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Kothapalli Y, Jones RA, Chu CK, Singh US. Synthesis of Fluorinated Nucleosides/Nucleotides and Their Antiviral Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:2390. [PMID: 38792251 PMCID: PMC11124531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The FDA has approved several drugs based on the fluorinated nucleoside pharmacophore, and numerous drugs are currently in clinical trials. Fluorine-containing nucleos(t)ides offer significant antiviral and anticancer activity. The insertion of a fluorine atom, either in the base or sugar of nucleos(t)ides, alters its electronic and steric parameters and transforms the lipophilicity, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties of these moieties. The fluorine atom restricts the oxidative metabolism of drugs and provides enzymatic metabolic stability towards the glycosidic bond of the nucleos(t)ide. The incorporation of fluorine also demonstrates additional hydrogen bonding interactions in receptors with enhanced biological profiles. The present article discusses the synthetic methodology and antiviral activities of FDA-approved drugs and ongoing fluoro-containing nucleos(t)ide drug candidates in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chung K. Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.K.); (R.A.J.)
| | - Uma S. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.K.); (R.A.J.)
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Goehring L, Dorman DC, Osterrieder K, Burgess BA, Dougherty K, Gross P, Neinast C, Pusterla N, Soboll‐Hussey G, Lunn DP. Pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of equine herpesvirus-1 in domesticated horses: A systematic review. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1892-1905. [PMID: 38380685 PMCID: PMC11099759 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in horses is associated with upper respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortions, and neonatal death. REVIEW QUESTION Does pharmacological therapy decrease either the incidence or severity of disease or infection caused by EHV-1 in domesticated horses? METHODS A systematic review was preformed searching AGRICOLA, CAB Abstracts, Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science, and WHO Global Health Index Medicus Regional Databases to identify articles published before February 15, 2021. Selection criteria were original research reports published in peer reviewed journals, and studies investigating in vivo use of therapeutic agents for prevention or treatment of EHV-1 in horses. Outcomes assessed included measures related to clinical outcomes that reflect symptomatic EHV-1 infection or virus infection. We evaluated risk of bias and performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions. RESULTS A total of 7009 unique studies were identified, of which 9 met the inclusion criteria. Two studies evaluated valacyclovir or small interfering RNAs, and single studies evaluated the use of a Parapoxvirus ovis-based immunomodulator, human alpha interferon, an herbal supplement, a cytosine analog, and heparin. The level of evidence ranged between randomized controlled studies and observational trials. The risk of bias was moderate to high and sample sizes were small. Most studies reported either no benefit or minimal efficacy of the intervention tested. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our review indicates minimal or limited benefit either as a prophylactic or post-exposure treatment for any of the studied interventions in the mitigation of EHV-1-associated disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Goehring
- University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, 1400 Nicholasville RoadLexington, Kentucky 40546‐0099USA
| | - David C. Dorman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleigh, North Carolina 27607USA
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert‐von‐Ostertag‐Str. 714163 BerlinGermany
| | - Brandy A. Burgess
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Georgia, 2200 College Station RoadAthens, Georgia 30602USA
| | - Kelsie Dougherty
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleigh, North Carolina 27607USA
| | - Peggy Gross
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleigh, North Carolina 27607USA
| | - Claire Neinast
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleigh, North Carolina 27607USA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Garrod DriveDavis, California 95616USA
| | - Gisela Soboll‐Hussey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, Room G331, 784 Wilson RoadEast Lansing, Michigan 48824USA
| | - David P. Lunn
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High RoadNeston CH64 7TEUnited Kingdom
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Thieulent C, Hue ES, Sutton G, Fortier C, Dallemagne P, Zientara S, Munier-Lehmann H, Hans A, Paillot R, Vidalain PO, Pronost S. Identification of antiviral compounds against equid herpesvirus-1 using real-time cell assay screening: Efficacy of decitabine and valganciclovir alone or in combination. Antiviral Res 2020; 183:104931. [PMID: 32926887 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus-1 infections cause respiratory, neurological and reproductive syndromes. Despite preventive treatments with vaccines, resurgence of EHV-1 infection still constitutes a major threat to equine industry. However, no antiviral compound is available to treat infected horses. In this study, 2891 compounds were screened against EHV-1 using impedance measurement. 22 compounds have been found to be effective in vitro against EHV-1. Valganciclovir, ganciclovir, decitabine, aphidicolin, idoxuridine and pritelivir (BAY 57-1293) are the most effective compounds identified, and their antiviral potency was further assessed on E. Derm, RK13 and EEK cells and against 3 different field strains of EHV-1 (ORF30 2254 A/G/C). We also provide evidences of synergistic interactions between valganciclovir and decitabine in our in vitro antiviral assay as determined by MacSynergy II, isobologramm and Chou-Talalay methods. Finally, we showed that deoxycytidine reverts the antiviral effect of decitabine, thus supporting some competition at the level of nucleoside phosphorylation by deoxycytidine kinase and/or DNA synthesis. Deoxycitidine analogues, like decitabine, is a family of compounds identified for the first time with promising antiviral efficacy against herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Côme Thieulent
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika S Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Gabrielle Sutton
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Christine Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | | | - Stephan Zientara
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, CNRS UMR 3523, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Aymeric Hans
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, PhEED Unit, 14430, Goustranville, France
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Equipe Chimie et Biologie, Modélisation et Immunologie pour La Thérapie (CBMIT), Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8601, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280, Saint-Contest, France.
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Tallmadge RL, Žygelytė E, Van de Walle GR, Kristie TM, Felippe MJB. Effect of a Histone Demethylase Inhibitor on Equine Herpesvirus-1 Activity In Vitro. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:34. [PMID: 29594155 PMCID: PMC5857540 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a ubiquitous and highly contagious pathogen that causes a range of disease severities with outbreaks of notable economic impact. Given the limitations in immune protection of current vaccines and the limited effectiveness of antiviral drugs on EHV-1 infections in vivo, improved treatment measures are needed to control disease. The use of drugs that alter the epigenetic state of herpes simplex virus genome has been shown to limit viral primary infection and reactivation both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that maintaining a repressive epigenetic state on the EHV-1 genome in the host equine cell would decrease viral load during lytic infection. Equine fetal kidney cells (EFKCs) or isolated peripheral blood leukocytes were treated in vitro with (a) the nucleoside analog ganciclovir; (b) the histone demethylase inhibitor OG-L002; (c) both ganciclovir and OG-L002; or (d) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, vehicle control); and then infected with a clinical EHV-1 isolate. Treatment of EFKCs with ganciclovir (mean 22.3 DNA copies per cell, p = 0.0005), OG-L002 (mean 25.6, p = 0.005) or both ganciclovir and OG-L002 (mean 7.1, p = 0.0001) resulted in decreased EHV-1 viral load at 24 h post-infection (hpi) in comparison with DMSO (mean 42.0), with greater impact using the combined treatment. Further, EHV-1 gene expression at 3 hpi decreased when EFKCs were infected in the presence of ganciclovir (p = 0.04) and combined treatment of ganciclovir and OG-L002 (p = 0.0003). In contrast, under similar conditions, neither ganciclovir nor OG-L002 suppressed EHV-1 infection in leukocytes. Differences between cell types, drug penetrance, or drug turnover, may have contributed to the distinct effects observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Tallmadge
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Emilija Žygelytė
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | - Thomas M. Kristie
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, United States
| | - M. Julia B. Felippe
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Maxwell LK, Bentz BG, Gilliam LL, Ritchey JW, Pusterla N, Eberle R, Holbrook TC, McFarlane D, Rezabek GB, Meinkoth J, Whitfield C, Goad CL, Allen GP. Efficacy of the early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride for the treatment of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses. Am J Vet Res 2018; 78:1126-1139. [PMID: 28945127 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether prophylactic administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride versus initiation of treatment at the onset of fever would differentially protect horses from viral replication and clinical disease attributable to equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) infection. ANIMALS 18 aged mares. PROCEDURES Horses were randomly assigned to receive an oral placebo (control), treatment at detection of fever, or prophylactic treatment (initiated 1 day prior to viral challenge) and then inoculated intranasally with a neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1. Placebo or valacyclovir was administered orally for 7 or 14 days after EHV-1 inoculation or detection of fever (3 horses/group). Effects of treatment on viral replication and clinical disease were evaluated. Plasma acyclovir concentrations and viremia were assessed to determine inhibitory concentrations of valacyclovir. RESULTS Valacyclovir administration decreased shedding of virus and viremia, compared with findings for control horses. Rectal temperatures and clinical disease scores in horses that received valacyclovir prophylactically for 2 weeks were lower than those in control horses. The severity of but not the risk for ataxia was decreased by valacyclovir administration. Viremia was decreased when steady-state trough plasma acyclovir concentrations were > 0.8 μg/mL, supporting the time-dependent activity of acyclovir. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Valacyclovir treatment significantly decreased viral replication and signs of disease in EHV-1-infected horses; effects were greatest when treatment was initiated before viral inoculation, but treatment was also effective when initiated as late as 2 days after inoculation. During an outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, antiviral treatment may be initiated in horses at various stages of infection, including horses that have not yet developed signs of viral disease.
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Abstract
Since vaccination may not prevent disease, antiherpetic drugs have been investigated for the therapy of several equine herpesviruses. Drug efficacy has been assessed in horses with disease, but most evidence is in vitro, in other species, or empirical. Oral valacyclovir is most often administered in the therapy of equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) to protect adult horses from equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, while oral acyclovir is frequently administered for EHV-5 infection in the therapy of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. Other antiherpetic drugs are promising but require further investigation. Several topical drugs are also empirically used in the therapy of equine viral keratitis.
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Smee DF, Leonhardt JA, Sugiyama ST, Holy A. Inhibitors of bovine herpes mammillitis virus infections in cultured cells and in vaginally infected guinea pigs. Antivir Chem Chemother 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpes mammillitis virus or bovine herpesvirus type 2 (BHV-2) causes ulcerative lesions on the teats and udders of infected cows. The authors investigated several nucleoside and nucleotide analogues as potential BHV-2 inhibitors. These included acyclovir, ganciclovir, 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUdR), 1-(2-deoxy-2′-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl) derivatives of 5-iodocytosine (FIAC), 5-iodouracil (FIAU), and 5-methyluracil (FMAU), and various 3-hydroxyphospho-nylmethoxypropyl (HPMP) and 2-phosphonylme-thoxyethyl (PME) derivatives of adenine (A), guanine (G), 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP), and/or cytosine (C). Of these, FIAU and FMAU were the most potent in cell culture, inhibiting 50% of BHV-2 plaques at >0.05 μm. HPMPA and HPMPG were active at 0.3 μm; FIAC, IUdR, and HPMPC at 1.3-2.3 μm; PMEDAP and ganciclovir at 20-25 μm; acyclovir and PMEA at >100 μm. The two most potent agents, FIAU and FMAU, inhibited uninfected embryonic bovine tracheal cell growth by 50% at > 100 μm and 53 μm, respectively, resulting in selectivity indices (ratio of the 50% inhibitory concentration for cell growth to the 50% inhibitory concentration for plaque formation) of >2200 and 1100. Greater degrees of antiviral activity and selectivity were obtained in infected guinea pig embryo cells treated with FIAU, FMAU, and HPMPC. Infected cell extracts containing BHV-2-induced thymidine kinase activity phosphorylated FIAU, FMAU, and lUdR at nearly the same rate as thymidine, whereas FIAC, acyclovir, and ganciclovir were phosphorylated at ≤5% the rate of thymidine. Phosphorylation by this enzyme is required to generate the antivirally active nucleoside triphosphate in infected cells. In guinea pigs infected intravaginally with BHV-2, FMAU treatments of 1, 3.2, and 10 mg kg−1 per day for 5 days starting 1 day after virus challenge reduced vaginal lesion scores and virus titres in a dose-dependent manner. FIAU (10 μm) was as effective as 1 μm FMAU by the same regimen. A single treatment with 10 μm HPMPC was as active as daily treatments with 3.2 mg FMAU kg−1. These results indicate the potential of using antiviral agents to treat bovine herpes mammillitis virus infections in cattle, and the application of guinea pigs to study BHV-2 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. F. Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
| | - J. A. Leonhardt
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
| | - S. T. Sugiyama
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
| | - A. Holy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Rollinson EA. Prospects for Antiviral Chemotherapy in Veterinary Medicine: 2. Avian, Piscine, Canine, Porcine, Bovine and Equine Virus Diseases. Antivir Chem Chemother 1992. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029200300601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper, which is published in two parts, reviews the literature pertaining to antiviral chemotherapy of viruses of veterinary importance. While early reports in the 1970s referred to the chemotherapy of a number of different RNA and DNA viruses, there was considerable focus in the 1980s, initially on herpesviruses and latterly on retroviruses, and particularly in cats. Details are given of the successful treatments of FeLV and FIV, which have been used as animal models for HIV therapy. Therapy of equine, canine, bovine, porcine, avian, and fish diseases is also considered. The high costs of developing and registering a new chemical entity, especially for food species in which extensive toxicity/residue data are required, is the main reason why specific antiviral compounds are not currently available for veterinary use, although some non-specific immune modulators are now emerging. Concurrent availability of appropriate diagnostic tools is a prerequisite for successful veterinary antiviral chemotherapy, as is a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of virus infections in animals and the development of more sophisticated means of drug delivery, appropriate to both food animal species and companion animals (dogs, cats, and horses). Additionally, antiviral agents are valuable as research tools per se, as opposed to solely as chemotherapeutic agents. Part 1 covers the feline virus diseases, while part 2 includes the other viruses of veterinary importance, in dogs, horses, cattle, pigs, birds, and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Rollinson
- Pitman Moore Europe, Breakspear Road South, Harefield, Oxbridge UB9 6LS, UK
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ROLLINSON E, WHITE G, THIRY E, DUBUISSON J, PASTORET PP. Therapy of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) in naturally infected and artificially inoculated piglets using bw B759U (9-[1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl] guanine). Res Vet Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)30894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pizer LI, Mitchell DH, Bentele B, Betz JL. A mammalian cell line designed to test the mutagenic activity of anti-herpes nucleosides. Int J Cancer 1987; 40:114-21. [PMID: 3036717 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910400121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (tk) gene was transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) 51-11 gly- cells to test its effect on the cytotoxic and mutagenic activity of anti-herpetic nucleoside analogues. Insertion of the viral tk was verified by Southern blot analysis, by sensitivity to acyclovir, and by elevated in vitro thymidine kinase (TK) activity. TK activity was increased by superinfection with a tk- virus and inhibited by antibody to viral TK. Acyclovir (ACV) was somewhat more cytotoxic in the 51-D3 cell line that expresses the viral TK than in the 51-11 parent line. Growth in ACV did not increase over background mutations at the hprt locus. FIAC (2'-fluoro-5-iodio-aracytosine) was slightly cytotoxic to the parent 51-11 line and the tk-containing clone 51-D3. FMAU (2'-fluoro-5-methyl-arauracil) had pronounced cytotoxicity in both cell lines: the 50% survival points were 1.0 microM for 51-11 cells and 0.2 microM for 51-D3. The clone 51-D3 was more sensitive than 51-11 to low concentrations of FIAU (2'-fluoro-5-iodo-arauracil), and when treated with FIAU 51-D3 had a mutation frequency to glycine independence 5 times greater than that of 51-11 cells. With both cell lines the mutation frequency at the hprt locus did not increase after growth in the presence of FIAC or FIAU. A 7-fold increase in mutation frequency at the hprt locus was detected after 51-D3 cells were grown with iododeoxyuridine. Trifluorothymidine was more toxic to 51-D3 than to 51-11 cells and increased the mutation frequency 2-fold. Cytosine-beta-D-arabinofuranoside showed no differential cytotoxicity on the two cell lines and did not increase the mutation frequency at the hprt locus.
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