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Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Powązka K, Pękacz M, Basałaj K, Klockiewicz M, Wiśniewski M, Młocicki D. Immunoproteomic Analysis of Dirofilaria repens Microfilariae and Adult Parasite Stages. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020174. [PMID: 33562513 PMCID: PMC7914743 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirofilariarepens is a parasitic nematode causing a vector-borne zoonotic infection (dirofilariosis), considered an emerging problem in human and veterinary medicine. Currently, diagnosis is based on the detection of the adult parasite and microfilariae in the host tissues. However, the efficacy of tests relying on microfilariae detection is limited by microfilariae periodic occurrence. Therefore, a new reliable and affordable serological diagnostic method is needed. Better characteristic of the parasite biology and its interaction with host immune system should help to achieve this goal. This study analyzes adult and microfilariae proteomes, and the use of one-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE) and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) proteomics, immunoproteomics, and LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry allowed us to identify 316 potentially immunogenic proteins (75 belong to adult stage, 183 to microfilariae, and 58 are common for both). Classified by their ontology, the proteins showed important similarities and differences between both parasite stages. The most frequently identified proteins are structural, metabolic, and heat shock proteins. Additionally, real-time PCR analysis of some immunogenic targets revealed significant differences between microfilariae and adult life stages. We indicated molecules involved in parasite-host interactions and discussed their importance in parasite biology, which may help to reveal potential diagnostic antigens or select drug and vaccine targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.P.); (K.B.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-697-89-66
| | - Katarzyna Powązka
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.P.); (K.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Mateusz Pękacz
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.P.); (K.B.); (D.M.)
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.P.); (K.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Maciej Klockiewicz
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Marcin Wiśniewski
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Daniel Młocicki
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.P.); (K.B.); (D.M.)
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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Singh H, Kaur K, Singh M, Kaur G, Singh P. Plant Cyclophilins: Multifaceted Proteins With Versatile Roles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:585212. [PMID: 33193535 PMCID: PMC7641896 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.585212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophilins constitute a family of ubiquitous proteins that bind cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressant drug. Several of these proteins possess peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity that catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of the peptide bond preceding a proline residue, essential for correct folding of the proteins. Compared to prokaryotes and other eukaryotes studied until now, the cyclophilin gene families in plants exhibit considerable expansion. With few exceptions, the role of the majority of these proteins in plants is still a matter of conjecture. However, recent studies suggest that cyclophilins are highly versatile proteins with multiple functionalities, and regulate a plethora of growth and development processes in plants, ranging from hormone signaling to the stress response. The present review discusses the implications of cyclophilins in different facets of cellular processes, particularly in the context of plants, and provides a glimpse into the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins fine-tune the diverse physiological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hans Raj Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Mangaljeet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Gundeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
- William Harvey Heart Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prabhjeet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Metenou S, Nutman TB. Regulatory T cell subsets in filarial infection and their function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:305. [PMID: 24137161 PMCID: PMC3786323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Filarial infections in humans are chronic infections that cause significant morbidity. The chronic nature of these infections with continuous antigen release is associated with a parasite-specific T cell hypo-responsiveness that may over time also affect the immune responses to bystander antigens. Previous studies have shown the filarial parasite antigen-specific T cells hypo-responsiveness is mediated by regulatory cytokines – IL-10 and TGF-β in particular. Recent studies have suggested that the modulated/regulated T cell responses associated with patent filarial infection may reflect an expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that include both Tregs induced in peripheral circulation or pTregs and the thymus-derived Tregs or tTregs. Although much is known about the phenotype of these regulatory populations, the mechanisms underlying their expansion and their mode of action in filarial and other infections remain unclear. Nevertheless there are data to suggest that while many of these regulatory cells are activated in an antigen-specific manner the ensuing effectors of this activation are relatively non-specific and may affect a broad range of immune cells. This review will focus on the subsets and function of regulatory T cells in filarial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Metenou
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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4
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Bennuru S, Semnani R, Meng Z, Ribeiro JMC, Veenstra TD, Nutman TB. Brugia malayi excreted/secreted proteins at the host/parasite interface: stage- and gender-specific proteomic profiling. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e410. [PMID: 19352421 PMCID: PMC2659452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the filarial proteins that interact with the human host. Although the filarial genome has recently been completed, protein profiles have been limited to only a few recombinants or purified proteins of interest. Here, we describe a large-scale proteomic analysis using microcapillary reverse-phase liquid chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry to identify the excretory-secretory (ES) products of the L3, L3 to L4 molting ES, adult male, adult female, and microfilarial stages of the filarial parasite Brugia malayi. The analysis of the ES products from adult male, adult female, microfilariae (Mf), L3, and molting L3 larvae identified 852 proteins. Annotation suggests that the functional and component distribution was very similar across each of the stages studied; however, the Mf contributed a higher proportion to the total number of identified proteins than the other stages. Of the 852 proteins identified in the ES, only 229 had previous confirmatory expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in the available databases. Moreover, this analysis was able to confirm the presence of 274 “hypothetical” proteins inferred from gene prediction algorithms applied to the B. malayi (Bm) genome. Not surprisingly, the majority (160/274) of these “hypothetical” proteins were predicted to be secreted by Signal IP and/or SecretomeP 2.0 analysis. Of major interest is the abundance of previously characterized immunomodulatory proteins such as ES-62 (leucyl aminopeptidase), MIF-1, SERPIN, glutathione peroxidase, and galectin in the ES of microfilariae (and Mf-containing adult females) compared to the adult males. In addition, searching the ES protein spectra against the Wolbachia database resulted in the identification of 90 Wolbachia-specific proteins, most of which were metabolic enzymes that have not been shown to be immunogenic. This proteomic analysis extends our knowledge of the ES and provides insight into the host–parasite interaction. Human lymphatic filariasis caused by the nematode parasites Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti are a major cause of concern in tropical countries. Studies over several decades have identified various proteins of these parasites that have highlighted their role in host–parasite interactions and possible chemotherapeutic and prophylactic interventions. The availability of the parasite genome facilitates the identification of all of the proteins of the parasite that could interact with the host. In this study, we have attempted to identify the excretory-secretory proteins of the various stages of the parasite that could be maintained in vitro for a limited period utilizing a high-throughput proteomics approach. We observe and report that the parasites expend resources to secrete out various molecules that they utilize to evade the host immune system and modulate its responses. Further, this study also provides information on the predicted hypothetical proteins to be bonafide proteins and thus a catalogue of the excretory-secretory proteins towards a better understanding of the host–parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasisekhar Bennuru
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roshanak Semnani
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhaojing Meng
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jose M. C. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Dg2, a gene encoding a 34 kDa immunodominant antigen of Dirofilaria immitis was cloned and demonstrated to be specifically expressed in the larval stage. In this study, a newly constructed genomic DNA library was screened by hybridization with Dg2. One of the resulting positive clones was similar to Dg2 in the structure of its exonic regions but different in number, position, size and sequence of introns. This was designated DgK. Full-length cDNA was isolated using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method to study the transcript corresponding to DgK. Sequence analysis revealed that the mRNA corresponding to DgK is trans-spliced during post-transcriptional processing because the 5′ end of the amplified cDNA contains seven nucleotides of the nematode-spliced leader (SL) sequence.
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Potenza M, Galat A, Minning TA, Ruiz AM, Duran R, Tarleton RL, Marín M, Fichera LE, Búa J. Analysis of the Trypanosoma cruzi cyclophilin gene family and identification of Cyclosporin A binding proteins. Parasitology 2006; 132:867-82. [PMID: 16700961 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005009558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 10/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Trypanosoma cruzi cyclophilin gene family comprises 15 paralogues whose nominal masses vary from 19 to 110 kDa, namely TcCyP19, TcCyP20, TcCyP21, TcCyP22, TcCyP24, TcCyP25, TcCyP26, TcCyP28, TcCyP29, TcCyP30, TcCyP34, TcCyP35, TcCyP40, TcCyP42 and TcCyP110. Under the conditions used, only some of the T. cruzi cyclophilin paralogue products could be isolated by affinity chromatography. The 15 paralogues were aligned with 495 cyclophilins from diverse organisms. Analyses of clusters formed by the T. cruzi cyclophilins with others encoded in various genomes revealed that 8 of them (TcCyP19, TcCyP21, TcCyP22, TcCyP24, TcCyP35, TcCyP40, TcCyP42 and TcCyP110) have orthologues in many different genomes whereas the other 7 display less-defined patterns of their sequence attributes and their classification to a specific group of cyclophilin's orthologues remains uncertain. Seven epimastigote cDNA clones encoding cyclophilin isoforms were further studied. These genes were found dispersed throughout the genome of the parasite. Amastigote and trypomastigote mRNAs encoding these 7 genes were also detected. We isolated 4 cyclosporin A-binding proteins in T. cruzi epimastigote extracts, which were identified by mass spectrometry as TcCyP19, TcCyP22, TcCyP28 and TcCyP40. Cyclosporin A-binding to these cyclophilins might be of importance to the mechanism of action of Cyclosporin A and its non-immunosuppressive analogues, whose trypanocidal effects were previously reported, and therefore, of potential interest in the chemotherapy of Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Potenza
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología, Dr. M. Fatala Chabén, A.N.L.I.S. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Bell A, Monaghan P, Page AP. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (immunophilins) and their roles in parasite biochemistry, host-parasite interaction and antiparasitic drug action. Int J Parasitol 2005; 36:261-76. [PMID: 16443228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunophilin is the collective name given to the cyclophilin and FK506-binding protein families. As the name suggests, these include the major binding proteins of certain immunosuppressive drugs: cyclophilins for the cyclic peptide cyclosporin A and FK506-binding proteins for the macrolactones FK506 and rapamycin. Both families, although dissimilar in sequence, possess peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity in vitro and can play roles in protein folding and transport, RNA splicing and the regulation of multi-protein complexes in cells. In addition to enzymic activity, many immunophilins act as molecular chaperones. This property may be conferred by the isomerase domain and/or by additional domains. Recent years have seen a great increase in the number of known immunophilin genes in parasitic protozoa and helminths and in many cases their products have been characterised biochemically and their temporal and spatial expression patterns have been examined. Some of these genes represent novel types: one example is a Toxoplasma gondii gene encoding a protein with both cyclophilin and FK506-binding protein domains. Likely roles in protein folding and oligomerisation, RNA splicing and sexual differentiation have been suggested for parasite immunophilins. In addition, unexpected roles in parasite virulence (Mip FK506-binding protein of Trypanosoma cruzi) and host immuno-modulation (e.g. 18-kDa cyclophilin of T. gondii) have been established. Furthermore, in view of the potent antiparasitic activities of cyclosporins, macrolactones and non-immunosuppressive derivatives of these compounds, immunophilins may mediate drug action and/or may themselves represent potential drug targets. Investigation of the mechanisms of action of these agents may lead to the design of potent and selective antimalarial and other antiparasitic drugs. This review discusses the properties of immunophilins in parasites and the 'animal model'Caenorhabditis elegans and relates these to our understanding of the roles of these proteins in cellular biochemistry, host-parasite interaction and the antiparasitic mechanisms of the drugs that bind to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Bell
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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8
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Page AP, Winter AD. Enzymes involved in the biogenesis of the nematode cuticle. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2003; 53:85-148. [PMID: 14587697 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(03)53003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes include species that are significant parasites of man, his domestic animals and crops, and cause chronic debilitating diseases in the developing world; such as lymphatic filariasis and river blindness caused by filarial species. Around one third of the World's population harbour parasitic nematodes; no vaccines exist for prevention of infection, limited effective drugs are available and drug resistance is an ever-increasing problem. A critical structure of the nematode is the protective cuticle, a collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) that forms the exoskeleton, and is critical for viability. This resilient structure is synthesized sequentially five times during nematode development and offers protection from the environment, including the hosts' immune response. The detailed characterization of this complex structure; it's components, and the means by which they are synthesized, modified, processed and assembled will identify targets that may be exploited in the future control of parasitic nematodes. This review will focus on the nematode cuticle. This structure is predominantly composed of collagens, a class of proteins that are modified by a range of co- and post-translational modifications prior to assembly into higher order complexes or ECMs. The collagens and their associated enzymes have been comprehensively characterized in vertebrate systems and some of these studies will be addressed in this review. Conversely, the biosynthesis of this class of essential structural proteins has not been studied in such detail in the nematodes. As with all morphogenetic, functional and developmental studies in the Nematoda phylum, the free-living species Caenorhabditis elegans has proven to be invaluable in the characterization of the cuticle and the cuticle collagen gene family, and is now proving to be an excellent model in the study of cuticle collagen biosynthetic enzymes. This model system will be the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony P Page
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, The Anderson College, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NU, UK
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9
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Harris MT, Fuhrman JA. Structure and expression of chitin synthase in the parasitic nematode Dirofilaria immitis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2002; 122:231-4. [PMID: 12106879 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(02)00102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Ma D, Nelson LS, LeCoz K, Poole C, Carlow CKS. A novel cyclophilin from parasitic and free-living nematodes with a unique substrate- and drug-binding domain. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:14925-32. [PMID: 11847225 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112293200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly diversified member of the cyclophilin family of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases has been isolated from the human parasite Onchocerca volvulus (OvCYP-16). This 25-kDa cyclophilin shares 43-46% similarity to other filarial cyclophilins but does not belong to any of the groups previously defined in invertebrates or vertebrates. A homolog was also isolated from Caenorhabditis elegans (CeCYP-16). Both recombinant O. volvulus and C. elegans cyclophilins were found to possess an enzyme activity with similar substrate preference and insensitivity to cyclosporin A. They represent novel cyclophilins with important differences in the composition of the drug-binding site in particular, namely, a Glu(124) (C. elegans) or Asp(123) (O. volvulus) residue present in a critical position. Site-directed mutagenesis studies and kinetic characterization demonstrated that the single residue dictates the degree of binding to substrate and cyclosporin A. CeCYP-16::GFP-expressing lines were generated with expression in the anterior and posterior distal portions of the intestine, in all larval stages and adults. An exception was found in the dauer stage, where fluorescence was observed in both the cell bodies and processes of the ventral chord motor neurons but was absent from the intestine. These studies highlight the extensive diversification of cyclophilins in an important human parasite and a closely related model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ma
- New England Biolabs, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915, USA
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11
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McCarthy JS, Wieseman M, Tropea J, Kaslow D, Abraham D, Lustigman S, Tuan R, Guderian RH, Nutman TB. Onchocerca volvulus glycolytic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase as a target for a protective immune response in humans. Infect Immun 2002; 70:851-8. [PMID: 11796620 PMCID: PMC127653 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.2.851-858.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify potential vaccine candidates for the prevention of infection with the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus, we screened an O. volvulus L3 stage cDNA library with sera from putatively immune (PI) subjects, and a prominent immunogenic clone of 1,184 nucleotides was identified. It contained an open reading frame of 363 amino acids encoding the glycolytic enzyme fructose 1,6 bisphosphate aldolase (Ov-fba-1). Immunolocalization experiments demonstrated that the protein was most abundantly expressed in metabolically active tissues, including body wall muscle and the reproductive tract of adult female worms. Immunoelectron microscopy of L3 demonstrated binding in the region where the cuticle separates during molting, in the channels connecting the esophagus to the cuticle, and in the basal lamina surrounding the esophagus and the body cavity. Among subjects from areas where this organism is endemic specific humoral and cellular immune responses to recombinant protein were observed in both PI and infected subjects, whereas responses were not observed among subjects who had not been exposed to O. volvulus. Despite the absence of differential responsiveness in parasite-exposed human populations, when the recombinant was tested for protective efficacy in a mouse chamber model, a reduction in survival of larvae by ca. 50% was seen. This observation provides support for the further study of this parasite enzyme as a vaccine candidate in larger animal models.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/blood
- Antigens, Helminth/chemistry
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Antigens, Helminth/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern/methods
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Helminth
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase/chemistry
- Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase/genetics
- Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase/immunology
- Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase/metabolism
- Glycolysis
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Onchocerca volvulus/enzymology
- Onchocerca volvulus/genetics
- Onchocerciasis/blood
- Onchocerciasis/immunology
- Onchocerciasis/parasitology
- Onchocerciasis/prevention & control
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- James S McCarthy
- University of Western Australia, Department of Medicine, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia.
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12
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Lizotte-Waniewski M, Tawe W, Guiliano DB, Lu W, Liu J, Williams SA, Lustigman S. Identification of potential vaccine and drug target candidates by expressed sequence tag analysis and immunoscreening of Onchocerca volvulus larval cDNA libraries. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3491-501. [PMID: 10816503 PMCID: PMC97634 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3491-3501.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for appropriate vaccine candidates and drug targets against onchocerciasis has so far been confronted with several limitations due to the unavailability of biological material, appropriate molecular resources, and knowledge of the parasite biology. To identify targets for vaccine or chemotherapy development we have undertaken two approaches. First, cDNA expression libraries were constructed from life cycle stages that are critical for establishment of Onchocerca volvulus infection, the third-stage larvae (L3) and the molting L3. A gene discovery effort was then initiated by random expressed sequence tag analysis of 5,506 cDNA clones. Cluster analyses showed that many of the transcripts were up-regulated and/or stage specific in either one or both of the cDNA libraries when compared to the microfilariae, L2, and both adult stages of the parasite. Homology searches against the GenBank database facilitated the identification of several genes of interest, such as proteinases, proteinase inhibitors, antioxidant or detoxification enzymes, and neurotransmitter receptors, as well as structural and housekeeping genes. Other O. volvulus genes showed homology only to predicted genes from the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans or were entirely novel. Some of the novel proteins contain potential secretory leaders. Secondly, by immunoscreening the molting L3 cDNA library with a pool of human sera from putatively immune individuals, we identified six novel immunogenic proteins that otherwise would not have been identified as potential vaccinogens using the gene discovery effort. This study lays a solid foundation for a better understanding of the biology of O. volvulus as well as for the identification of novel targets for filaricidal agents and/or vaccines against onchocerciasis based on immunological and rational hypothesis-driven research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lizotte-Waniewski
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Williams SA. Deep within the filarial genome: progress of the filarial genome project. PARASITOLOGY TODAY (PERSONAL ED.) 1999; 15:219-24. [PMID: 10366827 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4758(99)01454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Four years ago, a WHO/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank-sponsored genome project to study the filarial lymphatic nematode parasite Brugia malayi was initiated. The project took as its aims gene discovery for drug target and vaccine candidate identification, genome mapping, dissemination of genomic data to the world community and training of endemic country partners in genomic research. In this article, the principal investigators in the laboratories behind the project describe the background to the project, the data now emerging and goals for the future. Open access to filarial genome data is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Science Center, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ma
- New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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15
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Mikol V, Ma D, Carlow CK. Crystal structure of the cyclophilin-like domain from the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi. Protein Sci 1998; 7:1310-6. [PMID: 9655334 PMCID: PMC2144044 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilins are a family of proteins that exhibit peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity and bind the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A (CsA). Brugia malayi is a filarial nematode parasite of humans, for which a cyclophilin-like domain was identified at the N-terminal of a protein containing 843 amino acid residues. There are two differences in sequence in the highly conserved CsA binding site: A histidine and a lysine replace a tryptophan and an alanine, respectively. The crystal structure of this domain has been determined by the molecular replacement method and refined to an R-factor of 16.9% at 2.15 A resolution. The overall structure is similar to other cyclophilins; however, major differences occur in two loops. Comparison of the CsA binding site of this domain with members of the cyclophilin family shows significant structural differences, which can account for the reduced sensitivity of the Brugia malayi protein to inhibition by CsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mikol
- Department of Structural Biology, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer, Vitry/Seine, France.
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Ma D, Carlow CK. Active site mutants of a cyclosporin A-insensitive cyclophilin from Brugia malayi: effect on catalysis and drug binding. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1998; 92:361-5. [PMID: 9657340 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(98)00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Ma
- New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Matsuzawa K, Nakamura F, Abe M, Okamoto K. Immunosuppressive and antiparasitic effects of cyclosporin A on Hymenolepis nana infection in mice. Int J Parasitol 1998; 28:579-88. [PMID: 9602378 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(97)00212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of cyclosporin A, which is known to act both as immunosuppressant and as an antiparasitic drug in many host-parasite systems, was examined in a mouse-Hymenolepis nana system. When BDF1 mice were injected s.c. with cyclosporin A (100 mg kg-1 day-1) every 48 h from 11 days p.i. with eggs, expulsion of the adult worms from the intestines of mice was prevented completely until at least 30 days p.i. Worm burden, dry weight and the number of gravid proglottids were not significantly reduced. By contrast, in untreated mice most of the worms were eliminated by 19 days p.i. The drug also completely abolished acquired resistance to a challenge infection with eggs when mice were injected s.c. with cyclosporin A (100 mg kg-1 day-1) around the time of challenge infection (Days -2, -1, 0, 1 and 2 relative to challenge). Such immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporin A on worm expulsion and protective immunity to reinfection were similar to those of another immunosuppressant, cyclophosphamide. As for the antiparasitic action of cyclosporin A against H. nana, a smaller number of cysticercoids developed from eggs in mice given cyclosporin A (100 mg kg-1 day-1) for 5 days beginning 1 day before infection, than in untreated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsuzawa
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Hong X, Ma D, Carlow CK. Cloning, expression and characterization of a new filarial cyclophilin. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1998; 91:353-8. [PMID: 9566526 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(97)00219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X Hong
- New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Hong X, Ma D, Page AP, Kumar S, Carlow CK. A highly conserved large molecular weight cyclophilin of filarial parasites. Exp Parasitol 1998; 88:246-51. [PMID: 9562430 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1998.4226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Hong
- New England Biolabs, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915, USA
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