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Shuliakevich A, Muz M, Oehlmann J, Nagengast L, Schröder K, Wolf Y, Brückner I, Massei R, Brack W, Hollert H, Schiwy S. Assessing the genotoxic potential of freshwater sediments after extensive rain events - Lessons learned from a case study in an effluent-dominated river in Germany. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 209:117921. [PMID: 34923444 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plant effluents and releases from rainwater overflow basins can contribute to the input of genotoxic micropollutants in aquatic ecosystems. Predominantly lipophilic genotoxic compounds tend to sorb to particulate matter, making sediment a source and a sink of pollution. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the genotoxic potential of freshwater sediments (i) during the dry period and (ii) after extensive rain events by collecting sediment samples in one small anthropogenically impacted river in Germany up- and downstream of the local wastewater treatment plant. The Micronucleus and Ames fluctuation assays with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, YG1041, and YG1042 were used to assess the genotoxic potential of organic sediment extracts. For evaluation of possible genotoxicity drivers, target analysis for 168 chemical compounds was performed. No clastogenic effects were observed, while the genotoxic potential was observed at all sampling sites primarily driven by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitroarenes, aromatic amines, and polycyclic heteroarenes. Freshwater sediments' genotoxic potential increased after extensive rain events due to sediment perturbation and the rainwater overflow basin release. In the present study, the rainwater overflow basin was a significant source for particle-bound pollutants from untreated wastewater, suggesting its role as a possible source of genotoxic potential. The present study showed high sensitivity and applicability of the bacterial Salmonella typhimurium strains YG1041 and YG1042 to organic sediment extracts to assess the different classes of genotoxic compounds. A combination of effect-based methods and a chemical analysis was shown as a suitable tool for a genotoxic assessment of freshwater sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandra Shuliakevich
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Melis Muz
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Laura Nagengast
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology V, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Schröder
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology V, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Wolf
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology V, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ira Brückner
- Eifel-Rur Waterboard (WVER), Eisenbahnstr. 5, 52354 Düren, Germany
| | - Riccardo Massei
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Kong J, Dai Y, Han M, He H, Hu J, Zhang J, Shi J, Xian Q, Yang S, Sun C. Nitrated and parent PAHs in the surface water of Lake Taihu, China: Occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 102:159-169. [PMID: 33637241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and thus have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry, normal, and flood seasons of 2018. The ΣPAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the ΣNPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected (ND) to 212 ng/L. Among the target analytes, 2-nitrofluorene (2-nFlu) was the predominant NPAH, with a detection frequency ranging from 85% to 90% and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L. The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds. In terms of seasonal variation, the highest levels of the ΣNPAHs and ΣPAHs were in the dry season and flood season, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion, whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion. The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09 × 10-7 to 5.75 × 10-5 and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuxuan Dai
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengshu Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China.
| | - Jiapeng Hu
- College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Centre, Wuxi 214121, China
| | - Junzhe Shi
- Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Centre, Wuxi 214121, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Kong J, Han M, Liu Y, He H, Gao Z, Xian Q, Yang S, Sun C, Li S, Zhang L. Analysis of trace-level nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples by solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2681-2687. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Mengshu Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Ying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing China
| | - Zhanqi Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic pollutants in Surface Water; Environment Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province; Nanjing China
| | - Qiming Xian
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing China
| | - Cheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing China
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Uno S, Tanaka H, Kokushi E, Bacolod ET, Koyama J. Distributions of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediment of Osaka Bay, Japan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:1014-1019. [PMID: 28270320 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of 15 nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in sediments collected at 44 sites throughout Osaka Bay, Japan were examined. The highest total NPAHs, with a concentration of 1949ng/kg dry weight, were detected near the city of Amagasaki. Some sites near the cities of Osaka, Kishiwada, sand Sakai registered ng/kg levels of NPAHs, but individual NPAH concentrations were relatively lower than those in previous studies. The sources were estimated using principal component analysis, and NPAHs were derived from exhaust gases of automobiles and industries at some sites. However, our results suggest that it is difficult to estimate the source, especially in coastal areas near big cities and large industrial areas, because the generation pathways between parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs are slightly different, and the ratio of PAHs and NPAHs could not be accurately reflect the characters of sources in sediments especially at coastal areas with large-scale industrial zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Uno
- Education and Research Center for Marine Resources and Environment, Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 50-20 Shimoarata 4-Chome, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Environment Conservation Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Emiko Kokushi
- Education and Research Center for Marine Resources and Environment, Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 50-20 Shimoarata 4-Chome, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan.
| | - Eugene T Bacolod
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of San Carlos, 6000 Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Jiro Koyama
- Education and Research Center for Marine Resources and Environment, Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 50-20 Shimoarata 4-Chome, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan.
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Bandowe BAM, Meusel H. Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the environment - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:237-257. [PMID: 28069306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are derivatives of PAHs with at least one nitro-functional group (-NO2) on the aromatic ring. The toxic effects of several nitro-PAHs are more pronounced than those of PAHs. Some nitro-PAHs are classified as possible or probable human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Nitro-PAHs are released into the environment from combustion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. fossil fuels, biomass, waste) and post-emission transformation of PAHs. Most studies on nitro-PAHs are about air (gas-phase and particulate matter), therefore less is known about the occurrence, concentrations, transport and fate of nitro-PAHs in soils, aquatic environment and biota. Studies on partition and exchange of nitro-PAHs between adjacent environmental compartments are also sparse. The concentrations of nitro-PAHs cannot easily be predicted from the intensity of anthropogenic activity or easily related to those of PAHs. This is because anthropogenic source strengths of nitro-PAHs are different from those of PAHs, and also nitro-PAHs have additional sources (formed by photochemical conversion of PAHs). The fate and transport of nitro-PAHs could be considerably different from their related PAHs because of their higher molecular weights and considerably different sorption mechanisms. Hence, specific knowledge on nitro-PAHs is required. Regulations on nitro-PAHs are also lacking. We present an extensive review of published literature on the sources, formation, physico-chemical properties, methods of determination, occurrence, concentration, transport, fate, (eco)toxicological and adverse health effects of nitro-PAHs. We also make suggestions and recommendations about data needs, and future research directions on nitro-PAHs. It is expected that this review will stimulate scientific discussion and provide the basis for further research and regulations on nitro-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hannah Meusel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Huang L, Chernyak SM, Batterman SA. PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), nitro-PAHs, and hopane and sterane biomarkers in sediments of southern Lake Michigan, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:173-86. [PMID: 24784742 PMCID: PMC4101084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PAHs in the Great Lakes basin are of concern due to their toxicity and persistence in bottom sediments. Their nitro derivatives, nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), which can have stronger carcinogenic and mutagenic activity than parent PAHs, may follow similar transport routes and also are accumulated in sediments. Limited information exists regarding the current distribution, trends and loadings of these compounds, especially NPAHs, in Lake Michigan sediments. This study characterizes PAHs, NPAHs, and biomarkers steranes and hopanes in surface sediments collected at 24 offshore sites in southern Lake Michigan. The ΣPAH14 (sum of 14 compounds) ranged from 213 to 1,291 ng/g dry weight (dw) across the sites, levels that are 2 to 10 times lower than those reported 20 to 30 years earlier. Compared to consensus-based sediment quality guidelines, PAH concentrations suggest very low risk to benthic organisms. The ΣNPAH5 concentration ranged from 2.9 to 18.6 ng/g dw, and included carcinogenic compounds 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene. ΣSterane6 and ΣHopane5 concentrations ranged from 6.2 to 36 and 98 to 355 ng/g dw, respectively. Based on these concentrations, Lake Michigan is approximately receiving 11, 0.16, 0.25 and 3.6 metrictons per year (t/yr) of ΣPAH14, ΣNPAH5, ΣSterane6 and ΣHopane5, respectively. Maps of OC-adjusted concentrations display that concentrations decline with increasing off-shore distance. The major sources of PAHs and NPAHs are pyrogenic in nature, based on diagnostic ratios. Using chemical mass balance models, sources were apportioned to emissions from diesel engines (56 ± 18%), coal power plants (27 ± 14%), coal-tar pavement sealants (16 ± 11%), and coke ovens (7 ± 12%). The biomarkers identify a combination of petrogenic and biogenic sources, with the southern end of the lake more impacted by petroleum. This first report of NPAH levels in sediments of Lake Michigan reveals several carcinogenic compounds at modest concentrations, and a need for further work to assess potential risks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sergei M Chernyak
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stuart A Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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7
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Rosenkranz HS, Mermelstein R. The genotoxicity, metabolism and carcinogenicity of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10590508509373334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Aouadene A, Di Giorgio C, Sarrazin L, Moreau X, De Jong L, Garcia F, Thiery A, Botta A, De Méo M. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of river sediments from industrialized and unaffected areas using a battery of short-term bioassays. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:283-99. [PMID: 18366096 DOI: 10.1002/em.20384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation evaluated the capacity of the Salmonella mutagenicity test, the comet assay, and the micronucleus assay to detect and characterize the genotoxic profile of river sediments. Three stations were selected on an urban river (Bouches du Rhône, France) exposed to various sources of industrial and urban pollution (StA, StB, and StC) and one station on its tributary (StD). One station in a nonurban river was included (REF). The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by HPLC, and the genotoxicity of the sediments was monitored by the Salmonella mutagenicity test (TA98 + S9, YG1041 +/- S9), the comet assay, and the micronucleus assay on CHO cells. Chemical analysis showed that the total PAH concentrations ranged from 23 microg kg(-1) dw (REF) to 1285 microg kg(-1) dw (StD). All the sediments were mutagenic in the Salmonella mutagenicity test. The mutagenicity was probably induced by the presence of nitroarenes (StA, StB, StC, and StD) and aromatic amines (REF) as deduced from the mutagenicity profiles of strains YG1041 +/- S9 and TA98 + S9. The comet assay revealed direct DNA lesions in REF, StA, and StB sediments and metabolization-dependent DNA damage in StC and StD. The micronucleus assay showed an absence of clastogenicity for StA +/- S9 and StC-S9, and a significant clastogenicity +/- S9 for the three other stations. The genotoxicity ranking determined by the comet assay + S9 matched the ranking of total and carcinogenic PAH concentrations, and this assay was found to be the most sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Aouadene
- Laboratoire de Biogénotoxicologie et Mutagenèse Environnementale, Université de la Méditerranée, Facultés de Médecine et Pharmacie, Marseille, France
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Murakami M, Yamada J, Kumata H, Takada H. Sorptive behavior of nitro-PAHs in street runoff and their potential as indicators of diesel vehicle exhaust particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:1144-1150. [PMID: 18351085 DOI: 10.1021/es071904o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report to reveal the particle-water distribution of nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) and to discuss their potential risks and utility as indicators of diesel vehicle exhaust particles (DEP). Time-series samples of runoff were collected from a highway, and NPAHs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to study their dynamic behavior. The concentrations of total NPAHs ranged from 11 to 73 ng/L in particulate phase (>0.7 mcirom) and from 2.3 to 4.9 ng/L in dissolved phase (<0.7 microm). Like their PAH analogs, most (81-97%) NPAHs were associated with particulate matter. The organic carbon-normalized in situ partition coefficients (Koc') of NPAHs observed in runoff events (10(5.8-6.3) for 2-nitrofluoranthene and 10(5.8-6.2) for 1-nitropyrene [1-NP]) were more than 1 order of magnitude higher than those expected from their Kow, indicating great affinity for particulate matter such as soot. Concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs adjusted by potency equivalency factors and induction equivalency factors showed that the potential risks of NPAHs were smaller than those of PAHs by a factor of more than a hundred for the particulate phase and morethan fourforthe dissolved phase. Comparison of concentrations and compositions of NPAHs and PAHs among runoff, DEP, gasoline vehicle exhaust particles, boiler exhaust particles, and aerosols suggested that the ratio of 1-NP to total PAHs (1-NP/PAH) is a useful indicator of DEP for source apportionment of PAHs among traffic-related sources. Source-apportionment of PAHs in the runoff by 1-NP/PAH and methylphenanthrene/phenanthrene ratios suggested that most PAHs in the runoff except the second flush peak were derived from DEP but that other pyrogenic sources contributed to the particles at the second flush and thus to the overall runoff particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Murakami
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Chen G, White PA. The mutagenic hazards of aquatic sediments: a review. Mutat Res 2005; 567:151-225. [PMID: 15572285 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sediments are the sink for particle-sorbed contaminants in aquatic systems and can serve as a reservoir of toxic contaminants that continually threaten the health and viability of aquatic biota. This work is a comprehensive review of published studies that investigated the genotoxicity of sediments in rivers, lakes and marine habitats. The Salmonella mutagenicity test is the most frequently used assay and accounts for 41.1% of the available data. The Salmonella data revealed mutagenic potency values for sediment extracts (in revertants per gram dry weight) that spans over seven orders of magnitude from not detectable to highly potent (10(5) rev/g). Analyses of the Salmonella data (n=510) showed significant differences between rural, urban/industrial, and heavily contaminated (e.g., dump) sites assessed using TA98 and TA100 with S9 activation. Additional analyses showed a significant positive correlation between Salmonella mutagenic potency (TA98 and TA100 with S9) and PAH contamination (r2=0.19-0.68). The second and third most commonly used assays for the analysis of sediments and sediment extracts are the SOS Chromotest (9.2%) and the Mutatox assays (7.8%), respectively. These assays are frequently used for rapid initial screening of collected samples. A variety of other in vitro endpoints employing cultured fish and mammalian cells have been used to investigate sediment genotoxic activity. Endpoints investigated include sister chromatid exchange frequency, micronucleus frequency, chromosome aberration frequency, gene mutation at tk and hprt loci, unscheduled DNA synthesis, DNA adduct frequency, and DNA strand break frequency. More complex in vivo assays have documented a wide range of effects including neoplasms and preneoplastic lesions in fish and invertebrate exposed ex situ. Although costly and time consuming, these assays have provided definitive evidence linking sediment contamination and a variety of genotoxic and carcinogenic effects observed in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Chen
- Mutagenesis Section, Safe Environments Program, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture 0803A, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0L2
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Abe A, Urano K. Characteristics of lethal substances and the removal effect of molecular sulfur in the Salmonella mutagenicity test for river sediments. Mutat Res 1996; 351:61-6. [PMID: 8602175 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The lethal action and the effect from the removal of molecular sulfur by copper treatment were investigated in the Salmonella mutagenicity test for river sediments. Survival ratios of Ames Salmonella strains for five different sediment extracts were tested, and it was found that many of the river sediments showed the lethal action on TA98 and TA100, and the lethal action was stronger in the sample from which larger amount of extracts per unit weight were obtained. It was also found that the lethal action was reduced with the addition of the metabolizer S9 mix, and TA98 was more resistant than TA100 against the lethal substances in sediment extracts. Further, removal of molecular sulfur, one of the lethal substances, by copper treatment raised survival ratios of the tester strains. On high-pressure liquid chromatographic fractionation, the lethal substances, including molecular sulfur distributed in non-polar and slightly polar fractions, and medium or high polar fractions did not reveal lethal action. Consequently, the removal procedure of molecular sulfur was proper for applying on the fraction contained non-polar and slightly polar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abe
- Kanagawa Environmental Research Center, Hiratsuka, Japan
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12
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Möller L. In vivo metabolism and genotoxic effects of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1994; 102 Suppl 4:139-46. [PMID: 7821288 PMCID: PMC1566915 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.102-1566915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
During incomplete combustion of organic matter, nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs), are formed in a reaction that is catalyzed by a low pH. 2-Nitrofluorene (NF), a marker for nitro-PAHs, is metabolized in vivo by two different routes. After inhalation, potent mutagenic metabolites, hydroxylated nitrofluorenes (OH-NFs), are formed. The metabolites are distributed by systemic circulation. After oral administration, NF is reduced to the corresponding amine, a reaction mediated by the intestinal microflora. This metabolite is acetylated to 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), a potent carcinogen. Further ring-hydroxylation of AAF leads to detoxification and excretion. Induction of cytochrome P450s affects the metabolism, and more OH-NFs are formed. As a consequence, more mutagenic metabolites are found in the circulation. OH-NFs are excreted in the bile as, in terms of mutagenicity, totally harmless glucuronide conjugates. When these conjugates are excreted via the bile, intestinal beta-glucuronidase can liberate direct-acting mutagens in the intestine. Thus, inhalation of NF can lead to formation of potent mutagens in the intestine. NF is a direct-acting mutagen in bacterial assays and an initiator and promoter of the carcinogenic process, and gives rise to DNA adduct formation in laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Möller
- Unit for Analytical Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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13
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Abe A, Urano K. Influence of chemicals commonly found in a water environment on the Salmonella mutagenicity test. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1994; 153:169-175. [PMID: 7939619 DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(94)90113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The influence of 16 organic chemicals commonly found in a water environment--such as phenols, phthalic esters and phosphoric esters--on the Salmonella mutagenicity test was investigated. The test chemicals were subjected to the mutagenicity test using a fixed dose of various positive standard mutagens such as 2-nitrofluorene, Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, 2-aminofluorene and benzo[a]pyrene, thus testing them for their influence on the mutagenic activities. The influence of each chemical was classified into one of five groups as follows: (1) toxic and inhibitory to mutagenicity; (2) toxic and promotive to mutagenicity; (3) non-toxic and inhibitory to mutagenicity; (4) non-toxic and promotive to mutagenicity; and (5) non-toxic and having no effect on mutagenicity. It is concluded that chemicals in the water environment may influence the results of a mutagenicity test on environmental samples. In particular, an effect may be noted with regard to wastewater and sediments which contain these chemicals in higher concentrations eventhough they themselves are not mutagenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abe
- Kanagawa Environmental Research Center, Hiratsuka, Japan
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14
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Scheepers P, Velders D, Martens M, Noordhoek J, Bos R. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulate matter from workplace atmosphere. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Gimmler-Luz MC, Erdtmann B, Balbueno RA. Analysis of clastogenic effect of Porto Alegre drinking water supplies on mouse bone marrow cells. Mutat Res 1992; 279:227-31. [PMID: 1377776 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(92)90237-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to evaluate the clastogenic activity of drinking water from Porto Alegre and Guaíba (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) estuarine waters. Mouse bone marrow was the target organ. C57B1/6 male and female mice received the water samples as their only liquid supply. Bone marrow cells were collected on the 16th day after the beginning of treatment. The analysis of metaphases demonstrated that the water supplies did not increase the structural chromosome aberration frequencies compared to the control groups. Concerning numerical alterations, only one treated female group showed a significant difference (loss of one chromosome) when compared to the control group, but this result is not considered relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gimmler-Luz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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16
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Polycyclic aromatic compounds of environmental and occupational importance ? Their occurrence, toxicity and the development of high-purity certified reference materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00321499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Suzuki J, Meguro S, Morita O, Hirayama S, Suzuki S. Comparison of in vivo binding of aromatic nitro and amino compounds to rat hemoglobin. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:3511-9. [PMID: 2818643 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The hemoglobin (Hb) binding of five nitroarenes, i.e. nitrobenzene (NB), 4-nitrobiphenyl (4-NBP), 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), 2-nitronaphthalene (2-NN) and 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF), and the corresponding amines, administered p.o. to male S.D. rats, was determined by HPLC, to evaluate the extent of in vivo reductive and oxidative activations of these compounds to N-hydroxylamines, which covalently bind to Hb to form acid-labile sulfinamides. Hb binding of the nitroarenes, except for NB, was significantly lower than that of the corresponding amines. Among the aromatic amines, 4-aminobiphenyl exhibited extremely high Hb binding. Hb binding of NB and 4-NBP decreased markedly after pretreatment with a mixture of antibiotics, but the binding of the others did not decrease appreciably. 1-Aminopyrene and 1-NP bound abundantly to plasma proteins, although the Hb binding was slight. Based on the Hb binding and the in vitro metabolism by liver microsomes and intestinal bacteria, the extent of in vivo reductive activation of nitroarenes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science University of Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Busby WF, Stevens EK, Martin CN, Chow FL, Garner RC. Comparative lung tumorigenicity of parent and mononitro-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the BLU:Ha newborn mouse assay. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989; 99:555-63. [PMID: 2749740 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(89)90162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A BLU:Ha newborn mouse lung adenoma bioassay was employed to compare the tumorigenicity of selected mononitroarenes and unsubstituted parent compounds 6 months after initial treatment. The presence of a nitro group had a variable effect upon compound potency in which tumorigenicity was increased, abolished, or unchanged. On the basis of results with equimolar doses, the potency of benzo[a]pyrene was greater than 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (inactive), 6-nitrochrysene was much greater than chrysene (inactive), 3-nitrofluoranthene (active) was equal to fluoranthene (active), and 1-nitropyrene (inactive) was equivalent to pyrene (inactive). The potency series among the mononitroarenes was 6-nitrochyrsene much greater than 3-nitrofluoranthene greater than 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (inactive) = 1-nitropyrene (inactive). Lung tumor incidence and multiplicity were similar for both males and females. No consistent pattern was observed for the occasional appearance of lymphoma or hepatic nodular hyperplasia in the various treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Busby
- Program in Toxicology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- B Beije
- Department of Genetic and Cellular Toxicology, University of Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Suzuki J, Muroga H, Suzuki S. Photochemical mutagen formation from aerobically treated night-soil effluent and the contributive substances. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1988; 52:257-264. [PMID: 15092599 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(88)90128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/1987] [Accepted: 12/29/1987] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Effluents from a night-soil treatment plant, where night-soil was aerobically treated by an activated sludge process, were irradiated with a UV lamp excluding short wavelengths less than 300 nm as a model of exposure to sunlight and the mutagenicities of the ethylacetate extracts from the irradiated effluents were assayed using Salmonella typhimurium TA98. The extracts exhibited mutagenicity toward S. typhimurium TA98 in the absence of rat liver S9 fraction only when the effluents were fortified with nitrite ion (more than 6 ppm) by over aeration or by artificial addition of nitrite, indicating that a limiting factor for mutagen formation is nitrite ion concentration. Nine organic-N-containing compounds as models of the organic components in the effluent were also irradiated and direct-acting potent mutagens were found to be produced from such compounds having indole moiety as indole, oxindole, tryptophan and tryptamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science University of Tokyo, 12 Ichigaya Funagawara-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162, Japan
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21
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Abstract
In the present study, humic acid was not found to be mutagenic and did not inhibit spontaneous mutation. It did, however, inhibit the mutagenicities of benzo[a]pyrene and 3-aminoanthracene (+S9 mix), but not the mutagenicities of 4NQO, AF-2 and MNNG (-S9 mix). 2-Nitrofluorene and 1-nitropyrene do not need S9 mix for activation of their mutagenicities, but an inhibitory effect was observed. Humic acid exerts a desmutagenic effect on mutagens directly before they act on cells. It does not act as an antimutagen which blocks the processes changing normal cells to mutants. The desmutagenic effect was not decreased by heat treatment (120 degrees C, 15 min). Humic acid was fractionated according to molecular weight and the desmutagenic effect increased with an increase in molecular weight. This effect in the fraction with molecular weight exceeding 300 000 was decreased by centrifugation. The desmutagenic ability of humic acid may result from soluble components and adsorption to small particles.
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