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Xie T, Kong F, Wang W, Wang Y, Yang H, Cao Z, Li S. In vitro and in vivo Studies of Soybean Peptides on Milk Production, Rumen Fermentation, Ruminal Bacterial Community, and Blood Parameters in Lactating Dairy Cows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:911958. [PMID: 36032283 PMCID: PMC9403479 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.911958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean peptides (SPs), a feed additive derived from soybean, exhibit nutritional function and biological activity in monogastric animals, but limited studies have been conducted in dairy cows. Our experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of SPs on the nutrient degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in vitro and milk production, rumen fermentation and bacterial community, and blood parameters of dairy cows. For in vitro experiment, ruminal fluids were collected from three ruminal cannulated Holstein dairy cows. A total of three levels of SPs (0, 0.38, and 1.92 g/kg DM of SPs) were added to the total mixed ration (TMR). Nutrient degradability and fermentation fluid pH were determined at 24 and 48 h using 3.0 g samples of the substrate. Gas production after 48 h was recorded by an automated trace gas recording system using 0.5 g samples of the substrate. The results showed that DM, NDF, ADF (p < 0.01), and CP (p < 0.05) degradabilities were significantly increased at 1.92 g/kg DM of SPs at 24 h, and asymptotic gas production (p = 0.05) was increased at 48 h. For in vivo experiment, 110 lactating Holstein cows (209.7 ± 65.2 DIM; 37.2 ± 6.4 kg/d milk yield) were randomly assigned to 0 (control group, CON) or 50 g/head/day SPs (SP-supplemented group). Yields of milk (p < 0.05), milk protein (p < 0.05), and milk lactose (0.05 < p < 0.10) increased on SPs supplementation; however, the milk fat percentage decreased (p < 0.05). The concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids (VFAs) (p < 0.05) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.01) were also increased. Rumen bacterial diversity in SP-supplemented cows was higher (p < 0.05). The relative abundances of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Butyrivibrio, Selenomonas, and Shuttleworthia were significantly increased and that of Coprococcus was decreased (p < 0.05). Our results showed that supplementing 1.92 g/kg DM of SPs could improve the nutrient degradability in vitro and 50 g/head/day of SPs could improve milk production and antioxidant ability of dairy cows. The rumen bacterial diversity was also enhanced by SP supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Ramadan S, Marsh J, El-Sherbeny GA, El-Halawany ESF, Luan F, Baumert JL, Johnson P, Osman Y, Goodman RE. Purification of soybean cupins and comparison of IgE binding with peanut allergens in a population of allergic subjects. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 147:111866. [PMID: 33217527 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Identification, purification and characterization of allergens is crucial to the understanding of IgE-mediated disease. Immunologic and structural studies with purified allergens is essential for understanding relative immunogenicity and cross-reactivity. In this work, the complex soybean 7S vicilins (Gly m 5) with three subunits and 11S legumins (Gly m 6) with five subunits were purified and characterized along with purified peanut allergens (Ara h 1, 2, 3, and 6) by label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Individual subjects plasma IgE binding was tested from subjects allergic to soybeans and or peanuts by immunoblotting, ImmunoCAP™ and ISAC™ ImmunoCAP chip, comparing these soybean proteins with those of purified peanut allergens; vicilin (Ara h 1), 2S albumin (Ara h 2 and Ara h 6) and 11S globulin (Ara h 3). Results show differences between methods and subjects demonstrating the complexity of finding answers to questions of cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Ramadan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Justin Marsh
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 68588-6207, USA
| | | | | | - Fulei Luan
- Hisense Home Appliances Group Co. Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, 266104, China
| | - Joseph L Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 68588-6207, USA
| | - Philip Johnson
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 68588-6207, USA
| | - Yehia Osman
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Richard E Goodman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 68588-6207, USA.
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Röhe I, Boroojeni FG, Zentek J. Effect of feeding soybean meal and differently processed peas on intestinal morphology and functional glucose transport in the small intestine of broilers. Poult Sci 2017; 96:4075-4084. [PMID: 29050410 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peas are locally grown legumes being rich in protein and starch. However, the broad usage of peas as a feed component in poultry nutrition is limited to anti-nutritional factors, which might impair gut morphology and function. This study investigated the effect of feeding raw or differently processed peas compared with feeding a soybean meal-based control diet (C) on intestinal morphology and nutrient transport in broilers. A total of 360 day-old broiler chicks were fed with one of the following diets: The C diet, and 3 diets containing raw peas (RP), fermented peas (FP) and enzymatically pre-digested peas (EP), each supplying 30% of dietary crude protein. After 35 d, jejunal samples of broilers were taken for analyzing histomorphological parameters, active glucose transport in Ussing chambers and the expression of genes related to glucose absorption, intestinal permeability and cell maturation. Villus length (P = 0.017) and crypt depth (P = 0.009) of EP-fed broilers were shorter compared to birds received C. The villus surface area was larger in broilers fed C compared to those fed with the pea-containing feed (P = 0.005). Glucose transport was higher for broilers fed C in comparison to birds fed with the EP diet (P = 0.044). The sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT-1) expression was down-regulated in RP (P = 0.028) and FP (P = 0.015) fed broilers. Correlation analyses show that jejunal villus length negatively correlates with the previously published number of jejunal intraepithelial T cells (P = 0.014) and that jejunal glucose transport was negatively correlated with the occurrence of jejunal intraepithelial leukocytes (P = 0.041). To conclude, the feeding of raw and processed pea containing diets compared to a soybean based diet reduced the jejunal mucosal surface area of broilers, which on average was accompanied by lower glucose transport capacities. These morphological and functional alterations were associated with observed mucosal immune reactions. Further studies are required elucidating the specific components in peas provoking such effects and whether these effects have a beneficial or detrimental impact on gut function and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Röhe
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Goodarzi Boroojeni
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Röhe I, Göbel TW, Goodarzi Boroojeni F, Zentek J. Effect of feeding soybean meal and differently processed peas on the gut mucosal immune system of broilers. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2064-2073. [PMID: 28339726 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peas are traditionally used as a protein source for poultry. However, peas contain antinutritional factors (ANF), which are associated with the initiation of local and systemic immune reactions. The current study examined the effect of feeding raw or differently processed peas in comparison with feeding a soybean meal (SBM) based control diet (C) on the gut mucosal immune system of broilers in a 35 day feeding trial. In six replicates, a total of 360 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to four different groups receiving C, or three treatment diets containing raw, fermented, and enzymatically pre-digested peas, each supplying 30% of required crude protein. After slaughtering, jejunal samples were taken for immunohistochemical, flow cytometric, and gene expression analyses. Investigations were focused on the topological distribution of intraepithelial leukocytes (villus tip, villus mid, and crypt region) as well as on the further characterization of the different intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and concomitant pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Broilers receiving the raw or processed pea diets had higher numbers of intraepithelial CD45+ leukocytes in the tip (P = 0.004) and mid region (P < 0.001) of villi than birds fed C. Higher numbers of intraepithelial CD3+ lymphocytes were found in the villus tip (P = 0.002) and mid region (P = 0.003) of birds fed raw or processed pea containing diets in comparison with those fed C. The flow cytometric phenotyping showed a similar relative distribution of IEL among the feeding groups. The expression of intestinal pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was affected by feeding the different diets only to a minor extent. To conclude, feeding of diets formulated with raw and processed peas in comparison with feeding a SBM control diet initiated mucosal immune responses in the jejunum of broilers indicated by a quantitative increase of intraepithelial T cells. Further research is needed in order to ascertain the specific factors which are responsible for observed local immune reactions and how these local reactions might affect the immune status and health of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Röhe
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - T W Göbel
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Munich, Veterinärstr 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - F Goodarzi Boroojeni
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Wang T, Qin GX, Sun ZW, Zhao Y. Advances of research on glycinin and β-conglycinin: a review of two major soybean allergenic proteins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:850-62. [PMID: 24499064 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.613534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Being an important crop, soybean is widely used in the world and plays a vital role in human and animal nutrition. However, it contains several antinutritional factors (ANFs) including soybean agglutinin, soybean protease inhibitors, soybean allergenic proteins, etc., that may result in poor food utilization, decreased growth performance, and even disease. Among these ANFs, soybean allergenic proteins can lead to allergic reactions in human and animals, which has become a public problem all over the world, but our knowledge on it is still inadequate. This paper aims to provide an update on the characteristics, detection or exploration methods, and in vivo research models of soybean allergenic proteins; especially glycinin and β-conglycinin are deeply discussed. Through this review, we may have a better understanding on the advances of research on these two soybean allergenic proteins. Besides, the ingredient processing used to reduce the allergenicity of soybean is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , 130118 , P. R. China
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Scientific Opinion on the assessment of allergenicity of GM plants and microorganisms and derived food and feed. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Jiang YB, Yin QQ, Yang YR. Effect of soybean peptides on growth performance, intestinal structure and mucosal immunity of broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 93:754-60. [PMID: 19175464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Five-hundred 1-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to five groups, 100 chickens for each group. From group 1 to 3, 80, 120 and 200 mg/kg soybean peptides was added to the diets respectively; in the fourth group, 3.2 mg/kg genramycin was added; and the fifth group was the control without soybean peptides and antibiotics. At the age of 28 and 49 days, the number of goblet cells (GC), intestine intraepithelial lymphocyte, immunoglobulin A-forming cells, the ratio of villous height and crypt depth (V/C) of broiler's duodenum, jejunum and cecum were observed by the application of haematoxylin and eosin or histochemistry staining. The results indicated that soybean peptides added with 80-120 mg/kg could increase daily weight gain, the number of GC and V/C. Soybean peptides could modulate intestinal mucosal immunity of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Jiang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Kwon DK, Hwang KH, Kim YK, Lee KH, Song YJ. Effects of swimming exercise and soybean supplementation on the immune functions of rats fed a high-fat diet. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:638-42. [PMID: 18177482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. In the present study, the effects of swimming exercise and soybean supplementation on the immune functions of rats fed a high-fat diet were examined. 2. Thirty-four male rats were randomly divided into four groups: (i) HS, a high-fat diet sedentary group (n = 8); (ii) HE, a high-fat diet exercised group (n = 9); (iii) SS, a soybean diet sedentary group (n = 8); and (iv) SE, a soybean diet exercised group (n = 9). The high-fat diet was composed of 35% carbohydrate, 20% protein and 35% fat. For the soybean diet, 3% crude soybean extract was substituted for the protein, carbohydrate and fat according to the energy content of the diet. In the exercise groups, rats swam for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. 3. The subpopulation of CD4(+) cells and the CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio did not differ significantly between the high-fat diet and soybean diet groups. However, the subpopulation of CD8(+) cells in the spleens of SS rats was significantly higher than that in the spleens of HS rats (P < 0.05). In addition, splenic interferon-gamma secretion in the SE group, with or without conconavalin A stimulation, was significantly increased compared with the SS group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). 4. These results show that regular endurance exercise training with soybean supplementation ameliorates splenic T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Keun Kwon
- Laboratory Exercise Metabolism, Kyungpook National University Graduate School, Daegu, Korea
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems. EFSA J 2006; 4:366. [PMID: 32313579 PMCID: PMC7163428 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Dréau D, Lallès JP. Contribution to the study of gut hypersensitivity reactions to soybean proteins in preruminant calves and early-weaned piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(99)00094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Peng HJ, Chang ZN, Tsai LC, Su SN, Shen HD, Chang CH. Heat denaturation of egg-white proteins abrogates the induction of oral tolerance of specific Th2 immune responses in mice. Scand J Immunol 1998; 48:491-6. [PMID: 9822257 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human foods are usually prepared by cooking. Boiling of chicken egg-white (EW) led to decreased allergenicity, and abrogated intestinal uptake of immunoreactive ovalbumin (OVA) when fed to mice. Therefore, the effects of oral administration of boiled EW were examined further in BALB/c mice. Specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG antibody responses were suppressed by raw EW, but not by EW boiled for 5 or 60 min, fed prior to sensitization with 10 microg OVA or 1 microg DNP-OVA in alum. Similar results were obtained when mice were sensitized with 10 microg conalbumin, ovomucoid or lysozyme in alum. BALB/c spleen cell proliferation and secretion of Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 during in vitro stimulation with OVA were also suppressed by feeding raw EW, but not by boiled EW. Although heat denaturation of proteins can minimize allergenicity, the present results suggest that over-cooking of proteins may affect their intestinal antigen processing and thus prevent the induction of oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Peng
- Department of Medical Research, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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