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Duran-Struuck R, Huang CA, Matar AJ. Cellular Therapies for the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies; Swine Are an Ideal Preclinical Model. Front Oncol 2019; 9:418. [PMID: 31293961 PMCID: PMC6598443 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of clinically relevant large animal tumor models has historically forced experimental cellular therapies for hematological malignancies to translate directly from murine models to clinical trials. However, recent advances highlight swine as an ideal large animal model to demonstrate the safety of murine proof of concept studies prior to their implementation clinically. The availability of the MHC defined MGH miniature swine herd has been key for the development of novel approaches for hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplantation. New spontaneously arising hematological malignancies in these swine, specifically myeloid leukemias and B cell lymphomas, resemble human malignancies, which has allowed for development of immortalized tumor cell lines and has implications for the development of a large animal transplantable tumor model. The novel development of a SCID swine model has further advanced the field of large animal cancer models, allowing for engraftment of human tumor cells in a large animal model. Here, we will highlight the advantages of the swine pre-clinical model for the study of hematological malignancies. Further, we will discuss our experience utilizing spontaneously arising tumors in MGH swine to create a transplantable tumor model, describe the potential of the immunodeficient swine model, and highlight several novel cellular and biological therapies for the treatment of hematological malignancies in swine as a large animal pre-clinical bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christene A Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Abraham J Matar
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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2
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De Pelsmaeker S, Devriendt B, De Regge N, Favoreel HW. Porcine NK Cells Stimulate Proliferation of Pseudorabies Virus-Experienced CD8 + and CD4 +CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3188. [PMID: 30705681 PMCID: PMC6344446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and play a central role in the defense against viral infections and cancer development, but also contribute to shaping adaptive immune responses. NK cells are particularly important in the first line defense against herpesviruses, including alphaherpesviruses. In addition to their ability to kill target cells and produce interferon-γ, porcine and human NK cell subsets have been reported to display features associated with professional antigen presenting cells (APC), although it is currently unclear whether NK cells may internalize debris of virus-infected cells and whether this APC-like activity of NK cells may stimulate proliferation of antiviral T cells. Here, using the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV), we show that vaccination of pigs with a live attenuated PRV vaccine strain triggers expression of MHC class II on porcine NK cells, that porcine NK cells can internalize debris from PRV-infected target cells, and that NK cells can stimulate proliferation of CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ PRV-experienced T cells. These results highlight the potential of targeting these NK cell features in future vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi De Pelsmaeker
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Department of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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3
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De Pelsmaeker S, Devriendt B, Leclercq G, Favoreel HW. Porcine NK cells display features associated with antigen-presenting cells. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 103:129-140. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0417-163rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steffi De Pelsmaeker
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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4
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Baert K, De Geest BG, De Greve H, Cox E, Devriendt B. Duality of β-glucan microparticles: antigen carrier and immunostimulants. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2463-9. [PMID: 27330289 PMCID: PMC4898424 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s101881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing efficient recombinant mucosal vaccines against enteric diseases is still a major challenge. Mucosal delivery of recombinant vaccines requires encapsulation in potent immunostimulatory particles to induce an efficient immune response. This paper evaluates the capacity of β-glucan microparticles (GPs) as antigen vehicles and characterizes their immune-stimulatory effects. The relevant infectious antigen FedF was chosen to be loaded inside the microparticles. The incorporation of FedF inside the particles was highly efficient (roughly 85%) and occurred without antigen degradation. In addition, these GPs have immunostimulatory effects as well, demonstrated by the strong reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by porcine neutrophils upon their recognition. Although antigen-loaded GPs still induce ROS production, antigen loading decreases this production by neutrophils for reasons yet unknown. However, these antigen-loaded GPs are still able to bind their specific β-glucan receptor, demonstrated by blocking complement receptor 3, which is the major β-glucan receptor on porcine neutrophils. The dual character of these particles is confirmed by a T-cell proliferation assay. FedF-loaded particles induce a significantly higher FedF-specific T-cell proliferation than soluble FedF. Taken together, these results show that GPs are efficient antigen carriers with immune-stimulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Baert
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Henri De Greve
- Structural Biology Research Centre, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Mehrzad J, Devriendt B, Baert K, Cox E. Aflatoxin B1 interferes with the antigen-presenting capacity of porcine dendritic cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:531-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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Mehrzad J, Devriendt B, Baert K, Cox E. Aflatoxins of type B and G affect porcine dendritic cell maturationin vitro. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:174-80. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.916366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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7
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Devriendt B, Baert K, Dierendonck M, Favoreel H, De Koker S, Remon JP, De Geest BG, Cox E. One-step spray-dried polyelectrolyte microparticles enhance the antigen cross-presentation capacity of porcine dendritic cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012. [PMID: 23207327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is regarded as the most efficient and cost-effective way to prevent infectious diseases. Vaccine design nowadays focuses on the implementation of safer recombinant subunit vaccines. However, these recombinant subunit antigens are often poor immunogens and several strategies are currently under investigation to enhance their immunogenicity. The encapsulation of antigens in biodegradable microparticulate delivery systems seems a promising strategy to boost their immunogenicity. Here, we evaluate the capacity of polyelectrolyte complex microparticles (PECMs), fabricated by single step spray-drying, to deliver antigens to porcine dendritic cells and how these particles affect the functional maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). As clinically relevant model antigen F4 fimbriae, a bacterial adhesin purified from a porcine-specific enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain was chosen. The resulting antigen-loaded PECMs are efficiently internalised by porcine monocyte-derived DCs. F4 fimbriae-loaded PECMs (F4-PECMs) enhanced CD40 and CD25 surface expression by DCs and this phenotypical maturation correlated with an increased secretion of IL-6 and IL-1β. More importantly, F4-PECMs enhance both the T cell stimulatory and antigen presentation capacity of DCs. Moreover, PECMs efficiently promoted the CD8(+) T cell stimulatory capacity of dendritic cells, indicating an enhanced ability to cross-present the encapsulated antigens. These results could accelerate the development of veterinary and human subunit vaccines based on polyelectrolyte complex microparticles to induce protective immunity against a variety of extra- and intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Devriendt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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8
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Piriou-Guzylack L, Salmon H. Membrane markers of the immune cells in swine: an update. Vet Res 2008; 39:54. [PMID: 18638439 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2008030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides their breeding value, swine are increasingly used as biomedical models. As reported in three international swine clusters of differentiation (CD) workshops and in the animal homologue section of the last workshop for the determination of human leukocyte differentiation antigens (HLDA 8), characterisation of leukocyte surface antigens by monoclonal antibodies and other molecular studies have determined the cell lineages and blood leukocyte subsets implicated in the immune response, including cell adhesion molecules involved in cell trafficking. This review focusses on the current state of knowledge of porcine leukocyte differentiation and major histocompatibility complex (SLA) molecules. Examples of porcine particularities such as the double-positive T lymphocytes with the phenotype CD(4+)CD8(low) and CD(4-)CD8(low) alphabeta T cell subsets and the persistence of SLA class II after T-lymphocyte activation are illustrated, as well as the shared characteristics of the Artiodactyla group, such as the high proportion of gammadelta TcR (T cell receptor) T cells in blood and other lymphoid tissues. Furthermore, discrepancies between swine and humans, such as CD16 expression on dendritic cells and CD11b (wCD11R1) tissue distribution are outlined. The rapidly growing information should facilitate manipulation of the swine immune system towards improving disease control, and open new avenues for biomedical research using the pig as a model.
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Bergamin F, Vincent IE, Summerfield A, McCullough KC. Essential role of antigen-presenting cell-derived BAFF for antibody responses. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:3122-30. [PMID: 17935087 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APC) are directly involved in survival, growth and differentiation of naive B cells and in immunoglobulin class switch recombination. Less is known about the contribution of APC to memory B cell responses. We employed an in vitro model to investigate the secondary humoral response against foot-and-mouth disease virus, with cells from a natural host of the virus - the pig. This response is T cell-dependent. Under conditions of limited T cell help, defined as a low T-to-B cell ratio or by the replacement of T cells with interleukin-2 only, the antibody response was dependent on APC. These included monocytes and monocyte-derived DC, but not plasmacytoid DC. APC mediated their help through soluble factors, particularly soluble B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF). Our results suggest that the 'ménage à trois' concept, saying that both APC and T cells have a direct effect in B cell activation, is also valid for secondary B cell responses, and imply an important role for BAFF under conditions that might be physiologically relevant in secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bergamin
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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10
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van Rooij EMA, de Bruin MGM, de Visser YE, Middel WGJ, Boersma WJA, Bianchi ATJ. Vaccine-induced T cell-mediated immunity plays a critical role in early protection against pseudorabies virus (suid herpes virus type 1) infection in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 99:113-25. [PMID: 15113659 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the relative importance of antibody and T cell-mediated immunity in protection against pseudorabies virus (suid herpes virus type 1) infection in pigs. We induced different levels of immune responses by using: (1) a modified live vaccine; (2) the same modified live vaccine with an oil-in-water (o/w) adjuvant; (3) an inactivated vaccine; and (4) the same inactivated vaccine with an o/w adjuvant. Subsequently, we challenged pigs with virulent pseudorabies virus (PRV). We demonstrated that best-protected pigs stood out by maintaining strong T cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses after challenge. Of the immune parameters tested, protection against virus shedding was correlated best with the magnitude of the IFN-gamma response of in vitro re-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with an additional role for PRV-specific IgG2 antibodies. The use of an o/w adjuvant resulted in higher antibody and CMI responses, in particular with an increased frequency of memory T helper blast cells of in vitro re-stimulated PBMC. However, this adjuvant-induced enhancement of the immune response had a limited additional effect on the efficacy of inactivated vaccines. This study suggests a major contribution of the CMI response in early protection against PRV infection and that PRV-induced IFN-gamma responses may serve as a suitable indicator for assessing the immune status of vaccinated pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M A van Rooij
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control, CIDC-Lelystad, P.O. Box 2004, 8203 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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11
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Haverson K, Saalmüller A, Alvarez B, Alonso F, Bailey M, Bianchi AT, Boersma WJ, Chen Z, Davis WC, Dominguez J, Engelhardt H, Ezquerra A, Grosmaire LS, Hamilton MJ, Hollemweguer E, Huang CA, Khanna KV, Kuebart G, Lackovic G, Ledbetter JA, Lee R, Llanes D, Lunney JK, McCullough KC, Molitor T, Nielsen J, Niewold TA, Pescovitz MD, de la Lastra JM, Rehakova Z, Salmon H, Schnitzlein WM, Seebach J, Simon A, Sinkora J, Sinkora M, Stokes CR, Summerfield A, Sver L, Thacker E, Valpotic I, Yang H, Zuckermann FA, Zwart R. Overview of the Third International Workshop on Swine Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 80:5-23. [PMID: 11445215 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the Third International Workshop on Swine Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens (CD workshop), supported by the Veterinary Immunology Committee (VIC) of the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS), was to standardize the assignment of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) reactive with porcine leukocyte differentiation antigens and to define new antibody clusters, using nomenclature in accordance with human and ruminant CD nomenclature, as agreed at the summary meeting of the Second International Swine CD Workshop in Davis, 1995: only mAb with proven reactivity for the orthologous porcine gene product or cross-reactivity for the human gene products, were given the full CD nomenclature, all other allocations were prefixed with "w". As in previous workshops, the overall organization was entrusted to the chair and first author, with support by the chair of the previous workshop and second author. In addition to the existing 26 pig leukocyte CD/SWC determinants established in previous workshops, this workshop established/confirmed another 11 CDs for pig leukocytes, identified by a total of 21 mAb: CD11R1 (2 mAb), CD11R2 (1 mAb), CD11R3 (4 mAb), wCD40 (1 mAb), wCD46 (4 mAb), wCD47 (3 mAb), wCD49d (1 mAb), CD61 (1 mAb), wCD92 (1 mAb), wCD93 (1 mAb) and CD163 (2 mAb).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Haverson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK.
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12
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Saalmüller A, Kuebart G, Hollemweguer E, Chen Z, Nielsen J, Zuckermann F, Haverson K. Summary of workshop findings for porcine T-lymphocyte-specific monoclonal antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 80:35-52. [PMID: 11445217 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-seven monoclonal antibodies (mAb) selected after the first round analyses in the Third International Swine CD workshop for their possible reactivity with T-lymphocyte specific antigens were further analysed in a second round. As target cells for flow cytometric analyses served peripheral blood mononuclear cells, nylon-wool enriched T-lymphocytes, thymocytes, splenocytes, and lymphocytes derived from Peyer's patches. These second round analyses revealed 15 different data sets. Together with 22 pre-selected data sets from the first round analyses with the whole panel of monoclonal antibodies, 37 data sets were used for the clustering of the respective mAb. Using the LTDB4 program, 19 preliminary clusters could be defined. Two clusters (C3 and C7) with 4 mAb showed no labelling of resting T-lymphocytes. Seven clusters (C1, C2, C4, C5, C6, C11, and C12) contain mAb (in total: 16 mAb) directed against subsets of CD4(-)CD8(-) T-lymphocytes. These mAb seem to recognise antigens on porcine T-lymphocytes with T-cell receptor (TcR) gamma/delta chains. Three clusters (C8, C9, C10, C13) seem to be artificial. They contain either mAb staining CD4(-)CD8(-) T-lymphocytes and low CD8+ cells (C8, C9), mAb with various reactivity (C10) and mAb with known differences in their reactivity (C13). Cluster C14 contains 3 mAb against the CD4a-epitope, C15 describes mAb directed against porcine CD8c-epitope whereas mAb against CD8a and CD8b-epitopes grouped in C19. The mAb found in C16 seem to recognise CD45R. Cluster C17 is composed of different standards directed against CD2, CD3, CD5 and wCD6. Two additional mAb recognising the CD2a-epitope could be enclosed. C18 contains two mAb directed against SWC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saalmüller
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, P.O. Box 1149, 72001 Tübingen, Germany.
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13
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de Bruin TG, van Rooij EM, de Visser YE, Voermans JJ, Samsom JN, Kimman TG, Bianchi AT. Discrimination of different subsets of cytolytic cells in pseudorabies virus-immune and naive pigs. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:1529-37. [PMID: 10811936 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-6-1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously observed that pseudorabies virus (PRV)-induced, cell-mediated cytolysis in pigs includes killing by natural killer (NK) cells. We also observed that IL-2 stimulation in vitro of naive PBMC expands porcine NK cells. The purpose of this study was to compare the phenotypes of the cytolytic subsets stimulated in vitro by PRV and by IL-2. PBMC were isolated from blood of PRV-immune and naive pigs and stimulated in vitro with PRV or IL-2. After 6 days, the frequency of various lymphocyte subsets in these cultured PBMC was determined by flow cytometry: the cells were separated with a magnet-activated cell sorter and the cytolytic activity of the separated populations was determined. When lymphocytes were separated and analysed with FACScan, the following lymphocyte subsets were discriminated: CD6(+) CD8(bright+) CD4(-) (CTL phenotype), CD6(+) CD8(dull+) CD4(+) (the fraction containing memory T helper cells), CD6(+) CD8(-) CD4(+) (T helper cell phenotype), CD6(-) CD8(dull+) CD4(-) gammadelta-T(+) ( gammadelta-T cell phenotype), CD6(-) CD8(dull+) CD4(-) gammadelta-T(-) (NK phenotype) and CD6(-) CD8(-) CD4(-) gammadelta-T(-) or gammadelta-T(+). Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that PRV stimulation of immune PBMC resulted in the occurrence of more CD6(+) CD8(+) and CD4(+) CD8(+) and fewer CD6(-) CD8(+) and gammadelta-T(+) CD8(+) lymphocytes than IL-2 stimulation of naive PBMC (P<0.05). It was demonstrated further that killing by PRV-stimulated PBMC was mediated mainly by CD6(+) CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Killing by IL-2-stimulated PBMC was mediated mainly by CD6(-) CD8(+) T lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that both natural killing and killing by classical PRV-specific CTL were detected in PRV-immune pigs, whereas IL-2 stimulation of PBMC isolated from naive pigs mainly induced natural killing.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Cell Separation/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Swine
- Swine, Miniature
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Affiliation(s)
- T G de Bruin
- Department of Mammalian Virology, Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad), Postbus 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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14
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van Rooij EM, Haagmans BL, Glansbeek HL, de Visser YE, de Bruin MG, Boersma W, Bianchi AT. A DNA vaccine coding for glycoprotein B of pseudorabies virus induces cell-mediated immunity in pigs and reduces virus excretion early after infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2000; 74:121-36. [PMID: 10760394 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins B (gB), gC and gD of pseudorabies virus (PRV) have been implicated as important antigens in protective immunity against PRV infection. As cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in this protective immunity, we determined the significance of these glycoproteins in the actual induction of cell-mediated immunity. We vaccinated pigs with plasmid DNA constructs coding for gB, gC or gD and challenged them with the virulent NIA-3 strain of pseudorabies virus. Vaccination with plasmid DNA coding for gB induced the strongest cell-mediated immune responses including cytotoxic T cell responses, whereas plasmid DNA coding for gD induced the strongest virus neutralising antibody responses. Interestingly, vaccination with gB-DNA reduced virus excretion early after challenge infection while vaccination with gC-DNA or gD-DNA did not.This is the first study to demonstrate that DNA vaccination induces cytotoxic T cell responses in pigs and that cell-mediated immunity induced by vaccination with gB-DNA is important for the reduction of virus excretion early after challenge infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cell Division
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/veterinary
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- Flow Cytometry/veterinary
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/pathogenicity
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunomagnetic Separation/veterinary
- Neutralization Tests/veterinary
- Plasmids
- Pseudorabies/immunology
- Pseudorabies/prevention & control
- Random Allocation
- Scintillation Counting/veterinary
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/immunology
- Swine Diseases/prevention & control
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/standards
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- E M van Rooij
- Departments of Mammalian Virology and Immunology, Institute for Animal Science and Health, ID-Lelystad, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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15
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Saalmüller A, Pauly T, Höhlich BJ, Pfaff E. Characterization of porcine T lymphocytes and their immune response against viral antigens. J Biotechnol 1999; 73:223-33. [PMID: 10486931 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes play a central role in the antigen-specific immune response against various pathogens. To detect and to characterize porcine T lymphocytes, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against leukocyte differentiation antigens had been raised and classified for their specificity. Analyses of porcine T lymphocytes with specific mAb against CD4 and CD8 differentiation antigens revealed differences in the composition of the porcine T-lymphocyte population compared to other species. In addition to the known subpopulations, CD4+CD8- T helper cells and CD4-CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes, extra-thymic CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes and a substantial proportion of CD2-CD4-CD8- T cell receptor (TcR)-gamma delta+ T cells could be detected in swine. Functional analyses of porcine T-lymphocyte subpopulations revealed the existence of two T-helper cell fractions with the phenotype CD4+CD8- and CD4+CD8+. Both were reactive in primary immune responses in vitro, whereas only cells derived from the CD4+CD8+ T-helper-cell subpopulation were able to respond to recall antigen in a secondary immune response. With regard to T lymphocytes with cytolytic activities, two subsets within the CD4-CD8+ T-cell subpopulation could be defined by the expression of CD6 differentiation antigens: CD6- cells which showed spontaneous cytolytic activity and CD6+ MHC I-restricted cytolytic T lymphocytes including virus-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes. These results enable now a detailed view into the porcine T-cell population and the reactivity of specific T cells involved in the porcine immune response against pathogens. Furthermore this knowledge offers the possibility to investigate specific interactions of porcine T lymphocytes with virus-specific epitopes during vaccination and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saalmüller
- Institut für Immunologie, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Viruskrankheiten der Tiere, Tübingen, Germany.
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De Bruin MG, De Visser YE, Kimman TG, Bianchi AT. Time course of the porcine cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo against pseudorabies virus after inoculation and challenge: significance of in vitro antigenic restimulation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 65:75-87. [PMID: 9802578 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the time course of porcine cellular and humoral immune responses against pseudorabies virus (PRV) after pigs were inoculated with PRV gE(-) mutant strain M141 and challenged with wild-type virus NIA-3. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from blood samples; half were used directly and half were restimulated with PRV in vitro before use in a cytolytic assay. We determined time course and extent of PRV-specific lymphoproliferative and cytolytic response. In addition, serum samples were examined for neutralizing antibodies. After inoculation, the frequency of various lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood was determined by FACScan. One week after inoculation, T-lymphocytes proliferated abundantly and a B-lymphocyte response was observed. When PBMC were used directly without restimulation, only 15% of the PRV-infected target cells were lysed, and about 15-20% of uninfected target cells were lysed. In contrast, when PBMC were restimulated with PRV, up to 50% of the PRV-infected target cells were lysed while only 30% of the uninfected target cells were lysed. The frequency of various T-lymphocyte subsets in the circulation did not change significantly after inoculation, which indicates that the number of PRV-specific lymphocytes in circulation was very small. After challenge, the T-lymphocyte response was enhanced, but the B-lymphocyte response was not. When PBMC were used directly, only 20% of the PRV-infected and uninfected target cells were lysed after challenge. In contrast, when PBMC were restimulated with PRV, they again lysed more PRV-infected target cells than uninfected target cells. Cytolytic cells were detected for a longer period after challenge than after inoculation. Since it was only possible to clearly detect cytolysis after lymphocytes were restimulated with PRV, it may be that they do not preferentially localize in blood or that they are too few in blood to be detected without further antigenic restimulation in vitro. These lymphocytes may instead localize in other tissues, such as mucosal tissues, tonsils and draining lymph nodes. Whether such a reservoir of PRV-specific cytolytic cells is important in clearing the virus is still unknown. In this study we demonstrated PRV-specific lymphocytes in circulation after they were restimulated in vitro with PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G De Bruin
- Department of Mammalian Virology, Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-DLO), Lelystad, Netherlands.
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Pescovitz MD, Book BK, Aasted B, Dominguez J, Bullido R, Trebichavsky I, Novikov B, Valpotic I, Tomaskovic M, Nielsen J, Arn S, Sachs DH, Lunney JK, Boyd PC, Walker J, Lee R, Saalmüller A. Analyses of monoclonal antibodies reacting with porcine CD5: results from the Second International Swine CD Workshop. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 60:269-73. [PMID: 9589565 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(97)00103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Among the 57 monoclonal antibodies analyzed within the T-cell group, three mAbs fell within cluster T13 including the CD5a standard b53b7 (No. 174). The two new mAbs 1H6/8 (No. 058) and BB6-9G12 (No. 166) both precipitated 55 and 60 kDa proteins that were of similar molecular weights as the standard. Staining patterns on the various cell types were similar. Both new antibodies inhibited the binding of the CD5a reference mAbs b53b7 to peripheral lymphocytes. These mAbs, therefore both react with the CD5a epitope bringing the number of anti-porcine CD5 mAbs to eight, all of which appear to recognize the same epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Pescovitz
- Indiana University, Dept. of Surgery and Microbiology/Immunology, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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Saalmüller A, Pauly T, Aasted B, Jensen KT, Sachs DH, Arn S, Davis WC, Park YH, McCullough K, Summerfield A, Murtaugh M, Pampusch MS, Burger KD, Laber J, Nielsen J, Pescovitz MD, Stokes C, Haverson K, Boyd P, Lunney JK. Summary of the first round analyses of the Second International Swine CD Workshop. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 60:237-49. [PMID: 9589562 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(97)00100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of 176 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) submitted to the Second International Swine CD Workshop, together with 19 internal standards, was analyzed by flow cytometry on 16 different cell types as a means of establishing the proper cell subset for later detailed clustering analyses. The exact CD subset reactivity of the 19 internal standard mAb had been characterized in the First International Swine CD Workshop. The flow cytometric analyses resulted in 40 data sets which were then subjected to statistical clustering using the Leukocyte Typing Database IV (LTDB4) software. As result of this work, 22 clusters were defined. After review of these results, panels of mAb from the defined first round clusters were assigned to cell subsets. The respective mAb in those first round clusters were then distributed to subset group researchers for further examination during the second round of the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saalmüller
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Tübingen, Germany
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Pescovitz MD, Book BK, Aasted B, Dominguez J, Bullido R, Trebichavsky I, Novikov B, Valpotic I, Nielsen J, Arn S, Sachs DH, Lunney JK, Boyd PC, Walker J, Lee R, Petrinec N, Saalmüller A. Analyses of monoclonal antibodies reacting with porcine wCD6: results from the Second International Swine CD Workshop. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 60:285-9. [PMID: 9589567 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(97)00105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Among the 57 monoclonal antibodies analyzed within the T-cell group of the Second International Swine CD Workshop, one mAb fell within cluster T14a that included the CD6 standard a38b2 (No. 175). The new mAb MIL8 (No. 082) and a38b2 both precipitated from activated T-cells a 150 kDa monomeric protein. Staining patterns on the various cell types were similar. There was no inhibition of binding of either mAb to peripheral blood T-cells with the opposite mAb. The new mAb, MIL8, reacts with a separate epitope on porcine wCD6.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Pescovitz
- Indiana University, Dept. of Surgery and Microbiology/Immunology, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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Pauly T, Weiland E, Hirt W, Dreyer-Bux C, Maurer S, Summerfield A, Saalmüller A. Differentiation between MHC-restricted and non-MHC-restricted porcine cytolytic T lymphocytes. Immunology 1996; 88:238-46. [PMID: 8690456 PMCID: PMC1456435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.1996.tb00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system of swine is unique in that the expression of CD4 and CD8 antigens defines four subpopulations of resting extrathymic T lymphocytes. Beyond phenotypic differences to other species, porcine T lymphocytes, particularly when derived from infected animals, are known to show high non-specific cytolytic in vitro activity. Here we describe the putative porcine CD6 antigen (workshop CD6; wCD6) which enables a phenotypic separation of T lymphocytes responsible for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted and non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity. The putative porcine CD6 analogue, wCD6, a protein with a molecular mass of 110,000, shows high specificity for T lymphocytes and is neither expressed on B lymphocytes nor on cells of the myeloid lineage. In the extrathymic T-lymphocyte compartment wCD6 characterizes two T-lymphocyte fractions: wCD6+ T lymphocytes including both CD4+ T-helper cell subpopulations (CD4+CD8- and CD4+CD8+) and within the CD4-CD8+ fraction cells with high CD8 antigen density. In contrast the CD4-CD8- gamma/delta T-cell receptor (TCR) subset and CD4-CD8+ cells with low CD8 antigen density are included in the wCD6- T-lymphocyte fraction. Functional studies with separated wCD6 fractions revealed that the wCD6- cells can be characterized by spontaneous and non-MHC restricted cytolytic activity, whereas the wCD6+ T lymphocytes are responsible for MHC-restricted T-cell functions. Thus, the porcine wCD6 is an important antigen to discriminate between MHC-restricted and non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pauly
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Tübingen, Germany
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