1
|
Bae JH, Song WK, Koh HJ, Kwon OW, Lee SC. Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Uveal Melanoma in Korean Patients. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2008. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.8.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hun Bae
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Kyung Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung Jun Koh
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Oh Woong Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stanbridge EJ. A genetic basis for tumour suppression. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 142:149-59; discussion 159-65. [PMID: 2545419 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513750.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The technique of somatic cell hybridization has established the phenomenon of tumour suppression and provided evidence for a genetic basis for suppression. Further refinements aimed at eventually identifying 'tumour suppressor' genes include the use of monochromosome transfer via microcell hybridization. The application of this technique to the study of tumour suppression in tumorigenic HeLa cell x fibroblast hybrids, Wilms' tumour, retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma cells is described. The issue of whether tumour suppression involves a direct effect on expression of activated oncogenes is discussed. Transformation of normal human cells in culture by activated cellular oncogenes is an extremely rare event. This may be due to a relatively greater genomic stability of human cells compared to rodent cells. We describe the use of a spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, for studies of the effects of introduction of activated c-Ha-ras oncogene into these cells, with particular reference to tumorigenic conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Stanbridge
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, California College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barker-Griffith AE, Streeten BW. Familial uveal melanoma: a report of four cases in two families and literature review. Can J Ophthalmol 2004; 39:403-8. [PMID: 15327106 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-4182(04)80012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Barker-Griffith
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lutz JM, Cree IA, Foss AJ. Risk factors for intraocular melanoma and occupational exposure. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83:1190-3. [PMID: 10502585 PMCID: PMC1722835 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.83.10.1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Lutz
- Registre Genevois des Tumeurs, 55 Bvd de la Cluse, CH-1205 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uejima H, Shinohara T, Nakayama Y, Kugoh H, Oshimura M. Mapping a novel cellular-senescence gene to human chromosome 2q37 by irradiation microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. Mol Carcinog 1998; 22:34-45. [PMID: 9609099 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199805)22:1<34::aid-mc5>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To identify the subchromosomal region that carries the cellular-senescence-restoring program of the human cervical carcinoma cell line SiHa, we constructed by irradiation microcell-mediated chromosome transfer a library of mouse A9 cells containing various fragments of human chromosome 2 tagged with pSV2neo in 2p11-p12. Eighty-seven clones were isolated and screened for the presence of human sequences by inter-Alu and inter-L1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and six clones exhibiting PCR-laddering patterns that differed from those of the A9 cells containing an intact chromosome 2 were examined further. Chromosome analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using human-specific repetitive sequences revealed that four of these clones contained single subchromosomal transferable fragments (STFs). Southern blot hybridization of 14 cosmid markers revealed that the STFs in A9 cells were derived from human chromosome 2. These STFs were transferred into SiHa cells by microcell fusion, and one of the STFs restored the cellular-senescence program. The concordance of the cellular-senescence-restoring program with the presence or absence of specific DNA fragments of chromosome 2 indicated that the putative cellular-senescence gene was located in 2q32-qter. For more detailed mapping, we constructed mouse A9 cells containing STFs derived from human chromosome 2 tagged with pSTneo at different regions in 2q31-qter. PCR-laddering and FISH analyses were used to identify six clones that contained different STFs. These STFs were transferred into SiHa cells, and one of the three clones that restored cellular senescence contained a small fragment of human chromosome 2. This STF was shown by PCR analysis using 14 human chromosome 2-specific primer pairs to be smaller than 12.2 cM and was mapped to the 2q37 region by FISH analysis with inter-Alu PCR. Beta-galactosidase activity, which is a biomarker of senescent cells, and telomerase activity similar to that found in parental SiHa cells were detected in SiHa microcell hybrids, suggesting that the putative cellular-senescence gene was not involved in a telomerase pathway but rather in an alternate pathway of cellular senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Uejima
- Department of Molecular and Cell Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, and CREST (JST), Yonago, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
White VA, McNeil BK, Horsman DE. Acquired homozygosity (isodisomy) of chromosome 3 in uveal melanoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1998; 102:40-5. [PMID: 9530338 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(97)00290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic investigation of uveal melanoma (UM) has revealed that monosomy 3 is the most frequent karyotypic abnormality, present in approximately 60% of cases. We investigated a cohort of 41 cases of UM, 19 of which retained two apparently normal copies of chromosome 3. Investigation of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) status was undertaken in an attempt to detect subcytogenetic loss of genetic material in those cases with two copies of chromosome 3. DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes and fresh frozen or paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from 19 patients was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction for polymorphic loci on chromosome 3, including dinucleotide repeats, a tetranucleotide repeat, and polymorphic restriction enzyme sites. Three tumors showed LOH at multiple informative loci on both short and long arms of chromosome 3. Two additional tumors showed localized LOH on 3q, which corresponded to large deletions seen by cytogenetic analysis. The remaining 16 tumors showed retention of heterozygosity at all informative loci. This study did not detect the presence of cryptic deletions but revealed instead complete chromosomal homozygosity or functional monosomy, which probably occurred by loss and then duplication of the remaining chromosome 3. The demonstration of acquired isodisomy (functional monosomy) in a subset of UM increases the percentage of cases with monosomy 3 and provides further evidence for a central role of chromosome 3 loss in the molecular pathogenesis of uveal melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V A White
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver Hospital & Health Sciences Center, BC, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Uejima H, Mitsuya K, Kugoh H, Horikawa I, Oshimura M. Normal human chromosome 2 induces cellular senescence in the human cervical carcinoma cell line SiHa. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1995; 14:120-7. [PMID: 8527393 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870140206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
For identification of the chromosome carrying cellular senescence-inducing activity, normal human chromosome 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, or 12 tagged with a selectable marker gene (neo) was introduced into the human cervical carcinoma cell line SiHa via microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. Seventy-six percent (158/207) of the G418-resistant clones obtained by the transfer of chromosome 2 showed a remarkable change in morphology (cells were flat), and 93% (147/158) of them ceased to divide (senesced) prior to 6-9 population doublings, whereas most of the clones generated by the transfer of other chromosomes exhibited a morphology similar to that of the parental cells and continued to grow. Chromosome analyses suggested that cells which escaped from senescence contained only a small fragment derived from the transferred chromosome 2, whereas the transferred chromosomes were apparently intact in most of the continuously growing microcell hybrids with introduction of other chromosomes. These results indicate that the normal human chromosome 2 carries a gene or genes that induce cellular senescence in SiHa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Uejima
- Department of Molecular and Cell Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human hereditary malignant melanoma, comprising 5% of all cases of malignant melanoma, occurs in association with other malignancies, predominantly in families with dysplastic nevus syndrome. Additionally, higher incidences of malignant melanoma have been reported in individuals with genetic disorders such as ataxia telangiectasia and xeroderma pigmentosum. The results and observations as reported in the literature on the involvement of oncogenes and chromosomal aberrations in the development of malignant melanoma are reviewed and compared with the authors' own experimental and clinical experience. RESULTS Numerous chromosomal regions, as on chromosomes 1 and 9, were altered. The long arm of chromosome 6 was affected in 60% of melanomas. Introduction of a normal copy of chromosome 6 resulted in loss of tumorigenicity in vitro. True melanoma genes were evident in two animal models: the Sinclair swine and the teleost fish Xiphophorus. In the Xiphophorus system, the crossing-conditioned elimination of a tumor suppressor gene led to the uncontrolled activity of a dominantly acting oncogene in certain hybrids. The causative oncogene, Xmrk, encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase closely related to human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Among the numerous studied human oncogenes, mutations in the extensively investigated ras family are the result rather than the cause of malignant transformation. High expression of nuclear oncogenes simply may be a common feature of rapidly dividing cells. The receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR may be involved in late stage melanoma; the human exon with homology to Xmrk shows elevated transcription levels in 80% of human melanoma metastases. Deletions of the tumor suppressor gene MTS 1 may be important for melanoma formation, whereas deletions of p53 appear to be of minor relevance. CONCLUSION Scientific progress in treating and diagnosing malignant melanoma will largely depend on experimental approaches to define relevant genetic changes by functional analysis rather than descriptive phenomenology and correlative observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Kraehn
- Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Prescher G, Bornfeld N, Becher R. Two subclones in a case of uveal melanoma. Relevance of monosomy 3 and multiplication of chromosome 8q. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1994; 77:144-6. [PMID: 7954325 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)90230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Monosomy 3 and multiplication of 8q are nonrandom findings in uveal melanoma. We present a case in which two subclones could be detected. Both had monosomy 3 in common. Furthermore, a multiplication of chromosome 8 material was also seen in both subclones. However, it was based on different kinds of aberrations and was accompanied by further anomalies, such as loss of a Y-chromosome, an additional chromosome 7, and an additional marker chromosome, in only one clone. This finding allows some insight into the relevance of the most frequently found anomalies of chromosome 3 and 8 in uveal melanoma. As monosomy 3 occurred before any subclone differentiation, it must be an early, if not primary, event in the genesis of this tumor. Multiplication of chromosome 8, specifically of 8q, however, may contribute to the clonal evolution of this tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Prescher
- Innere Klinik und Poliklinik (Tumorforschung), Universität Essen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Because familial occurrences of uveal melanoma are rare, there have only been 15 cases of familial melanoma reported in the literature. We studied 11 additional families with a total of 24 members, in which two or more members were afflicted with uveal melanoma. The median age at diagnosis was 56.5 years, similar to the median age at diagnosis of the remaining patients treated in our institution. Thirteen were male and 11 were female, which is consistent with the slight predominance of males found in many large surveys of patients with uveal melanoma. There is a possibility of a heritable component present in these families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L H Young
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh AD, Boghosian-Sell L, Wary KK, Shields CL, De Potter P, Donoso LA, Shields JA, Cannizzaro LA. Cytogenetic findings in primary uveal melanoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1994; 72:109-15. [PMID: 8143268 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)90125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed cytogenetic abnormalities in 10 cases of primary uveal melanoma. Clonal chromosomal abnormalities were present in nine cases. Chromosome 6 was most commonly affected (seven cases) and included gain of material from 6 and/or loss of material from 6q. Trisomy of chromosome 8 or gain in material from 8q, mostly in the form of an i(8q) resulting in three to five copies of the 8q segment was seen in six cases. Monosomy of chromosome 3 and rearrangements of chromosome 9 were less frequent and were altered in three cases each. Clinical, histopathologic, and cytogenetic abnormalities are correlated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Singh
- Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Morrison ME, Vijayasaradhi S, Engelstein D, Albino AP, Houghton AN. A marker for neoplastic progression of human melanocytes is a cell surface ectopeptidase. J Exp Med 1993; 177:1135-43. [PMID: 8096237 PMCID: PMC2190962 DOI: 10.1084/jem.177.4.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase binding protein (ADAbp) is a cell surface glycoprotein that is expressed by normal melanocytes but not by melanoma, the malignant counterpart. ADAbp is specifically downregulated during malignant transformation of melanocytes. Recently, we have developed a system that progressively transforms melanocytes in vitro in defined steps. Transduction with v-Ha-ras oncogene followed by long-term culture leads to a cell phenotype and genotype that specifically mimics human melanoma. Loss of ADAbp expression occurred concomitantly with the emergence of growth factor independence and appearance of specific chromosomal abnormalities. The cellular function of ADAbp has not been defined. To characterize ADAbp, the mature 110-kD form was purified from human kidney. Five tryptic peptides from purified human ADAbp revealed 100% homology to a serine protease, human dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), also known as CD26. DPP IV activity was detected in lysates from human melanocytes and renal carcinoma cells but not melanoma cells, and DPP IV activity could be specifically isolated from melanocytes by binding to ADA or to S27 monoclonal antibody against ADAbp. These findings show that ADAbp is a cell surface ectopeptidase that is tightly regulated during neoplastic transformation of melanocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Morrison
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wiltshire RN, Elner VM, Dennis T, Vine AK, Trent JM. Cytogenetic analysis of posterior uveal melanoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1993; 66:47-53. [PMID: 8467475 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(93)90148-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis was performed on short-term cultures of primary tumor samples from seven patients with posterior uveal melanoma. Informative data were obtained from four patients, all of whom had a near-diploid chromosomal number and clonal chromosomal alterations. Analysis of one patient's tumor revealed monosomy 3 as the only cytogenetically distinguishable aberration. Trisomies of chromosome 8 and i(8)(q10) were detected in two other patients in combination with monosomy of chromosome 3. The fourth patient's karyotype displayed two different translocations. One translocation, der(6)t(6;8)(q12;q13.1), resulted in the over-representation of 8q13.1-->qter and a partial monosomy of 6q12-->qter; the other translocation, der(9)t(6;9)(p12;p23), produced a partial trisomy of 6p12-->pter and a partial monosomy of 9p23-->pter. These results support the view that the recurring pattern of chromosomal rearrangements in ocular melanoma is unique from that associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma. Furthermore, these results help confirm that chromosomes 3, 6, and 8 are nonrandomly altered in ocular melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R N Wiltshire
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0668
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic alterations associated with the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma have not been determined. To address this issue, the authors performed a prospective cytogenetic study of 35 uveal melanomas, including 23 primary untreated tumors and 12 tumors that were removed after local radiation therapy. METHODS Representative tumor tissue was processed by established methods for histopathologic and cytogenetic studies. Tumor cells were disaggregated and established in short-term culture; metaphases were prepared by standard methods for karyotypic analysis. RESULTS Successful analyses were achieved in 27 of the tumor specimens, including 20 of 23 tumors not exposed to radiation and 7 of 12 tumors exposed to radiation. All of the tumors had an abnormal karyotype. Recurrent chromosomal abnormalities detected in the tumors not exposed to radiation included monosomy 3 (13 of 20), trisomy 8 or 8q (11 of 20), loss of a sex chromosome (10 of 20), and loss of 6q (8 of 20). The tumors previously exposed to radiation were characterized by more complex changes, with monosomy 3 and trisomy 8q detected in three cases each. CONCLUSIONS Uveal melanoma is characterized by monosomy 3 and trisomy 8q in most cases. These findings, which are supported by data from other investigators, provide compelling evidence that loss of gene sequences on chromosome 3 and duplication of gene sequences on chromosome 8 are implicated in the genetic alterations associated with uveal melanoma and offer a basis for additional molecular genetic investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D E Horsman
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Columbia, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Horsthemke B, Prescher G, Bornfeld N, Becher R. Loss of chromosome 3 alleles and multiplication of chromosome 8 alleles in uveal melanoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1992; 4:217-21. [PMID: 1382562 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most frequent primary intraocular tumor. The etiology is unknown. Using neutral DNA polymorphisms on chromosomes 2, 3, and 8, we have detected loss of chromosome 3 alleles in 8 of 13 tumors and multiplication of chromosome 8 alleles in 6 of 11 tumors. No anomalies at a locus on chromosome 2 were found in 10 of 10 tumors. These results confirm and extend previous cytogenetic findings and suggest that a tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 3 and an oncogene on chromosome 8 may be involved in the formation or progression of this tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Horsthemke
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chiao PJ, Bischoff FZ, Strong LC, Tainsky MA. The current state of oncogenes and cancer: experimental approaches for analyzing oncogenetic events in human cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1990; 9:63-80. [PMID: 2208569 DOI: 10.1007/bf00047589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of cancer is a multistage process. The activation of proto-oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in the induction of tumors. Using human cell model systems of carcinogenesis, we have studied how oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and recessive cancer susceptibility genes participate in this multistep process. Normal human cells are resistant to the transforming potential of oncogenes, such as ras oncogenes, which are activated by specific point mutations. Since as many as 40% of some tumor types contain activated ras oncogenes, a preneoplastic transition in multistage carcinogenesis must involve changing from an oncogene-resistant stage to an oncogene-susceptible stage. The analysis of such critical steps in carcinogenesis using rodent systems has usually not represented the human disease with fidelity. In order to study this carcinogenic process, we have developed human cell, in vitro systems that represent some of the genetic changes that occur in cellular genes during human carcinogenesis. Using these systems, we have learned some of the functions of dominant activated-transforming oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and cellular immortalization genes and how they influence the carcinogenic process in human cells. Using our understanding of these processes, we are attempting to clone critical genes involved in the etiology of familial cancers. These investigations may help us to develop procedures that allow us to predict, in these cancer families, which individuals are at high risk for developing cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Chiao
- Department of Tumor Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yandell DW, Dryja TP, Little JB. Molecular genetic analysis of recessive mutations at a heterozygous autosomal locus in human cells. Mutat Res 1990; 229:89-102. [PMID: 1969112 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(90)90011-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the genotypic changes that lead to expression of a recessive allele at a heterozygous autosomal locus in a human cell line. Mutant clones lacking thymidine kinase activity were derived from a B-cell lymphoblastoid line initially heterozygous at the tk locus, and restriction mapping was performed to detect intragenic structural alterations in the tk gene. In addition, informative molecular markers located elsewhere on chromosome 17 were analysed in order to detect large-scale (multilocus) events. We report that among 325 spontaneous and induced mutants, allele loss was more common than intragenic rearrangements or point mutations; in many cases, loss of heterozygosity appears to have extended well beyond the locus under selection. Cytogenetic analysis of a subset of these mutants showed that expression of the recessive TK-deficient phenotype and the associated loss of heterozygosity for chromosome 17 markers was not typically associated with detectable chromosomal changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Yandell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dotto GP, Moellmann G, Ghosh S, Edwards M, Halaban R. Transformation of murine melanocytes by basic fibroblast growth factor cDNA and oncogenes and selective suppression of the transformed phenotype in a reconstituted cutaneous environment. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1989; 109:3115-28. [PMID: 2556408 PMCID: PMC2115972 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.109.6.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a common characteristic of metastatic melanomas, was reproduced in vitro by infection of normal murine melanocytes with a recombinant retrovirus carrying a cDNA for bFGF. Expression of bFGF in these cells conferred autonomous growth in culture and extinguished differentiated functions, such as the synthesis of melanin and formation of dendrites. Independence from exogenous bFGF and loss of differentiated functions in vitro were induced also by transformation of melanocytes with the oncogenes myc, Ela, ras, and neu, although bFGF was not expressed by the respective transformants. As shown in skin reconstitution experiments onto syngeneic mice and subcutaneous injections into nude mice, the various transformants differed in their behavior in vivo. The bFGF transformants did not form tumors. They reverted to having a normal, melanotic phenotype and restricted growth. Myc and Ela transformants grew as tumors in nude mice but not in syngeneic, immunocompetent animals. Ras-transformed melanocytes were always tumorigenic, whereas the formation of tumors by neu transformants was suppressed by the concomitant grafting of keratinocytes in reconstituted skin of syngeneic mice. These data show that melanocytes genetically manipulated to produce bFGF acquire properties in vitro similar to those of metastatic melanoma cells or those induced by various oncogenes but that constitutive production of bFGF by itself is insufficient to make melanocytes tumorigenic. The experiments also show that melanocytes transformed by the selected oncogenes respond differentially to various environments in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G P Dotto
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Brodeur GM, Fong CT. Molecular biology and genetics of human neuroblastoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1989; 41:153-74. [PMID: 2673506 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(89)90243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G M Brodeur
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Padilla RS, McConnell TS, Gribble JT, Smoot C. Malignant melanoma arising in a giant congenital melanocytic nevus. A case report with cytogenetic and histopathologic analyses. Cancer 1988; 62:2589-94. [PMID: 3191458 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19881215)62:12<2589::aid-cncr2820621223>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A malignant melanoma developed in a 2-year-old Hispanic girl with a giant congenital melanocytic nevus (bathing-trunk type). Histopathologic evaluation showed a deep-seated tumor arising from a nonepidermal origin. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated multiple chromosomal abnormalities in hyperdiploid cells (chromosome range, 56 to 61). No two karyotypes were identical, but many abnormalities were common to all analyzed cells, suggesting both karyotypic instability and evolution. The metaphases were monosomic for 3, 12, and 16, trisomic for 1, 2, 8, 19, 20, and 21, and included structural aberrations deletion 1 and derivatives 3 and 16. Eight markers were identified, including one ring. The extra 19 was possibly an isochromosome. No abnormalities of 6 or 10 were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Padilla
- Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Hayward N, Nancarrow D, Ellem K, Parsons P, Kidson C. A Taqi RFLP of the human TGF alpha gene is significantly associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:558-61. [PMID: 2902017 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910420415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the human transforming growth factor alpha (hTGF alpha) locus was analyzed in DNA from 63 normal individuals, 34 malignant melanoma (MM) cell lines, and 18 melanoma biopsy specimens. The frequency of a 2.7-kb allele (0.18) in MM cell lines was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from unaffected controls (0.05). The frequency (0.14) in MM biopsies was similar to that in MM cell lines although, owing to the small numbers investigated, it was not significantly higher than in controls. In the case of 5 MM patients who were constitutionally heterozygous for alleles at the TGF alpha locus, no apparent losses of heterozygosity were observed in the corresponding tumour DNA. Thus, the constitutional presence of the 2.7-kb allele may be a risk factor for melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Hayward
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
T'Ang A, Varley JM, Chakraborty S, Murphree AL, Fung YK. Structural rearrangement of the retinoblastoma gene in human breast carcinoma. Science 1988; 242:263-6. [PMID: 3175651 DOI: 10.1126/science.3175651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural changes of the human retinoblastoma gene have been demonstrated previously in retinoblastoma and some clinically related tumors including osteosarcoma. Structural aberrations of the retinoblastoma locus (RB1) were observed in 25% of breast tumor cell lines studied and 7% of the primary tumors. These changes include homozygous internal deletions and total deletion of RB1; a duplication of an exon was observed in one of the cell lines. In all cases, structural changes either resulted in the absence or truncation of the RB1 transcript. No obvious defect in RB1 was detected by DNA blot analysis in primary tumors or cell lines from Wilms' tumor, cervical carcinoma, or hepatoma. These results further support the concept that the human RB1 gene has pleiotropic effects on specific types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T'Ang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Griffin CA, Long PP, Schachat AP. Trisomy 6p in an ocular melanoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1988; 32:129-32. [PMID: 3355994 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(88)90319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome analysis of short-term culture of melanoma cells from a choroidal melanoma showed a karyotype of 46,XY, -21, +t(6p21q). Trisomy 6p has been observed in cutaneous melanomas; this case suggests that chromosome abnormalities in ocular melanomas may be similar to those from cutaneous melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Griffin
- Johns Hopkins Onocology Center, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Weichselbaum RR, Beckett M, Diamond A. Some retinoblastomas, osteosarcomas, and soft tissue sarcomas may share a common etiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:2106-9. [PMID: 3162593 PMCID: PMC279937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.7.2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA and RNA were extracted from primary human osteosarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas obtained from patients without retinoblastoma and were analyzed by hybridization with a cDNA probe for RB mRNA; absence or alterations of the RB gene are associated with development of retinoblastoma. Most of the osteosarcomas or soft tissue sarcomas examined by us did not express detectable levels of RB mRNA, whereas normal cells and epithelial tumor cells did. One osteosarcoma expressed a 2.4-kilobase transcript in addition to a normal 4.7-kilobase species. Our data suggest that transcriptional inactivation or post-transcriptional down-regulation of the RB gene may be important in the etiology of some osteosarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas as well as retinoblastomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Weichselbaum
- University of Chicago, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, IL 60637
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Monpezat JP, Delattre O, Bernard A, Grunwald D, Remvikos Y, Muleris M, Salmon RJ, Frelat G, Dutrillaux B, Thomas G. Loss of alleles on chromosome 18 and on the short arm of chromosome 17 in polyploid colorectal carcinomas. Int J Cancer 1988; 41:404-8. [PMID: 3346104 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910410315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The zygosity of 19 colorectal carcinomas (either near-diploid or polyploid) from patients known to be heterozygous for RFLPs located on chromosome 18 or on the short arm of chromosome 17 has been examined. In most cases, at least one allele was significantly under-represented. The reason for the absence of complete loss of heterozygosity was investigated for 5 polyploid tumors. It was shown that the diploid component which, in these tumors, is essentially composed of non-neoplastic cells, remains heterozygous as the polyploid component invariably loses heterozygosity. The results strongly suggest that many colorectal carcinomas originate from a single cell which had lost at least part of either chromosome 18 or of one short arm of chromosome 17, or both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Monpezat
- Génétique des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kato N, Larsson E, Cohen M. Absence of expression of a human endogenous retrovirus is correlated with choriocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 1988; 41:380-5. [PMID: 3346101 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910410310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined the RNA expression of a human endogenous provirus, termed ERV3, in 170 human tissue and cell specimens. The highest expression was found in normal placental chorionic villi as mRNAs of 9, 7.3, and 3.5 kb. The 7.3-kb RNA species was found only in the placenta. ERV3 mRNA was expressed in most other normal and malignant tissues at a level which was 2-10% of that seen in placenta. However, several tissues and tumor cell lines had higher transcriptional levels, equal to 10-60% of the placental level. In contrast, an almost complete abrogation of ERV3 mRNA expression was noted in choriocarcinoma cell lines and in an invasive hydatidiform mole tissue biopsy. This abrogation was not linked to deletions or rearrangements of the ERV3 genome. It appeared to be unassociated with methylation because the ERV3 provirus was similarly methylated in the DNA of placental chorionic villi and choriocarcinoma cells, and ERV3 transcription in choriocarcinoma cells was not induced by 5-azacytidine. These results suggest that the loss of ERV3 mRNA expression is associated with susceptibility to choriocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kato
- BRI-Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research Facility, MD 21701
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- S H Friend
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cohen M, Kato N, Larsson E. ERV3 human endogenous provirus mRNAs are expressed in normal and malignant tissues and cells, but not in choriocarcinoma tumor cells. J Cell Biochem 1988; 36:121-8. [PMID: 3356751 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240360203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA expression of a human endogenous provirus, ERV3, has been characterized in 170 specimens of normal and malignant human tissues and cells. In contrast to the high expression in first-trimester and full-term placental chorionic villi, most other human tissues expressed ERV3 mRNAs at a level of 2-30% of placenta. However, ERV3 mRNAs were not detected in choriocarcinoma tumor cell lines. These studies suggest that the ERV3 provirus may have been preempted for a biological function and disruption of its mRNA expression results in choriocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cohen
- BRI Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Maryland 21701
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ali IU, Lidereau R, Callahan R. Heterogeneity of genetic alterations in primary human breast tumors. Cancer Treat Res 1988; 40:25-48. [PMID: 2908654 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1733-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
33
|
Hayward NK, Little MH, Mortimer RH, Clouston WM, Smith PJ. Generation of homozygosity at the c-Ha-ras-1 locus on chromosome 11p in an adrenal adenoma from an adult with Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1988; 30:127-32. [PMID: 3275489 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(88)90100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Generation of homozygosity for the human c-Ha-ras-1 locus on the short arm of chromosome #11 (11p) has been demonstrated for an adrenal adenoma from an adult with Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS). This is the first demonstration of loss of somatic heterozygosity for a locus on 11p in an adrenal neoplasm and is the first instance where a tumor of any type, from a patient with WBS, shows loss of heterozygosity in this region of the genome. Generation of homozygosity in an adenoma, rather than a carcinoma, demonstrates that this mechanism is an early event in tumorigenesis rather than a late event associated with tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N K Hayward
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Although the underlying cause or causes of uveal melanoma have yet to be elucidated, important insights may be gained by examining the epidemiologic features of the disease. Uveal melanoma is an uncommon cancer with an incidence of only six cases per million population per year. It is most often diagnosed in the sixth decade and is somewhat more common in males. Apart from sporadic reports of family clusters, uveal melanoma is not considered an inherited disease. Whether some environmental exposure triggers the development of uveal melanoma remains an open question. Sunlight has been proposed as an environmental risk factor because sunlight is known to cause melanoma of the skin and both diseases are rare in nonwhite races. Unlike cutaneous melanoma, however, rates have not been increasing over time and do not vary by latitude. This paper evaluates the available evidence for sunlight and other potential risk factors for uveal melanoma, highlighting areas requiring further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Egan
- Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Parmiter AH, Nowell PC. The cytogenetics of human malignant melanoma and premalignant lesions. Cancer Treat Res 1988; 43:47-61. [PMID: 2908576 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1751-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
36
|
Yokota J, Wada M, Shimosato Y, Terada M, Sugimura T. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 3, 13, and 17 in small-cell carcinoma and on chromosome 3 in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:9252-6. [PMID: 2892196 PMCID: PMC299731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.24.9252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
By a molecular genetic approach using polymorphic DNA markers that detect allelic deletion of specific chromosomal regions, we analyzed for possible loss of chromosomal heterozygosity in five different histological types of lung cancers obtained from 47 patients. In small-cell carcinomas, the incidence of allelic deletions at three different chromosomal loci was extremely high; loss of heterozygosity was detected on chromosomes 3p in 7 of 7 patients (100%), 13q in 10 of 11 patients (91%), and 17p in 5 of 5 patients (100%). The deletions at these loci in small-cell carcinomas were observed even in the tumors without any clinical evidence of metastasis. Furthermore, loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 3p and 13q occurred prior to NMYC amplification and chromosome 11p deletion. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 3p was also detected with high frequency in adenocarcinomas [5 of 6 patients (83%)]. Heterozygosity of chromosomes 13q and 17p was lost in 10 of 31 patients (32%) and in 3 of 12 patients (25%), respectively, of lung cancers other than small-cell carcinomas. These results indicate that recessive genetic changes involving sequences on chromosomes 3p, 13q, and 17p may play important roles in the genesis of small-cell carcinoma, and those on chromosome 3p may play an important role in the genesis of adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Yokota
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cooper DN, Jay M, Bhattacharya S, Jay B. Molecular genetic approaches to the analysis of human ophthalmic disease. Eye (Lond) 1987; 1 ( Pt 6):699-721. [PMID: 3331606 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1987.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review of the recent literature, the contribution that the new techniques of molecular genetics has made in the analysis and diagnosis of human ophthalmic conditions is presented and discussed. Among the disorders reviewed are X-linked retinitis pigmentosa, Norrie's disease, gyrate atrophy and retinoblastoma, and there are also sections on crystallins and visual pigments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D N Cooper
- Haematology Department, King's College Hospital School of Medicine, Denmark Hill, London
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ali IU, Lidereau R, Theillet C, Callahan R. Reduction to homozygosity of genes on chromosome 11 in human breast neoplasia. Science 1987; 238:185-8. [PMID: 3659909 DOI: 10.1126/science.3659909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The somatic loss of heterozygosity for normal alleles occurring in human tumors has suggested the presence of recessive oncogenes. The results presented here demonstrate a loss of heterozygosity of several genes on chromosome 11 in primary breast tumors. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of these DNAs further suggests that the most frequent loss of sequences in breast tumors occurs between the beta-globin and parathyroid hormone loci on the short arm of chromosome 11. The loss of heterozygosity for chromosome 11 loci has a significant association with tumors that lack estrogen and progesterone receptors, grade III tumors, and distal metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I U Ali
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Friend SH, Bernards R, Rogelj S, Weinberg RA, Rapaport JM, Albert DM, Dryja TP. A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Nature 1986; 323:643-6. [PMID: 2877398 DOI: 10.1038/323643a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1863] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of various tumour cells contain mutant oncogenes that act dominantly, in that their effects can be observed when they are introduced into non-malignant cells. There is evidence for another class of oncogenes, in which tumour-predisposing mutations are recessive to wild-type alleles. Retinoblastoma is a prototype biological model for the study of such recessive oncogenes. This malignant tumour, which arises in the eyes of children, can be explained as the result of two distinct genetic changes, each causing loss of function of one of the two homologous copies at a single genetic locus, Rb, assigned to the q14 band of human chromosome 13. Mutations affecting this locus may be inherited from a parent, may arise during gametogenesis or may occur somatically. Those who inherit a mutant allele at this locus have a high incidence of non-ocular, second tumours, almost half of which are osteosarcomas believed to be caused by the same mutation. Here we describe the isolation of a complementary DNA segment that detects a chromosomal segment having the properties of the gene at this locus. The gene is expressed in many tumour types, but no RNA transcript has been found in retinoblastomas and osteosarcomas. The cDNA fragment detects a locus spanning at least 70 kilobases (kb) in human chromosome band 13q14, all or part of which is frequently deleted in retinoblastomas and osteosarcomas.
Collapse
|