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Tonon MC, Vaudry H, Chuquet J, Guillebaud F, Fan J, Masmoudi-Kouki O, Vaudry D, Lanfray D, Morin F, Prevot V, Papadopoulos V, Troadec JD, Leprince J. Endozepines and their receptors: Structure, functions and pathophysiological significance. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kim SW, Wiers CE, Tyler R, Shokri-Kojori E, Jang YJ, Zehra A, Freeman C, Ramirez V, Lindgren E, Miller G, Cabrera EA, Stodden T, Guo M, Demiral ŞB, Diazgranados N, Park L, Liow JS, Pike V, Morse C, Vendruscolo LF, Innis RB, Koob GF, Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Influence of alcoholism and cholesterol on TSPO binding in brain: PET [ 11C]PBR28 studies in humans and rodents. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1832-1839. [PMID: 29777199 PMCID: PMC6046047 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation appears to contribute to neurotoxicity observed with heavy alcohol consumption. To assess whether chronic alcohol results in neuroinflammation we used PET and [11C]PBR28, a ligand that binds to the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), to compare participants with an alcohol use disorder (AUD: n = 19) with healthy controls (HC: n = 17), and alcohol-dependent (n = 9) with -nondependent rats (n = 10). Because TSPO is implicated in cholesterol's transport for steroidogenesis, we investigated whether plasma cholesterol levels influenced [11C]PBR28 binding. [11C]PBR28 binding did not differ between AUD and HC. However, when separating by TSPO genotype rs6971, we showed that medium-affinity binders AUD participants showed lower [11C]PBR28 binding than HC in regions of interest (whole brain, gray and white matter, hippocampus, and thalamus), but no group differences were observed in high-affinity binders. Cholesterol levels inversely correlated with brain [11C]PBR28 binding in combined groups, due to a correlation in AUD participants. In rodents, we observed no differences in brain [11C]PBR28 uptake between alcohol-dependent and -nondependent rats. These findings, which are consistent with two previous [11C]PBR28 PET studies, may indicate lower activation of microglia in AUD, whereas failure to observe alcohol effects in the rodent model indicate that species differences do not explain the discrepancy with prior rodent autoradiographic studies reporting increases in TSPO binding with chronic alcohol. However, reduced binding in AUD participants could also reflect competition from endogenous TSPO ligands such as cholesterol; and since the rs6971 polymorphism affects the cholesterol-binding domain of TSPO this could explain why differences were observed only in medium-affinity binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Kim
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Corinde E. Wiers
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Ryan Tyler
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Ehsan Shokri-Kojori
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Yeon Joo Jang
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Amna Zehra
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Clara Freeman
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Veronica Ramirez
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Elsa Lindgren
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Gregg Miller
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Cabrera
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Tyler Stodden
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Min Guo
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Şükrü B. Demiral
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Nancy Diazgranados
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Luke Park
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dMolecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jeih-San Liow
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dMolecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Victor Pike
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dMolecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Cheryl Morse
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dMolecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Leandro F. Vendruscolo
- 0000 0000 9372 4913grid.419475.aNational Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Robert B. Innis
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dMolecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - George F. Koob
- 0000 0000 9372 4913grid.419475.aNational Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Enna SJ. A legacy of discovery: from monoamines to GABA. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:1050-7. [PMID: 20951150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Seldom does a single individual have such a profound effect on the development of a scientific discipline as Erminio Costa had on neuropharmacology. During nearly sixty years of research, Costa and his collaborators helped established many of the basic principles of the pharmacodynamic actions of psychotherapeutics. His contributions range from defining basic neurochemical, physiological and behavioral properties of neurotransmitters and their receptors, to the development of novel theories for drug discovery. Outlined in this report is a portion of his work relating to the involvement of monoamines and GABA in mediating the symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders and as targets for drug therapies. These studies were selected for review because of their influence on my own work and as an illustration of his logical and insightful approach to research and his clever use of techniques and technologies. Given the significance of his work, the legions of scientist who collaborated with him, and those inspired by his reports, his research will continue to have an impact as long as there is a search for new therapeutics to alleviate the pain and suffering associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Trends in neuropharmacology: in memory of Erminio Costa'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Enna
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Knapp DJ, Overstreet DH, Angel RA, Navarro M, Breese GR. The amygdala regulates the antianxiety sensitization effect of flumazenil during repeated chronic ethanol or repeated stress. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:1872-82. [PMID: 17908266 PMCID: PMC2864652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil reduces anxiety-like behavior and sensitization of anxiety-like behavior in various models of ethanol withdrawal in rodents. The mechanism and brain region(s) that account for this action of flumazenil remain unknown. This investigation explored the potential role of several brain regions (amygdala, raphe, inferior colliculus, nucleus accumbens, and paraventricular hypothalamus) for these actions of flumazenil. METHODS Rats were surgically implanted with guide cannulae directed over the brain region of interest and then treated with an ethanol diet for three 7-day dietary cycles (5 days on ethanol diet followed by 2 days on control diet). At approximately 4 hours, flumazenil was administered intracranially into each of the first 2 withdrawals. Examinations of anxiety-like behavior followed 1 week later during a third withdrawal. In other animals, restraint stress sessions or intra-amygdala DMCM (methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate) injections, preceded by intraperitoneal flumazenil injections, were substituted for the first 2 ethanol treatment cycles to assess the potential anxiety-sensitizing action of stress or a benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist, respectively. RESULTS Flumazenil treatment of the amygdala during the first 2 withdrawals blocked the development of sensitized anxiety seen during a third withdrawal. Similar actions of flumazenil were found when stress sessions substituted for the first 2 cycles of ethanol exposure and withdrawal. Amygdala treatment with DMCM magnified the anxiety response to the single subthreshold chronic ethanol treatment, and prophylactic flumazenil blocked this effect. CONCLUSIONS Intra-amygdala flumazenil inhibits the development of anxiety sensitized by repeated ethanol withdrawal, stress/ethanol withdrawal, or DMCM/ethanol withdrawal. These actions suggest that site-specific and persistent effects of flumazenil on gamma-aminobutyric acid-modulatory processes in this brain region are relevant to sensitized behavioral effects seen in alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin J Knapp
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7158, USA.
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Katsura M. [Functional involvement of cerebral diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) in the establishment of drug dependence]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2001; 117:159-68. [PMID: 11288485 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.117.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms for formation of drug dependence and emergence of withdrawal syndrome are not yet fully understood despite of a huge accumulation of experimental and clinical data. Several clinical features of withdrawal syndrome are considered to be common (i.e., anxiety) among patients with drug dependence induced by different drugs of abuse. In this review, we have discussed the possibility of the functional involvement of diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI), an endogenous neuropeptide for benzodiazepine receptors with endogenously anxiogenic potential, in the development of drug dependence and emergence of its withdrawal symptom. The levels of DBI protein and its mRNA significantly increased in the brain derived from mice dependent on alcohol (ethanol), nicotine and morphine, and abrupt cessation of these drugs facilitated further increase in DBI expression. In the cases of nicotine- and morphine-dependent mice, concomitant administration of antagonists for nicotinic acetylcholine and opioid receptors, respectively, abolished the increase in DBI expression. Therefore, these alterations in DBI expression have a close relationship with formation of drug dependence and/or emergence of withdrawal syndrome and are considered to be a common biochemical process in drug dependence induced by different drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katsura
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan.
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Fluck E, Fernandes C, File SE, Curran HV, Marshall J. The influence of alcoholism and cirrhosis on benzodiazepine receptor function. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998; 59:949-54. [PMID: 9586854 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study we reported that the affinity of the platelet benzodiazepine receptor was greater in alcoholic cirrhotic patients compared with normal controls and that there were detectable ligands for the neuronal benzodiazepine receptor in plasma from both alcoholic and nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients. The aim of the present study was to assess the separate contributions of alcoholism and cirrhosis to the presence of ligands in plasma for the neuronal and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors and to changes in peripheral benzodiazepine receptor binding in platelets. These parameters were measured in 10 alcoholic cirrhotics, 9 nonalcoholic cirrhotics, 7 alcoholics with a normal liver function, and 15 nonalcoholic subjects and normal liver function. Both groups of alcoholics had been abstinent for several months and the nonalcoholic groups had abstained for 24 h before the study. The concentration of ligands for the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor were significantly higher in both cirrhotic groups compared with the other two groups, suggesting that cirrhosis was responsible for this accumulation. Furthermore, the cirrhotic patients with detectable concentrations of these ligands had significantly poorer episodic memory than those without ligands. However, the presence of ligands for the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor did not correlate with the change in receptor affinity, which was increased in the alcoholic cirrhotic group compared with all other groups. Neither cirrhosis nor alcoholism altered the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor number. The cirrhotic patients with detectable ligands for the neuronal benzodiazepine receptor showed psychomotor slowing and executive dysfunction. The results suggest that the ligands for the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor may contribute to some of the cognitive deficits seen in hepatic encephalopathy, but are not responsible for the receptor affinity change seen in the alcoholic cirrhotics. This affinity change is not solely due to the effects of alcohol and could possibly serve as a marker for those at risk for developing alcoholic cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fluck
- Psychopharmacology Research Unit, UMDS, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Katsura M, Ohkuma S, Tsujimura A, Xu J, Hibino Y, Ishikawa E, Kuriyama K. Functional involvement of benzodiazepine receptors in ethanol-induced increases of diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) and its mRNA in the mouse brain. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1998; 54:124-32. [PMID: 9526063 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have attempted to clarify the mechanisms for alcohol (EtOH)-induced elevation of diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) mRNA and to investigate whether the increase in DBI mRNA is paralleled with that in DBI using EtOH-treated mice and primary cultured neurons. Both the DBI content and the expression of DBI mRNA were elevated in the cerebral cortex of EtOH-inhaled and -withdrawn mice. Simultaneous administration of flunitrazepam (FLN) and Ro15-1788 with EtOH vapor completely abolished the EtOH-induced elevation of DBI mRNA. In addition, the exposure of the neurons for 3 days significantly elevated the expression of DBI mRNA, which was completely inhibited by concomitant exposure of FLN, Ro15-4513 and Ro-15-1788 with EtOH, while muscimol and bicuculline showed no effects on the EtOH-induced increase of DBI mRNA expression. These results indicate that functional interaction between EtOH and benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors is a critical role in the increased expression of DBI mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katsura
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dodd
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Royal Brisbane Hospital Research Foundation, Australia
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Abstract
Gender differences in alcohol intake and response to alcohol may be influenced by basic variations in the organization and modulation of male and female brains. Although a number of genetic, social, environmental, and metabolic factors have been proposed to explain the gender differences observed in risk for alcoholism, alcohol intake, and medical consequences of excessive alcohol intake, very little attention has been given to the role of gender differences in the brain regarding alcohol use. Recent evidence documents the influence of neurosteroids on neurotransmitter activity in the brain and the impact of alcohol on neurosteroid levels. Neurosteroids are found in different levels in males and females during development and throughout life, depending on factors such as age, stage of development, estrous and menstrual cycles, and stress. This study discusses the hypothesis that many of the gender differences observed concerning alcohol use and misuse are determined by gender differences in the brain, which in turn differentially influence the behavioral and neurochemical responses of males and females to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Lancaster
- Division of Basic Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland
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Payeur R, Lydiard RB, Ballenger JC, Laraia MT, Fossey MD, Zealberg J. CSF diazepam-binding inhibitor concentrations in panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 32:712-6. [PMID: 1333825 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90301-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) is a neuropeptide that has been detected in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Previous studies have suggested the possible role of DBI as a potential endogenous anxiogenic ligand modulating GABAergic transmission at the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor complex. The measurement of DBI immunoreactivity (DBI-IR) in CSF of panic-disorder patients and normal controls was undertaken to assess whether there were differences in the CSF concentration of this peptide to assess possible relationships with other monoamines and peptides. Lumbar CSF was obtained from 18 panic patients (4 men, 14 women) and 9 controls (5 men, 4 women). As a group, no significant differences were found between panic patients' CSF concentration of DBI-IR (1.12 +/- 0.27 pmol/mL) and normal volunteers (1.23 +/- 0.27 pmol/mL). No gender differences were demonstrated. However, we did find a positive correlation between CSF levels of DBI and CSF corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in our panic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Payeur
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry, Charleston 29425
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Study of the seizure threshold and increasing resistance of rats to stress after immunization to diazepam-binding inhibitor fragment. Bull Exp Biol Med 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00783111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Roy A. Cerebrospinal fluid diazepam binding inhibitor in depressed patients and normal controls. Neuropharmacology 1991; 30:1441-4. [PMID: 1780040 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(11)80014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) is a neuromodulatory peptide for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission. Levels of DBI in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were found to be elevated in depressed patients, when compared to age- and sex-matched normal controls. Levels of the peptide, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), in CSF have been found to be elevated in depressed patients. Significant positive correlations between levels of DBI and CRH in the CSF of depressed patients and normal controls were found. These data suggest the possibility that DBI may have a role in coordinating responses to stress in humans, in addition to its possible role in the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roy
- Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004
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Abstract
Seasonal influences on indices of serotonergic function, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), have been reported in psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers. We examined seasonal differences in CSF concentrations of 5-HIAA among 135 alcoholics admitted to a research ward who had a lumbar puncture. No significant seasonal differences were found for either CSF concentrations of 5-HIAA or CSF concentrations of other monoamine metabolites or peptides. The possible explanations for these negative findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roy
- Laboratory of Clinical Studies, DICBR, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
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Barbaccia ML, Berkovich A, Guarneri P, Slobodyansky E. DBI (diazepam binding inhibitor): the precursor of a family of endogenous modulators of GABAA receptor function. History, perspectives, and clinical implications. Neurochem Res 1990; 15:161-8. [PMID: 2159121 DOI: 10.1007/bf00972206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical, electrophysiological, and lately, molecular biological techniques have shown that GABAA receptors are heterogeneous supramolecular complexes and can be divided into at least three major subgroups: GABAA1, GABAA2, and GABAA3. They differ mainly in the structural and functional properties of the allosteric modulatory center associated with each one of them. This paper will review the present state of research based on the evidence that DBI (diazepam binding inhibitor) and its natural processing products can selectively modulate GABAergic transmission at different GABAA receptor subtypes. Furthermore, the possibility that the DBI family of peptides represents a novel and meaningful neurochemical correlate for neuropsychiatric pathology, sustained by an alteration of GABAergic transmission, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Barbaccia
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Rome II University Medical School, Italy
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