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Wu CC, Chen MS, Lee TY, Cheng YJ, Tsou HH, Huang TS, Cho DY, Chen JY. Screening and identification of emodin as an EBV DNase inhibitor to prevent its biological functions. Virol J 2023; 20:148. [PMID: 37443068 PMCID: PMC10339607 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent oncovirus associated with a variety of human illnesses. BGLF5, an EBV DNase with alkaline nuclease (AN) activity, plays important roles in the viral life cycle and progression of human malignancies and has been suggested as a possible diagnostic marker and target for cancer therapy. Methods used conventionally for the detection of AN activity, radioactivity-based nuclease activity assay and DNA digestion detection by gel electrophoresis, are not suitable for screening AN inhibitors; the former approach is unsafe, and the latter is complicated. In the present study, a fluorescence-based nuclease activity assay was used to screen several natural compounds and identify an EBV DNase inhibitor. RESULTS Fluorescence-based nuclease activity assays, in which the DNA substrate is labelled with PicoGreen dye, are cheaper, safer, and easier to perform. Herein, the results of the fluorescence-based nuclease activity assay were consistent with the results of the two conventional methods. In addition, the PicoGreen-labelling method was applied for the biochemical characterisation of viral nucleases. Using this approach, we explored EBV DNase inhibitors. After several rounds of screening, emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, was found to possess significant anti-EBV DNase activity. We verified the efficacy of emodin using the conventional DNA-cleavage assay. Furthermore, using comet assay and micronucleus formation detection, we confirmed that emodin can inhibit DNase-induced DNA damage and genomic instability. Additionally, emodin treatment inhibited EBV production. CONCLUSIONS Using a PicoGreen-mediated nuclease activity assay, we successfully demonstrated that emodin has the potential to inhibit EBV DNase nuclease activity. Emodin also inhibits EBV DNase-related biological functions, suggesting that it is a potential inhibitor of EBV DNase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chun Wu
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Shu Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ying Lee
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jhen Cheng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hui Tsou
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Sing Huang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yang Cho
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Rd., North Dist, Taichung City, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
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Kang JX, Zhao GK, Yang XM, Huang MX, Hui WQ, Zeng R, Ouyang Q. Recent advances on dual inhibitors targeting HIV reverse transcriptase associated polymerase and ribonuclease H. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115196. [PMID: 36787657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) plays an indispensable role in the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through its associated polymerase and ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities during the viral RNA genome transformation into proviral DNA. Due to the fact that HIV is a highly mutagenic virus and easily resistant to single-target RT inhibitors, dual inhibitors targeting HIV RT associated polymerase and RNase H have been developed. These dual inhibitors have the advantages of increasing efficacy, reducing drug resistance, drug-drug interactions, and cytotoxicity, as well as improving patient compliance. In this review, we summarize recent advances in polymerase/RNase H dual inhibitors focusing on drug design strategies, and structure-activity relationships and share new insights into developing anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiong Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Armed Police Forces Hospital of Sichuan, 614000, Leshan, China
| | - Guang-Kuan Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Ming Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Mou-Xin Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Qi Hui
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Fifth Hospital, Xian, 710082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China.
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Abstract
Summary
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an immunosuppressive disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The urgent need for searching novel anti-HIV/AIDS medicines is a global concern. So far, a lot of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) have been analyzed to select those that could assist in the prevention and/or amelioration of the disease. Among biologically active compounds present in these plants, one of the most promising group are phenolics. The purpose of this article was to report anti-HIV activity of selected phenolic compounds of plant origin.
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Wang Y, Wang X, Xiong Y, Kaushik AC, Muhammad J, Khan A, Dai H, Wei DQ. New strategy for identifying potential natural HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against drug-resistance: an in silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:3327-3341. [PMID: 31422767 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1656673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleosides reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), specifically targeting the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), play a unique role in anti-AIDS agents due to their high antiviral potency, structural diversity, and low toxicity in antiretroviral combination therapies used to treat HIV. However, due to the emergence of new drug-resistant strains, the development of novel NNRTIs with adequate potency, improved resistance profiles and less toxicity is highly required. In this work, a novel virtual screening strategy combined with structure-based drug design was proposed to discover the potential inhibitors against drug-resistant HIV strains. Seven structure-variant RTs, ranging from the wild type to a hypothetical multi-mutant were regarded as target proteins to perform structure-based virtual screening. Totally 23 small molecules with good binding affinity were identified from the Traditional Chinese Medicine database (TCM) as potential NNRTIs candidates. Among these hits, (+)-Hinokinin has confirmed anti-HIV activity, and some hits are structurally identical with anti-HIV compounds. Almost all these hits are consistent with external experimental results. Molecular simulations analysis revealed that top 2 hits (Pallidisetin A and Pallidisetin B) bind stably and in high affinity to HIV-RT, which are ready to be experimental confirmed. These results suggested that the strategy we proposed is feasible, trustworthy and effective. Our finding might be helpful in the identification of novel NNRTIs against drug-resistant, and also provide a new clue for the discovery of HIV drugs in natural products.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Peng Cheng Laboratory, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Peng Cheng Laboratory, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aman Chandra Kaushik
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junaid Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Abbas Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Dai
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Esposito F, Carli I, Del Vecchio C, Xu L, Corona A, Grandi N, Piano D, Maccioni E, Distinto S, Parolin C, Tramontano E. Sennoside A, derived from the traditional chinese medicine plant Rheum L., is a new dual HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1383-1391. [PMID: 27765358 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the availability of effective antiretroviral therapies, drugs for HIV-1 treatment with new mode of action are still needed. An innovative approach is aimed to identify dual HIV-1 inhibitors, small molecules that can inhibit two viral functions at the same time. Rhubarb, originated from Rheum palmatum L. and Rheum officinale Baill., is one of the earliest and most commonly used medicinal plants in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practice. We wanted to explore TCM for the identification of new chemical scaffolds with dual action abilities against HIV-1. METHODS R. palmatum L. and R. officinale Baill. extracts along with their main single isolated constituents anthraquinone derivatives were tested on both HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-associated DNA Polymerase (RDDP) and Ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities in biochemical assays. Active compounds were then assayed for their effects on HIV-1 mutated RTs, integrase (IN) and viral replication. RESULTS Both R. palmatum L. and R. officinale Baill. extracts inhibited the HIV-1 RT-associated RNase H activity. Among the isolated constituents, Sennoside A and B were effective on both RDDP and RNase H RT-associated functions in biochemical assays. Sennoside A was less potent when tested on K103N, Y181C, Y188L, N474A and Q475A mutated RTs, suggesting the involvement of two RT binding sites for its antiviral activity. Sennoside A affected also HIV-1 IN activity in vitro and HIV-1 replication in cell-based assays. Viral DNA production and time of addition studies showed that Sennoside A targets the HIV-1 reverse transcription process. CONCLUSION Sennoside A is a new scaffold for the development of HIV-1 dual RT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Carli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Del Vecchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Lijia Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), 151 Malianwa North Road Haidian District, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicole Grandi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dario Piano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Parolin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy; Genetics and Biomedical Research institute, National Research Council (CNR), Cittadella di Monserrato SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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The Selectivity of CK2 Inhibitor Quinalizarin: A Reevaluation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:734127. [PMID: 26558278 PMCID: PMC4628998 DOI: 10.1155/2015/734127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many polyphenolic compounds have been reported to inhibit protein kinases, with special reference to CK2, a pleiotropic serine/threonine kinase, implicated in neoplasia, neurodegenerative disease, and viral infections. In general however these compounds are not endowed with stringent selectivity. Among them quinalizarin (1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone) turned out to be particularly potent (Ki = 0.058 μM) and quite selective as judged by profiling it on a small panel of 70 protein kinases. Here, by profiling quinalizarin on a larger panel of 140 kinases we reach the conclusion that quinalizarin is one of the most selective inhibitors of CK2, superior to the first-in-class CK2 inhibitor, CX-4945, now in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Moreover here we show that quinalizarin is able to discriminate between the isolated CK2 catalytic subunit (CK2α) and CK2 holoenzyme (CK2α2 β2), consistent with in silico and in vitro analyses.
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Borel CR, Barbosa LCA, Maltha CRÁ, Fernandes SA. A facile one-pot synthesis of 2-(2-pyridyl)quinolines via Povarov reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Alam Z, Al-Mahdi Z, Zhu Y, McKee Z, Parris DS, Parikh HI, Kellogg GE, Kuchta A, McVoy MA. Anti-cytomegalovirus activity of the anthraquinone atanyl blue PRL. Antiviral Res 2014; 114:86-95. [PMID: 25499125 PMCID: PMC4289655 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The anthraquinone atanyl blue PRL inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication. The block to viral replication appears early after entry and substantially reduces viral immediate early gene expression. In vitro, atanyl blue PRL inhibits the nuclease activity of purified viral alkaline nuclease, UL98. The antiviral activity of atanyl blue PRL may be manifested through inhibition of UL98’s nuclease activity.
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes significant disease in immunocompromised patients and serious birth defects if acquired in utero. Available CMV antivirals target the viral DNA polymerase, have significant toxicities, and suffer from resistance. New drugs targeting different pathways would be beneficial. The anthraquinone emodin is proposed to inhibit herpes simplex virus by blocking the viral nuclease. Emodin and related anthraquinones are also reported to inhibit CMV. In the present study, emodin reduced CMV infectious yield with an EC50 of 4.9 μM but was cytotoxic at concentrations only twofold higher. Related anthraquinones acid blue 40 and alizarin violet R inhibited CMV at only high concentrations (238–265 μM) that were also cytotoxic. However, atanyl blue PRL inhibited infectious yield of CMV with an EC50 of 6.3 μM, significantly below its 50% cytotoxic concentration of 216 μM. Atanyl blue PRL reduced CMV infectivity and inhibited spread. When added up to 1 h after infection, it dramatically reduced CMV immediate early protein expression and blocked viral DNA synthesis. However, it had no antiviral activity when added 24 h after infection. Interestingly, atanyl blue PRL inhibited nuclease activities of purified CMV UL98 protein with IC50 of 4.5 and 9.3 μM. These results indicate that atanyl blue PRL targets very early post-entry events in CMV replication and suggest it may act through inhibition of UL98, making it a novel CMV inhibitor. This compound may provide valuable insights into molecular events that occur at the earliest times post-infection and serve as a lead structure for antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Alam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Zainab Al-Mahdi
- Medical Science Department, College of Nursing, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Yali Zhu
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zachary McKee
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Deborah S Parris
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hardik I Parikh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Glen E Kellogg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Alison Kuchta
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Michael A McVoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Esposito F, Corona A, Zinzula L, Kharlamova T, Tramontano E. New anthraquinone derivatives as inhibitors of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-associated ribonuclease H function. Chemotherapy 2012; 58:299-307. [PMID: 23128501 DOI: 10.1159/000343101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degradative activity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT), termed ribonuclease H (RNase H), which hydrolyzes the RNA component of the heteroduplex RNA:DNA replication intermediate, is an excellent target for drug discovery. Anthraquinones (AQs) and their derivatives, which are common secondary metabolites occurring in bacteria, fungi, lichens and a large number of families in higher plants, have been reported to have several biological activities including that of inhibiting HIV-1 RT activities in biochemical assays. METHODS We have assayed new AQ derivatives on HIV-1 RNase H activities in biochemical assays. RESULTS Six series of new AQ derivatives with various substituents at positions 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the AQ ring were tested, and new analogs able to inhibit HIV-1 RT-associated RNase H activity in the low micromolar range were found. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that AQ derivatives are promising anti-RNase H inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.
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Esposito F, Kharlamova T, Distinto S, Zinzula L, Cheng YC, Dutschman G, Floris G, Markt P, Corona A, Tramontano E. Alizarine derivatives as new dual inhibitors of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-associated DNA polymerase and RNase H activities effective also on the RNase H activity of non-nucleoside resistant reverse transcriptases. FEBS J 2011; 278:1444-57. [PMID: 21348941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) has two associated activities, DNA polymerase and RNase H, both essential for viral replication and validated drug targets. Although all RT inhibitors approved for therapy target DNA polymerase activity, the search for new RT inhibitors that target the RNase H function and are possibly active on RTs resistant to the known non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNRTI) is a viable approach for anti-HIV drug development. In this study, several alizarine derivatives were synthesized and tested for both HIV-1 RT-associated activities. Alizarine analogues K-49 and KNA-53 showed IC(50) values for both RT-associated functions of ∼ 10 μm. When tested on the K103N RT, both derivatives inhibited the RT-associated functions equally, whereas when tested on the Y181C RT, KNA-53 inhibited the RNase H function and was inactive on the polymerase function. Mechanism of action studies showed that these derivatives do not intercalate into DNA and do not chelate the divalent cofactor Mg(2+) . Kinetic studies demonstrated that they are noncompetitive inhibitors, they do not bind to the RNase H active site or to the classical NNRTI binding pocket, even though efavirenz binding negatively influenced K-49/KNA-53 binding and vice versa. This behavior suggested that the alizarine derivatives binding site might be close to the NNRTI binding pocket. Docking experiments and molecular dynamic simulation confirmed the experimental data and the ability of these compounds to occupy a binding pocket close to the NNRTI site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Esposito
- Department of Applied Sciences in Biosystems, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Dubey S, Satyanarayana YD, Lavania H. Development of integrase inhibitors for treatment of AIDS: An overview. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:1159-68. [PMID: 17367896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an essential enzyme for retroviral replication. It is involved in the integration of HIV DNA into host chromosomal DNA. The unique properties of IN makes it an ideal target for drug design. First, there appears to have no functional equivalent in human cells and the reactions catalyzed by IN are unique. Second, IN is absolutely required for viral replication and mutations in a number of key residues block the viral replication. Third, IN has been validated as a legitimate target and the results from the molecules like S-1,360, JKT-303 which are under phase II/III clinical trials suggest synergistic effect with reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) inhibitors. During the past 10 years a plethora of inhibitors have been identified and some were shown to be selective against IN and block viral replication. The classes under which inhibitors of integrase can be classified are catechol-containing hydroxylated aromatics, diketoacid-containing aromatics, quninolines and others (non-catechol containing). In the present article we review all the recent small molecules reported to inhibit recombinant HIV-1 IN under these heads. It seems likely that the efficient use of HIV IN as target for rational design can give potent anti-HIV agents, which can be used alone or in combination regimens with other classes of anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Dubey
- K.L.E.S. College of Pharmacy, Rajajinagar II Block, Bangalore 560010, Karnataka, India.
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Ilina TV, Semenova EA, Pronyaeva TR, Pokrovskii AG, Nechepurenko IV, Shults EE, Andreeva OI, Kochetkov SN, Tolstikov GA. Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by aryl-substituted naphto- and anthraquinones. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2002; 382:56-9. [PMID: 11938673 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014467509828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T V Ilina
- Institute of Molecular Biology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, pos. Kol'tsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, 630559 Russia
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Molteni V, Rhodes D, Rubins K, Hansen M, Bushman FD, Siegel JS. A new class of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: the 3,3,3', 3'-tetramethyl-1,1'-spirobi(indan)-5,5',6,6'-tetrol family. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2031-9. [PMID: 10821715 DOI: 10.1021/jm990600c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Integration is a required step in HIV replication, but as yet no inhibitors of the integration step have been developed for clinical use. Many inhibitors have been identified that are active against purified viral-encoded integrase protein; of these, many contain a catechol moiety. Though this substructure contributes potency in inhibitors, it is associated with toxicity and so the utility of catechol-containing inhibitors has been questioned. We have synthesized and tested a systematic series of derivatives of a catechol-containing inhibitor (1) with the goal of identifying catechol isosteres that support inhibition. We find that different patterns of substitution on the aromatic ring suffice for inhibition when Mn(2+) is used as a cofactor. Importantly, the efficiency is different when Mg(2+), the more likely in vivo cofactor, is used. These data emphasize the importance of assays with Mg(2+) and offer new catechol isosteres for use in integrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Molteni
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA
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Farnet CM, Wang B, Hansen M, Lipford JR, Zalkow L, Robinson WE, Siegel J, Bushman F. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cDNA integration: new aromatic hydroxylated inhibitors and studies of the inhibition mechanism. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:2245-53. [PMID: 9736543 PMCID: PMC105796 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.9.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cDNA is a required step for viral replication. Integrase, the virus-encoded enzyme important for integration, has not yet been exploited as a target for clinically useful inhibitors. Here we report on the identification of new polyhydroxylated aromatic inhibitors of integrase including ellagic acid, purpurogallin, 4,8, 12-trioxatricornan, and hypericin, the last of which is known to inhibit viral replication. These compounds and others were characterized in assays with subviral preintegration complexes (PICs) isolated from HIV-1-infected cells. Hypericin was found to inhibit PIC assays, while the other compounds tested were inactive. Counterscreening of these and other integrase inhibitors against additional DNA-modifying enzymes revealed that none of the polyhydroxylated aromatic compounds are active against enzymes that do not require metals (methylases, a pox virus topoisomerase). However, all were cross-reactive with metal-requiring enzymes (restriction enzymes, a reverse transcriptase), implicating metal atoms in the inhibitory mechanism. In mechanistic studies, we localized binding of some inhibitors to the catalytic domain of integrase by assaying competition of binding by labeled nucleotides. These findings help elucidate the mechanism of action of the polyhydroxylated aromatic inhibitors and provide practical guidance for further inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Farnet
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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Hara H, Fujihashi T, Sakata T, Kaji A, Kaji H. Tetrahydronaphthalene lignan compounds as potent anti-HIV type 1 agents. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:695-705. [PMID: 9168238 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-HIV-1 activity of tetrahydronaphthalene (THN) derivatives of lignan compounds was studied. THN derivatives prevented cell death caused by HIV-1 infection in MT-4 cells. They also inhibited giant cell formation by HIV-1 in Sup-T1 cells, and p24 production in HIV-1-infected H9 cells. The 50% effective concentration (ED50) of the most active compound, 1737 [5,6,7-trimethoxy-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,3,3a,4,9,9a-hexahydron aphtho[2,3-c]thiophene], for inhibition of the cytopathic effects of HIV-1 infection ranged from 0.15 to 0.8 microM. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of compound 1737 measured by the viability of MT-4 cells was 58 microM, indicating a selective index (CC50/ED50) of 70-400. Substitution of the phenyl ring with other structures markedly decreased cytotoxicity but did not affect the antiviral activity of the compounds. This resulted in compounds with a high selective index. One such compound was 1738 [7-methoxy5,6-methylenedioxy-4-(4-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)1,3,3a ,4,9,9a-hexahydronaphtho[2,3-c]thiophene], with a selective index higher than 770. The time-of-addition experiment indicated that these compounds acted at or near the reverse transcription step of the HIV-1 life cycle. THN derivatives inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) in vitro at a concentration of 1 microM. Resistant viruses selected in the presence of THN derivatives showed some degree of cross-resistance to other nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, but not to the nucleoside RT inhibitor, AZT. THN derivatives failed to inhibit replication of pyridinone- and nevirapine-resistant HIV strains. However, compound 1737 inhibited replication of a TIBO-resistant strain more effectively than the wild-type HIV-1. Consistent with this result, compound 1737 also inhibited TIBO-resistant RT more effectively than the wild-type RT in vitro. These results suggested that THN derivatives interact with RT in a manner similar to but slightly different from that of other nonnucleoside HIV-1 RT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hara
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Farnet CM, Wang B, Lipford JR, Bushman FD. Differential inhibition of HIV-1 preintegration complexes and purified integrase protein by small molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:9742-7. [PMID: 8790401 PMCID: PMC38499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.18.9742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To replicate, HIV-1 must integrate a cDNA copy of the viral RNA genome into a chromosome of the host. The integration system is a promising target for antiretroviral agents, but to date no clinically useful integration inhibitors have been identified. Previous screens for integrase inhibitors have assayed inhibition of reactions containing HIV-1 integrase purified from an Escherichia coli expression system. Here we compare action of inhibitors in vitro on purified integrase and on subviral preintegration complexes (PICs) isolated from lymphoid cells infected with HIV-1. We find that many inhibitors active against purified integrase are inactive against PICs. Using PIC assays as a primary screen, we have identified three new anthraquinone inhibitors active against PICs and also against purified integrase. We propose that PIC assays are the closest in vitro match to integration in vivo and, as such, are particularly appropriate for identifying promising integration inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Farnet
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Fujihashi T, Hara H, Sakata T, Mori K, Higuchi H, Tanaka A, Kaji H, Kaji A. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activities of halogenated gomisin J derivatives, new nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV type 1 reverse transcriptase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:2000-7. [PMID: 8540706 PMCID: PMC162871 DOI: 10.1128/aac.39.9.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Halogenated gomisin J (a derivative of lignan compound), represented by the bromine derivative 1506 [(6R, 7S, S-biar)-4,9-dibromo-3,10-dihydroxy-1,2,11,12-tetramethoxy-6, 7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8- tetrahydrodibenzo[a,c]cyclo-octene], was found to be a potent inhibitor of the cytopathic effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) on MT-4 human T cells (50% effective dose, 0.1 to 0.5 microM). Gomisin J derivatives were active in preventing p24 production from acutely HIV-1-infected H9 cells. The selective indices (toxic dose/effective dose) of these compounds were as high as > 300 in some systems. 1506 was active against 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine-resistant HIV-1 and acted synergistically with AZT and 2',3'-ddC. 1506 inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) in vitro but not HIV-1 protease. From the time-of-addition experiment, 1506 was found to inhibit the early phase of the HIV life cycle. A 1506-resistant HIV mutant was selected and shown to possess a mutation within the RT-coding region (at position 188 [Tyr to Leu]). The mutant RT expressed in Escherichia coli was resistant to 1506 in the in vitro RT assay. Some of the HIV strains resistant to other nonnucleoside HIV-1 RT inhibitors were also resistant to 1506. Comparison of various gomisin J derivatives with gomisin J showed that iodine, bromine, and chlorine in the fourth and ninth positions increased RT inhibitory activity as well as cytoprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujihashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Fujihashi T, Sakata T, Kaji A, Kaji H. Antiviral action of oligodeoxyguanylic acids against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:461-71. [PMID: 7543270 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxyguanylic acids, but not other deoxynucleotides, as short as 3- to 4-mer, were effective in preventing HIV-1-induced cytopathicity. In addition, they prevented giant cell formation of infected Sup-T1 cells, and p24 production in HIV-1 infected H9 cells. Phosphorylation at either the 5'- or 3'-end enhanced these activities. Furthermore, 5'-phosphorylated phosphorothioate tetradeoxyguanylic acid was effective in reducing HIV production in chronically infected cells (H9/IIIB). The search for the target steps of this compound revealed that it inhibits at least 3 steps in the life cycle of HIV: interaction with CD4 (measured by inhibitory effect on the syncytia formation between Sup-T1 and H9/IIIB cells), reverse transcriptase, and step(s) after integration. These results suggest that phosphorylated phosphorothioate tetradeoxyguanylic acid may be a novel candidate for a therapeutic agent of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujihashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Chang C, Hsu F, Lin J. Inhibitory Effects of Polyphenolic Catechins from Chinese Green Tea on HIV Reverse Transcriptase Activity. J Biomed Sci 1994; 1:163-166. [PMID: 11725021 DOI: 10.1007/bf02253344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three polyphenolic catechins, epigallocatechin (1), epicatechin-3-O-gallate (2) and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (3), were isolated from Chinese green tea, Ti-Kaun-Yin (Camellia sinensis) and demonstrated as a new class of human immunodeficiency virus-reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) inhibitor. The concentrations required for 50% inhibition for the compounds (1), (2) and (3) were 7.80, 0.32 and 0.68 &mgr;M, respectively. The polyphenolic catechins with a galloyl group at the 3 position were potent inhibitors of HIV-RT. Kinetic analysis indicated that the polyphenolic catechins were competitive inhibitors with respect to the template-primer (rA)(n)(dT)(12-18) and noncompetitive inhibitors to dTTP. Copyright 1994 S. Karger AG, Basel
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Affiliation(s)
- C.W. Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Schinazi
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA 30322
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