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Li J, Xu Y, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Guo H, Wei D, Wu C, Hai T, Sun HX, Zhao Y. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals transcriptional and cell subpopulation differences between human and pig immune cells. Genes Genomics 2024; 46:303-322. [PMID: 37979077 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pig is a promising donor candidate for xenotransplantation. Understanding the differences between human and swine immune systems is critical for addressing xenotransplant rejection and hematopoietic reconstitution. The gene transcriptional profile differences between human and pig immune cell subpopulations have not been studied. To assess the similarities and differences between pigs and humans at the levels of gene transcriptional profiles or cell subpopulations are important for better understanding the cross-species similarity of humans and pigs, and it would help establish the fundamental principles necessary to genetically engineer donor pigs and improve xenotransplantation. OBJECTIVE To assess the gene transcriptional similarities and differences between pigs and humans. METHODS Two pigs and two healthy humans' PBMCs were sorted for 10 × genomics single-cell sequence. We generated integrated human-pig scRNA-seq data from human and pig PBMCs and defined the overall gene expression landscape of pig peripheral blood immune cell subpopulations by updating the set of human-porcine homologous genes. The subsets of immune cells were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS There were significantly less T cells, NK cells and monocytes but more B cells in pig peripheral blood than those in human peripheral blood. High oxidative phosphorylation, HIF-1, glycolysis, and lysosome-related gene expressions in pig CD14+ monocytes were observed, whereas pig CD14+ monocytes exhibited lower levels of cytokine receptors and JAK-STAT-related genes. Pig activated CD4+T cells decreased cell adhesion and inflammation, while enriched for migration and activation processes. Porcine GNLY+CD8+T cells reduced cytotoxicity and increased proliferation compared with human GNLY+CD8+T cells. Pig CD2+CD8+γδT cells were functionally homologous to human CD2+CD4+ γδT cells. Pig CD2-CD8-γδT cells expressed genes with quiescent and precursor characteristics, while CD2-CD8+γδT cells expressed migration and memory-related molecules. Pig CD24+ and CD5+B cells are associated with inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION Our research with integrated scRNA-seq assays identified the different distribution of pig immune cell subpopulations and the different transcriptional profiles of human and pig immune cells. This study enables a deeper understanding of the development and function of porcine immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
- BGI-Beijing, Beijing, 102601, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Han Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tang Hai
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hai-Xi Sun
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- BGI-Beijing, Beijing, 102601, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Charerntantanakul W, Platt R, Roth JA. Effects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected antigen-presenting cells on T cell activation and antiviral cytokine production. Viral Immunol 2007; 19:646-61. [PMID: 17201660 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to suppress T cell expression of CD25 (alpha chain of interleukin [IL]-2 receptor), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was determined by flow cytometry in naive porcine T cells in response to mitogen (concanavalin A) and cytokine inducers (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin [PMA/I]). Four PRRSV isolates of varying clinical virulence and three different types of porcine myeloid antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were used. T cells cultured with monocytes infected with virulent PRRSV (VR-2385, SDSU-73, and VR-2332), but not with a vaccine strain (Ingelvac PRRS MLV; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, St. Joseph, MO), demonstrated significantly reduced CD25 expression (%CD25(+)) and IFN-gamma expression (%IFN-gamma (+)) compared with T cells incubated with uninoculated monocyte cultures. T cells cultured with monocytes infected with all four PRRSV isolates demonstrated significantly reduced %TNF-alpha (+). The significant reduction of %CD25(+), %IFN-gamma (+), and %TNF-alpha (+) was not detected in T cells cultured with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDCs) infected with any PRRSV isolates. Heat-inactivated PRRSV did not induce significantly reduced T cell responses in any APC cultures. The reduction of T cell response in monocyte cultures was not due to PRRSV-induced T cell death. Gene expression of IL-10 detected by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was significantly increased in virulent PRRSV-infected monocyte cultures after PMA/I, but not concanavalin A, stimulation compared with IL-10 gene expression from uninoculated monocyte cultures. Increased IL-10 gene expression contributed to significantly reduced %IFN-gamma (+) and %TNF-alpha (+), but not %CD25(+), as determined by IL-10 neutralization assay. This study reports that PRRSV has the ability to suppress T cell responses. The suppressive ability of PRRSV is associated with viral virulence and is mediated by virus-infected monocytes, but not by virus-infected MDMs and immature MDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasin Charerntantanakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
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Andersen JK, Takamatsu H, Oura CA, Brookes SM, Pullen L, Parkhouse RE. Systematic characterization of porcine ileal Peyer's patch, I. apoptosis-sensitive immature B cells are the predominant cell type. Immunology 1999; 98:612-21. [PMID: 10594696 PMCID: PMC2326965 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now apparent that the Peyer's patches of some species exhibit structural, functional and developmental heterogeneity. In sheep, for example, the ileal Peyer's patch (IPP) is the primary, antigen-independent site for the generation of the primary immunoglobulin repertoire and consequent production of the systemic B-cell pool. The pig has three distinct Peyer's patches, including an IPP, but the functional status of this organ, as primary or secondary lymphoid tissue, is not clear. Here, we have systematically characterized pig IPP follicular lymphocytes and show that about 90% B cells that are positive for surface immunoglobulin G (sIgM+) and express an immature phenotype characterized by expression of myeloid marker sWC3 (74-22-15) and two molecules recognized by IPP B-cell-specific monoclonal antibodies (F10/4, F12/35). Extensive apoptosis in vivo and in vitro was demonstrated by electron microscopy, immunohistology with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling, DNA analysis and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Thus, when isolated IPP follicular cells were incubated at 37 degrees in vitro, the majority of them became apoptotic. The few that survived, however, had lost their expression of sWC3, F10/4, F12/35, but showed an increased expression of sIgM and major histocompatibility complex class II indicating that such surviving cells were of a more mature phenotype. Although more T cells were observed in porcine IPP follicles than in sheep IPP, CD3+ cells comprised less than 5% of the IPP follicular lymphocytes. Thus, the results clearly indicate that pig IPP is equivalent to sheep IPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Andersen
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
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