256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C(30)H(32)FNO(2), was synthesized by the reaction of dimedone with 4-fluoro-benzaldehyde and p-toluidine in water. The dihydro-pyridine and both of the cyclo-hexenone rings are not planar and have flattened boat conformations. The dihedral angle between the planar aromatic rings is 15.33 (3)°. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into centrosymmetric dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou Institute of Technology, Xuzhou 221006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changning Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou Institute of Technology, Xuzhou 221006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, People’s Republic of China
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Alexiadou DK, Ioannou AK, Kouidou-Andreou S, Voulgaropoulos AN, Girousi ST. Electrochemical Study of the Interaction Mechanism of Proflavine (PF) with DNA Using Carbon Paste (CPE) and Hanging Mercury Drop (HMDE) Electrode. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802162335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Krzymiński K, Roshal AD, Niziołek A. Spectral features of substituted 9-(phenoxycarbonyl)-acridines and their protonated and methylated cation derivatives. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 70:394-402. [PMID: 18083063 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The long-wavelength absorption of eight 9-(phenoxycarbonyl)-acridines and the 10-H-9-(phenoxycarbonyl)-acridinium and 10-methyl-9-(phenoxycarbonyl)-acridinium cations derived from them, substituted with an alkyl or trifluoroalkyl group at the benzene ring, occurs above 300 nm as the superposition of four bands. Three of these bands occupy comparable positions (expressed in nm) in all the compounds; the fourth one, however, changes position, appearing in neutral molecules as a long-wavelength shoulder below 400 nm, but in cations as an almost separate band above 400 nm. The weak fluorescence resulting from excitation within the long-wavelength absorption band is red-shifted relative to absorption, such that Stokes shifts are similar for both neutral molecules and cations. Stokes shifts tend to increase with the orientational polarisability of a medium. Computations predict that long-wavelength electronic transitions are accompanied by structural changes in molecules. They also indicate that such transitions are followed by roughly uniform electron density changes in whole molecules accompanied by small changes in their dipole moments, which accounts for the weak absorption in the long-wavelength region. The predicted radiative and non-radiative deactivation rate constants suggest the occurrence of efficient spin-orbital coupling in the molecules investigated, which is the cause of the relatively low fluorescence quantum yields. Apart from the cognitive significance of these investigations, the results demonstrate that absorption of radiation by 10-methyl-9-(phenoxycarbonyl)-acridinium cations above 400 nm may influence their chemiluminescence output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Krzymiński
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Chemistry, J. Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Tu S, Jia R, Jiang B, Zhang Y, Zhang J. An efficient one-pot synthesis of polyhydrobenzoacridine-1-one derivatives under microwave irradiation without catalyst. J Heterocycl Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570430629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tu S, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Xu J, Zhang J, Zhu X, Shi F. An efficient one-pot synthesis ofn-carboxymethylacridine-1,8-dione derivatives under microwave irradiation. J Heterocycl Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570430633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tu S, Zhang X, Shi F, Li T, Wang Q, Zhu X, Zhang J, Xu J. One-pot synthesis of novelN-cyclopropyldecahydroacridine-1,8-dione derivatives under microwave irradiation. J Heterocycl Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570420618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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GuhaMajumdar M, Baldwin S, Sears BB. Chloroplast mutations induced by 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride are independent of the plastome mutator in Oenothera. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2004; 108:543-549. [PMID: 14513223 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Accepted: 08/28/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Oenothera plants homozygous for the recessive plastome mutator allele ( pm) show chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) mutation frequencies that are about 1,000-fold higher than spontaneous levels. The pm-encoded gene product has been hypothesized to have a function in cpDNA replication, repair and/or mutation avoidance. Previous chemical mutagenesis experiments with the alkylating agent nitroso-methyl urea (NMU) showed a synergistic effect of NMU on the induction of mutations in the pm line, suggesting an interaction between the pm-encoded gene product and one of the repair systems that corrects alkylation damage. The goal of the experiments described here was to examine whether the pm activity extends to the repair of damage caused by non-alkylating mutagens. To this end, the intercalating mutagen, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride (9AA) was tested for synergism with the plastome mutator. A statistical analysis of the data reported here indicates that the pm-encoded gene product is not involved in the repair of the 9AA-induced mutations. However, the recovery of chlorotic sectors in plants derived from the mutagenized seeds shows that 9AA can act as a mutagen of the chloroplast genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M GuhaMajumdar
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, #37 Plant Biology Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Barros SMD, Siqueira-Junior JP. Decreased survival of UV-irradiated Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of 8-methoxypsoralen in the post-irradiation plating medium. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2002; 66:153-6. [PMID: 11897516 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(02)00232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
For Staphylococcus aureus, the presence of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in the post-irradiation plating medium increased the lethal effect of far-UV light (FUV; approximately 254 nm) and of 8-MOP plus near-UV light (8-MOP+NUV; approximately 365 nm), an effect similar to that caused by acriflavine which inhibits DNA repair. In the repair-proficient strain, the presence of 8-MOP in the plating medium was almost as effective in inhibiting the repair of damage caused by FUV as that caused by 8-MOP photoadditions. Survival data obtained with Rec(-)-like and Uvr(-)-like strains suggest that 8-MOP in the plating medium, although possibly inhibiting recombination repair, was much more effective in inhibiting excision repair of FUV damage. Regarding 8-MOP+NUV treatment, 8-MOP in the plating medium had a lesser effect in the repair-deficient strains, differing from that observed after FUV treatment, which is consistent with the notion that different types of damage are caused by the two treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M D Barros
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular/CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58059-900 João Pessoa (PB), Brazil
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Ferenc T, Janik-Spiechowicz E, Bratkowska W, Lopaczyńska D, Strózyński H, Denys A, Mordalska A. Genotoxicity assessment of new synthesized acridine derivative--3,6-diamino-10-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridine. Mutat Res 1999; 444:463-70. [PMID: 10521686 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new synthesized acridine derivative, 3,6-diamino-10-methyl-9, 10-dihydroacridine (AcrH), was tested for in vitro reverse mutations with Salmonella TA strains, chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in human lymphocytes, and for in vivo chromosome aberrations in bone marrow of mice. Using the classic plate incorporation method, mutagenicity of AcrH in bacterial cells (TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102) was observed in the experiments performed with, and without, rat liver S9 metabolic activation. The reverse mutation assay showed no difference in mutagenic activity between AcrH and acriflavine (Acr(+)) in the test with TA97. The results of in vitro chromosome aberrations assay revealed potential clastogenicity. The test using macroculture of human lymphocytes induced mainly chromatid gaps. The experiments with human lymphocytes revealed SCE-inducing effect of AcrH and Acr(+). In an in vivo study, AcrH given intraperitoneally to Balb/c mice did not cause any significant increase in the percentage of cells with aberrations compared to the negative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ferenc
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Military Medical University, 90-647, Lódź, Poland
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Coullet F, Morel S, Boyer G, Galy JP. Synthesis of New Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3-b]- and Pyrrolo[3,2-a]acridinone Derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919808005084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sokal DC, Zipper J, King T. Transcervical quinacrine sterilization: clinical experience. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995; 51 Suppl 1:S57-69. [PMID: 8904516 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7292(95)90370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the use of quinacrine pellets for non-surgical female sterilization. BACKGROUND The transcervical insertion of quinacrine pellets has been under study for over 15 years. It could potentially expand access to sterilization services, because it is relatively simple to administer, with the use of a modified IUD inserter, and is inexpensive. METHODS Published and unpublished data are reviewed. RESULTS The short-term safety of transcervical quinacrine appears to be better than surgical sterilization, but it is less effective, especially among women under 35, and there are virtually no data on its reversibility. Thus, it is probably most appropriate for older women, aged 35 and over, but it could be an option for others where access to surgical sterilization is limited. CONCLUSION The use of quinacrine pellets for female sterilization needs to be reviewed by appropriate regulatory authorities, especially with regard to long-term safety issues, and additional clinical studies are needed to better define a standardized regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Sokal
- Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Sokal DC, Zipper J, Guzman-Serani R, Aldrich TE. Cancer risk among women sterilized with transcervical quinacrine hydrochloride pellets, 1977 to 1991**Supported in part by Family Health International (FHI) with funds from the Mellon Foundation. Family Health International is an international not-for-profit organization that conducts research and provides technical assistance in health, family planning, sexually transmitted diseases, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of FHI or of the Mellon Foundation. Fertil Steril 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)57731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Watanabe-Akanuma M, Ohta T. Effects of DNA repair deficiency on the mutational specificity in the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli. Mutat Res 1994; 311:295-304. [PMID: 7526195 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(94)90188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mutational specificities of various chemical mutagens were compared in isogenic E. coli strains with different DNA repair capabilities (wild-type, uvrA, umuC, and uvrA umuC) in a reversion assay employing a set of mutant lacZ genes that can detect two types of transitions, four types of transversions, and five kinds of specific frameshift events. A uvrA derivative was more sensitive than the wild-type strain to 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone for +1G, -1G, -2(C-G), +1A and -1A frameshifts, G.C-->A.T transitions, and G.C-->T.A transversions. In a uvrA background, G.C-->T.A transversions and +1G, +1A, and -1A frameshifts appeared to be umuC-dependent, while G.C-->A.T transitions were not. N-Ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was more mutagenic in a uvrA background for five kinds of frameshifts and G.C-->A.T transitions, but not for G.C-->T.A, A.T-->C.G, and A.T-->G.C base substitutions. A.T-->C.G transversions were totally dependent on umuC gene function. For the investigation of mutational specificities induced by frameshift mutagens, an rfa mutation was additionally introduced. The rfa strain responded to 2-nitrofluorene, which induced primarily -2(C-G) frameshift mutations. In an rfa uvrA background, benzo[a]pyrene induced +1G, -1G, +1A, and -1A frameshifts. 2-Aminoanthracene induced +1G, -1G, and +1A, but not -1A, frameshifts, with -1G frameshifts predominating. Ethidium bromide induced only two types of frameshifts, -1G and +1A. Frameshifts induced by ICR-170 were independent of umuC gene function, while those by induced 1-nitropyrene were partly umuC-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe-Akanuma
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Tokyo, Japan
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Taft SA, Liber HL, Skopek TR. Mutational spectrum of ICR-191 at the hprt locus in human lymphoblastoid cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1994; 23:96-100. [PMID: 8143707 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850230204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Human TK6 lymphoblasts were treated with the acridine derivative ICR-191, and mutants at the hprt locus were isolated. Mutant hprt cDNA was reverse-transcribed from mRNA, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequenced. Additions of single G:C base pairs (+1 frameshift mutations) in repetitive G:C sequences were found in 82% (32/39) of the mutants. Sixteen of the +1 frameshifts analyzed were located in a single sequence of six consecutive guanine bases in exon 3. The remaining +1 frameshifts occurred at six different GGG sequences (14 mutants) and a single GGGG sequence (2 mutants) in other hprt exons. The repetitive guanine sequences that underwent frameshift mutagenesis were located in both the transcribed and nontranscribed strands of hprt. No single base deletions (-1 frameshift mutations) were observed. Base substitutions were observed in 13% (5/39) of the clones analyzed and occurred at both G:C and A:T bases. Loss of exon 4 from the cDNA was also observed in 5% (2/39) of the mutants. Hprt mutants containing seven consecutive guanines (produced from a +1 frameshift in a GGGGGG sequence) were treated with ICR-191 and wild-type revertants selected in CHAT medium. Revertants were recovered at a frequency of approximately 10(-7) and contained the wild-type sequence (GGGGGG) in all clones analyzed. The observed frequency of ICR-191-induced-1 frameshift reversion in the GGGGGGG sequence was approximately 500-fold lower than the estimated frequency of +1 frameshifts observed in the wild-type GGGGGG sequence following the same ICR-191 treatment. These results suggest that ICR-191 produces predominantly +1 frameshift mutations at the hprt locus in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Taft
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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Abstract
Acridine and its derivatives are planar polycyclic aromatic molecules which bind tightly but reversibly to DNA by intercalation, but do not usually covalently interact with it. Acridines have a broad spectrum of biological activities, and a number of derivatives are widely used as antibacterial, antiprotozoal and anticancer drugs. Simple acridines show activity as frameshift mutagens, especially in bacteriophage and bacterial assays, by virtue of their intercalative DNA-binding ability. Acridines bearing additional fused aromatic rings (benzacridines) show little activity as frameshift mutagens, but interact covalently with DNA following metabolic activation (forming predominantly base-pair substitution mutations). Compounds where the acridine acts as a carrier to target alkylating agents to DNA (e.g. the ICR compounds) cause predominantly frameshift as well as base-pair substitution mutations in both bacterial and mammalian cells. Nitroacridines may act as simple acridines or (following nitro group reduction) as alkylating agents, depending upon the position of the nitro group. Acridine-based topoisomerase II inhibitors, although frameshift mutagens in bacteria and bacteriophage systems, are primarily chromosomal mutagens in mammalian cells. These mutagenic activities are important, since the compounds have considerable potential as clinical antitumour drugs. Although evidence suggests that simple acridines are not animal or human carcinogens, a number of the derived compounds are highly active in this capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Ferguson
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Auckland Medical School, New Zealand
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Benigni R, Calcagnile A, Giuliani A, Leopardi P. Inhibition of replicative DNA synthesis and induction of DNA repair in human fibroblasts by the intercalating drugs proflavine and 9-aminoacridine. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1990; 31:117-24. [PMID: 2213923 DOI: 10.1080/15287399009531441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and the alteration of semiconservative DNA replication by the structurally related intercalating agents proflavine and 9-aminoacridine were studied in MRC-5 human fibroblasts in culture. Autoradiographic determinations of both parameters were carried out simultaneously in the same culture specimens. Proflavine affected DNA synthesis, but did not elicit any UDS. 9-Aminoacridine inhibited DNA synthesis only at the highest concentration and caused UDS to a low but significant extent. These results suggest that the ability to induce UDS is not a general property of the intercalating agents and that the alterations of the DNA structure, typical of the "pure" intercalative process, are not handled by pathways involving unscheduled synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Benigni
- Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Tempczyk A, Rak J, Błażejowski J. Prototropic tautomerism in N,N-dimethyl-N′-(1-nitro-9-acridyl)propane-1,3-diamine and its nitro isomers. Application of MNDO and PPP methods for the examination of structure and electronic absorption spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1039/p29900001501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hoffmann GR, Freemer CS, Parente LA. Induction of genetic duplications and frameshift mutations in Salmonella typhimurium by acridines and acridine mustards: dependence on covalent binding of the mutagen to DNA. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1989; 218:377-83. [PMID: 2479818 DOI: 10.1007/bf00332398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aroC321 allele permits positive selection for the detection of a large genetic duplication that arises in the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome by homologous recombination. Strains that contain both aroC321 and the hisC3076 allele were constructed so that the induction of genetic duplications and frameshift mutations in a run of GC base pairs could be studied simultaneously by selecting for tryptophan and histidine prototrophy, respectively. Using these strains, we examined the ability of 9-aminoacridine, quinacrine, four acridine mustards (ICR-170, ICR-191, ICR-372, and quinacrine mustard) and the nitroacridine Entozon to induce genetic duplications and frameshift mutations. Although all these compounds induce reversion of hisC3076, only the four mustards and Entozon are effective as inducers of genetic duplications under identical treatment conditions. The induction of genetic duplications by acridine mustards, like the toxic and mutagenic effects of these compounds, is enhanced by a deficiency for excision repair caused by a deletion through the uvr B gene. The ineffectiveness of 9-aminoacridine and quinacrine in the test for genetic duplications indicates that simple intercalation is sufficient for the mutagenic effect measured with the hisC3076 allele but that the induction of duplications by the acridine mustards and Entozon requires covalent binding of the chemical to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Hoffmann
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA 01610
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Ginsburg H, Nissani E, Krugliak M. Alkalinization of the food vacuole of malaria parasites by quinoline drugs and alkylamines is not correlated with their antimalarial activity. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:2645-54. [PMID: 2669763 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Quinoline-containing antimalarial drugs accumulate inside the acid food vacuole of the parasite where they inhibit the digestion of ingested host cell cytosol, and consequently, parasite growth. In order to verify whether this inhibition is caused by drug-induced alkalinization of the food vacuole, we investigated the accumulation of acridine orange (AO) as a vacuolar pH probe in intact Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes as affected by the drugs chloroquine (CQ), 7H-quinoleine (7HQ), quinine (Q) and mefloquine (MQ). It was established by various criteria that AO accumulates primarily in the acid compartment(s) of the parasite as a function of the pH difference between it and the extracellular medium. This pH gradient was dissipated by the drugs in the rank order MQ greater than CQ greater than Q greater than 7HQ. The kinetics of vacuolar alkalinization and the concentration ranges at which it was observed imply that the monoprotic drugs MQ and Q exerted their effect mostly by translocating protons across the vacuolar membrane, i.e. they could cross the membrane as a protonated species, while the diprotic drugs CQ and 7HQ raised the vacuolar pH mostly by proton trapping. Similarly, hydrophobic alkylamines raised the vacuolar pH by proton translocation, while their relatively more polar congeners and ammonia did so by proton titration. However, the alkalinizing effect of each drug was observed at a concentration which was 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than the IC50 of its antimalarial effect. These results mean that vacuolar alkalinization is not the primary effect of antiparasitic action of quinoline antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ginsburg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Tsuchiya M, Iwamoto Y, Masuzawa T, Shimizu T, Morita T, Yanagihara Y. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON THE PHOTODYNAMIC CELL INACTIVATION AND PETITE INDUCTION BY EUFLAVINE IN YEAST, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Photochem Photobiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02859.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Uggla AH. The induction of chromosomal aberrations and SCE by visible light in combination with dyes. I. The effect of hypoxia during light exposure in unsynchronized Chinese hamster ovary cells, sensitized with acridines. Mutat Res 1988; 201:229-39. [PMID: 3419448 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(88)90130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A comparison has been made between the ability of different acridine compounds to act as sensitizers for visible light (400-700 nm) induced chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in unsynchronized Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cells were treated for 20 min with acridines (0.1-5.0 microgram/ml), washed free of excess dye and subsequently exposed to visible light (2 x 40 W/8 W m-2) either in air or in nitrogen for 5-15 min. The 4 acridines tested, proved to be effective sensitizers for the induction of both chromosomal aberrations and SCE by visible light. The most pronounced effect was observed when the light exposure of the fluorochrome-pretreated cells was performed in air. Hypoxic conditions during light exposure reduced the effect dramatically, especially in the case of induced chromosomal aberrations. The order of efficiency for the induction of both chromosomal aberrations and SCE was acridine orange greater than acridine yellow greater than proflavine greater than 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridine. The results are discussed in terms of S-independent versus S-dependent mechanisms for inducing chromosomal alterations and the potential involvement of oxygen-derived free radicals in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Uggla
- Department of Genetics, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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Oda Y, Nakamura S, Oki I. Harman and norharman induce SOS responses and frameshift mutations in bacteria. Mutat Res 1988; 208:39-44. [PMID: 3285203 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(88)90018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Norharman and harman, beta-carboline derivatives with comutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium, were examined for their activity to induce SOS responses in S. typhimurium using the umu-test and mutations in Escherichia coli. The inducibility of the umuC gene by norharman and harman was assayed by measuring the levels of beta-galactosidase activity in tester cells harbouring the umuC'-'lacZ fusion gene on a plasmid. In the umu-test, both norharman and harman weakly induced umuC gene expression at 25-100 and 50-150 micrograms/ml, respectively. In the mutation test using reversion from trpE9777 to Trp+, harman was relatively more potent than norharman in inducing the mutations. These results indicate that norharman and harman induce SOS responses as well as reversion of trpE9777 frameshift mutation in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oda
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
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44
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DeMarini DM, Brock KH, Doerr CL, Moore MM. Mutagenicity and clastogenicity of proflavin in L5178Y/TK +/- -3.7.2.C cells. Mutat Res 1988; 204:323-8. [PMID: 3343981 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(88)90106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of proflavin to induce specific-locus mutations at the heterozygous thymidine kinase (tk) locus of L5178Y/TK +/- -3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells, which appears to permit the recovery of mutants due to single-gene and chromosomal mutations. Proflavin was highly mutagenic at the tk locus, producing 724-965 TK mutants/10(6) survivors (background = 56-85/10(6); survival = 29-32%). Most of the mutants were small colonies, which suggested that proflavin may induce chromosomal mutations. The potent clastogenicity of proflavin was confirmed by cytogenetic analysis for chromosomal aberrations. At the highest dose analyzed (1.5 micrograms/ml), proflavin produced 82 aberrations/100 metaphaes (background = 2/100). The large-colony TK mutant frequency produced by proflavin (48-109/10(6) survivors; background = 23/10(6); survival = 57-61%) was similar to published HPRT mutant frequencies produces by proflavin in L5178Y and CHO cells (50-100/10(6) survivors; background = 2-50/10(6); survival = 50-62%). These results lead to the conclusion that proflavin is a potent clastogen and induces a high frequency of small-colony TK mutants; however, it induces a low frequency of HPRT mutants and a low frequency of large-colony TK mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M DeMarini
- Genetic Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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Snyder RD. Is DNA topoisomerase involved in the UV excision repair process? New evidence from studies with DNA intercalating and non-intercalating antitumor agents. Photochem Photobiol 1987; 45:105-11. [PMID: 3031707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1987.tb08410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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46
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Iwamoto Y, Mifuchi I, Yielding LW. Photodynamic mutagenic action of acridine compounds on yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat Res 1985; 158:169-75. [PMID: 3908930 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(85)90080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The photodynamically produced mutagenicity and toxicity of 8 acridine compounds were compared in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under resting and growing conditions. Without irradiation none of the acridines induced respiratory-deficient ('petite') colonies, indicative of mitochondrial DNA damage, in resting cells; and only acriflavine and proflavine induced 'petites' in growing cells. Also, without irradiation none of the acridines were significantly toxic or mutagenic for nuclear DNA under resting or growing conditions. However, with irradiation, acriflavine, proflavine, acridine yellow and rivanol became effective 'petite'-inducing mutagens and highly toxic for resting cells, while acriflavine, proflavine, and acridine orange became effective nuclear mutagens for resting cells. Acridine, quinacrine and 9-aminoacridine were not at all biologically effective with irradiation for resting cells. The results presented here indicate that singlet oxygen is generated by a photodynamic mechanism when acriflavine is irradiated, and further, that acridine, quinacrine and 9-aminoacridine are ineffective photosensitizers, because they are incapable of generating singlet oxygen with irradiation.
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47
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Skopek TR, Hutchinson F. Frameshift mutagenesis of lambda prophage by 9-aminoacridine, proflavin and ICR-191. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1984; 195:418-23. [PMID: 6236349 DOI: 10.1007/bf00341442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The changes in DNA base sequence induced in the lambda cI gene in an E. coli lysogen have been determined following mutagenesis by three acridine derivatives: 9-aminoacridine and proflavin, which bind reversibly to DNA; and ICR-191, which attaches covalently to DNA through a half-mustard group. For all three derivatives, most mutations are +1 and -1 frameshifts in runs of adjacent G:C pairs. The specificity of mutagenesis at various sites is similar for all three compounds. Prophage in mutL host cells, deficient in mismatch repair, are much more susceptible to mutagenesis by 9-aminoacridine. The induced mutations are also frameshifts, and the site specificity is the same as in lysogens of wild type cells. Thus, additions or deletions of single bases can be corrected by the mismatch repair system, but mismatch repair does not play an important role in determining the sequence specificity of the mutational events.
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Iwamoto Y, Mifuchi I, Yielding LW, Firth WJ, Yielding KL. Induction of cytoplasmically inherited respiration-deficient ('petite') mutants by photodynamic action of acridine compounds. Mutat Res 1984; 125:213-9. [PMID: 6366532 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(84)90071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
All acridines used (acriflavine, proflavine, acridine orange and 3-azido-10-methylacridinium chloride) produced killing in yeast cells when activated with visible light. Acriflavine, proflavine and 3-azido-10-methylacridinium chloride, but not acridine orange, produced petite and sectored colonies. Both cell killing and petite induction by light activation of acriflavine resulted apparently from photodynamic action mediated by singlet oxygen (1O2) since the effect were prevented by either sodium azide or anaerobiosis. The biological effects of 3-azido-10-methylacridinium chloride, which was developed as a potential photoaffinity probe for studying the binding and biological effects of acridines, appeared to be due to a photodynamic action analogous to that of acriflavine. Sodium azide or anaerobiosis prevented the light-activated effects of 3-azido-10-methylacridinium chloride despite the fact that the initial chemical breakdown of the azido derivative induced by light was not affected. Cells suspended in D2O demonstrated an enhanced response to 3-azido-10-methylacridinium chloride with irradiation. These results indicate that singlet oxygen mediates the light-activated biological effects of both acriflavine and 3-azido-10-methylacridinium chloride.
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Alba P, Ferrés MD, Xamena N, Creus A, Marcos R. Genotoxicity of acridine orange and acriflavine in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 1983; 121:199-203. [PMID: 6413853 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(83)90204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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50
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Houba-Herin N, De Graeve J, Calberg-Bacq CM, Van de Vorst A. Characterization of five commercially available samples of acridine yellow. STAIN TECHNOLOGY 1983; 58:161-70. [PMID: 6636210 DOI: 10.3109/10520298309066778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Commercial samples of acridine yellow, all labeled C.I. 46025, have been analyzed by thin layer chromatography, UV and visible light spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and photodynamic efficiency in the inactivation of bacteriophage phi X174. Three types of sample were clearly delineated: i) true acridine yellow (3,6-diamino-2,7-dimethylacridine) whose spectral and chromatographic properties are very close to those of proflavine (3,6-diaminoacridine); ii) a pure but different dye tentatively identified as euchrysine (3,6-diamino-2,7,9-trimethylacridine), since on the basis of mass spectral data, it contains an additional methyl group not fixed on the amino groups; and iii) a complex dye with its own special properties and whose main yellow component has a molecular weight and a mass spectrum compatible with an overall formula of C16H16N2S. The three types of dye could be distinguished on the basis of simple tests. Acridine yellow is photodynamically almost as efficient as proflavine, but the two other dyes are very poor sensitizers.
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