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Mueller-Buehl C, Reinhard J, Roll L, Bader V, Winklhofer KF, Faissner A. Brevican, Neurocan, Tenascin-C, and Tenascin-R Act as Important Regulators of the Interplay Between Perineuronal Nets, Synaptic Integrity, Inhibitory Interneurons, and Otx2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886527. [PMID: 35721494 PMCID: PMC9201762 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons are critical for the function of mature cortical inhibitory circuits. Most of these neurons are enwrapped by a specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) structure called perineuronal net (PNN), which can regulate their synaptic input. In this study, we investigated the relationship between PNNs, parvalbumin interneurons, and synaptic distribution on these cells in the adult primary visual cortex (V1) of quadruple knockout mice deficient for the ECM molecules brevican, neurocan, tenascin-C, and tenascin-R. We used super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to analyze PNN structure and associated synapses. In addition, we examined parvalbumin and calretinin interneuron populations. We observed a reduction in the number of PNN-enwrapped cells and clear disorganization of the PNN structure in the quadruple knockout V1. This was accompanied by an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory synapses with a reduction of inhibitory and an increase of excitatory synaptic elements along the PNNs. Furthermore, the number of parvalbumin interneurons was reduced in the quadruple knockout, while calretinin interneurons, which do not wear PNNs, did not display differences in number. Interestingly, we found the transcription factor Otx2 homeoprotein positive cell population also reduced. Otx2 is crucial for parvalbumin interneuron and PNN maturation, and a positive feedback loop between these parameters has been described. Collectively, these data indicate an important role of brevican, neurocan, tenascin-C, and tenascin-R in regulating the interplay between PNNs, inhibitory interneurons, synaptic distribution, and Otx2 in the V1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Mueller-Buehl
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Roll
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Verian Bader
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstanze F. Winklhofer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Faissner,
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Panteri R, Paiardini A, Keller F. A 3D model of Reelin subrepeat regions predicts Reelin binding to carbohydrates. Brain Res 2006; 1116:222-30. [PMID: 16979599 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reelin is a large molecule of the extracellular matrix (ECM) which regulates neuronal positioning during the early stages of cortical development in vertebrate species. The Reelin molecule can be subdivided into a smaller N-terminal domain, showing homology with F-spondin, and a larger C-terminal region containing 8 EGF-like repeats. The localization of Reelin in the ECM, its large dimensions and the modular organization of its primary structure led us to suppose a structure of its modules similar to domains commonly found in ECM proteins such as Agrin, laminins and thrombospondins. We therefore performed a sequence alignment and molecular modeling analysis to study the three-dimensional fold of the Reelin subrepeat regions. Our analysis produces a tentative model of the core region of the Reelin subrepeat sequences and suggests the presence in this 3D model of structural features common to polysaccharide-binding modules which are often found on proteoglycans of the ECM. These findings provide a conceptual framework for further experiments aimed at testing the functions of the EGF-like repeat regions of Reelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Panteri
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuroscience, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Longoni 83, 00155 Rome, Italy.
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Matsui F, Oohira A, Shoji R, Kariya Y, Yoshida K. Biochemical comparison of brain glycosaminoglycans between normal and reeler mutant mice. Neurosci Res 1993; 16:287-92. [PMID: 8394556 DOI: 10.1016/0168-0102(93)90039-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were isolated from the brains of reeler and normal mice on postnatal days 13 and 20. The GAG content of the reeler mouse brain, based upon the amount of DNA, was about 150% that of the normal mouse brain on both days. The GAGs consisted of chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS), hyaluronic acid (HA) and polysialosyl glycopeptides. There was no significant difference in the composition of GAGs isolated from either reeler or normal brain. Repeating disaccharide compositions of CS and HS were also similar in reeler and normal brains. Core proteins of brain chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), solubilized with phosphate buffered saline, were prepared by digesting purified CSPGs with chondroitinase ABC, and were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. There was no difference in the composition of core proteins from either reeler or normal brain. These results indicate that, although the GAG content of the reeler mouse brain is higher than the normal, all structural parameters of GAGs/CSPGs so far examined were normal. The rate of synthesis and/or degradation of brain GAGs may be affected in the mutant mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matsui
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi, Japan
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O'Brien TF, Steindler DA, Cooper NG. Abnormal glial and glycoconjugate dispositions in the somatosensory cortical barrel field of the early postnatal reeler mutant mouse. Brain Res 1987; 429:309-17. [PMID: 3567670 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(87)90112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During early postnatal development in reeler mutant mice, lectin binding delineates prospective abnormal barrels as they will appear in the adult mutant somatosensory cortex. Glial fibers also may be more condensed within fascicles in developing reeler barrels. These fibers also appear to be misaligned, coursing predominantly in the tangential plane within the abnormal reeler barrel sides as opposed to having a radial orientation as seen in normal mouse barrels. The thalamic barreloid complex, however, reveals a disposition of glycoconjugates that is completely normal in reeler. Thus, there are anomalies in glia and associated glycoconjugates during mainly cortical development in the reeler mutant mouse that might be related to the primary action of the abnormal gene.
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Terashima T, Inoue K, Inoue Y, Yokoyama M, Mikoshiba K. Observations on the cerebellum of normal-reeler mutant mouse chimera. J Comp Neurol 1986; 252:264-78. [PMID: 3782509 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902520209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The normal-reeler chimera mouse (+/+ in equilibrium with rl/rl) provides an experimental system in which an analysis of the migration of immature neurons in the cerebellum can be accomplished. In the present study, five chimera mice were produced from embryos of the wild-type control (C57Bl/6N) and the reeler mutant mouse (BALB/c) by the aggregation technique. The isozyme pattern of glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) revealed that the brain tissue in the chimera contained both isozymes of the BALB/c (reeler) and C57Bl/6N (normal) strains, implying that internal mosaicism of the cerebellum truly existed. We found no abnormality in the cerebellum of the chimera mouse: the neuronal and glial subpopulations revealed no difference from those of the control. Such normalization of the cerebellum in the chimera suggests that the disturbance of neuronal migration in the reeler is attributable to an abnormal cell-to-cell interaction between migrating young neurons and the radial glial cells.
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