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Chen L, Chen T, Li R, Xu Y, Xiong Y. Recent Advances in the Study of the Immune Escape Mechanism of SFTSV and Its Therapeutic Agents. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040940. [PMID: 37112920 PMCID: PMC10142331 DOI: 10.3390/v15040940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sever fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a new infectious disease that has emerged in recent years and is widely distributed, highly contagious, and lethal, with a mortality rate of up to 30%, especially in people with immune system deficiencies and elderly patients. SFTS is an insidious, negative-stranded RNA virus that has a major public health impact worldwide. The development of a vaccine and the hunt for potent therapeutic drugs are crucial to the prevention and treatment of Bunyavirus infection because there is no particular treatment for SFTS. In this respect, investigating the mechanics of SFTS-host cell interactions is crucial for creating antiviral medications. In the present paper, we summarized the mechanism of interaction between SFTS and pattern recognition receptors, endogenous antiviral factors, inflammatory factors, and immune cells. Furthermore, we summarized the current therapeutic drugs used for SFTS treatment, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the development of targets and drugs against SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Ruidong Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yingshu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yongai Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
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2
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Synthesis, DFT calculations, In silico studies, and biological evaluation of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole and pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Investigation of Some Antiviral N-Heterocycles as COVID 19 Drug: Molecular Docking and DFT Calculations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113922. [PMID: 32486229 PMCID: PMC7312990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a global health pandemic that started in December 2019. The effective drug target among coronaviruses is the main protease Mpro, because of its essential role in processing the polyproteins that are translated from the viral RNA. In this study, the bioactivity of some selected heterocyclic drugs named Favipiravir (1), Amodiaquine (2), 2'-Fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (3), and Ribavirin (4) was evaluated as inhibitors and nucleotide analogues for COVID-19 using computational modeling strategies. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to estimate the thermal parameters, dipole moment, polarizability, and molecular electrostatic potential of the present drugs; additionally, Mulliken atomic charges of the drugs as well as the chemical reactivity descriptors were investigated. The nominated drugs were docked on SARS-CoV-2 main protease (PDB: 6LU7) to evaluate the binding affinity of these drugs. Besides, the computations data of DFT the docking simulation studies was predicted that the Amodiaquine (2) has the least binding energy (-7.77 Kcal/mol) and might serve as a good inhibitor to SARS-CoV-2 comparable with the approved medicines, hydroxychloroquine, and remdesivir which have binding affinity -6.06 and -4.96 Kcal/mol, respectively. The high binding affinity of 2 was attributed to the presence of three hydrogen bonds along with different hydrophobic interactions between the drug and the critical amino acids residues of the receptor. Finally, the estimated molecular electrostatic potential results by DFT were used to illustrate the molecular docking findings. The DFT calculations showed that drug 2 has the highest of lying HOMO, electrophilicity index, basicity, and dipole moment. All these parameters could share with different extent to significantly affect the binding affinity of these drugs with the active protein sites.
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4
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Takayama-Ito M, Saijo M. Antiviral Drugs Against Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:150. [PMID: 32117168 PMCID: PMC7026129 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne infectious disease caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV), which is a novel bunyavirus. SFTSV was first isolated from patients who presented with fever, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and multiorgan dysfunction in China. Subsequently, it was found to be widely distributed in Southeast Asia (Korea, Japan, and Vietnam). SFTSV can be transmitted not only from ticks but also from domestic animals, companion animals, and humans. Because the case fatality rate of SFTS is high (6–30%), development of specific and effective treatment for SFTS is required. Studies of potential antiviral drugs for SFTS-specific therapy have been conducted on existing or newly discovered agents in vitro and in vivo, with ribavirin and favipiravir being the most promising candidates. While animal experiments and retrospective studies have demonstrated the limited efficacy of ribavirin, it was also speculated that ribavirin would be effective in patients with a viral load <1 × 106 copies/mL. Favipiravir showed higher efficacy than ribavirin against SFTSV in in vitro assays and greater efficacy in animal models, even administrated 3 days after the virus inoculation. Although clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of favipiravir in SFTS patients in Japan are underway, this has yet to be confirmed. Other drugs, including hexachlorophene, calcium channel blockers, 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine, caffeic acid, amodiaquine, and interferons, have also been evaluated for their inhibitory efficacy against SFTSV. Among them, calcium channel blockers are promising because in addition to their efficacy in vitro and in vivo, retrospective clinical data have indicated that nifedipine, one of the calcium channel blockers, reduced the case fatality rate by >5-fold. Although further research is necessary to develop SFTS-specific therapy, considerable progress has been achieved in this area. Here we summarize and discuss recent advances in antiviral drugs against SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuyo Takayama-Ito
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Smee DF, Jung KH, Westover J, Gowen BB. 2'-Fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of bunyaviruses in vitro and in phleboviral disease mouse models. Antiviral Res 2018; 160:48-54. [PMID: 30339848 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
2'-Fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (2'-FdC) was reported to inhibit various viruses in vitro, including Borna disease, hepatitis C, Lassa fever, influenza and certain herpes viruses, and is inhibitory to influenza viruses in mice. We investigated the antiviral activity of 2'-FdC against several unrelated bunyaviruses in 50% cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assays and, with viruses that cause limited CPE, 90% virus yield reduction (VYR) assays. La Crosse (LACV), Maporal, Punta Toro, Rift Valley fever (RVFV), and San Angelo viruses were inhibited in CPE assays at 2.2-9.7 μM concentrations. In VYR assays, Heartland and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTSV) viruses were inhibited at 0.9 and 3.7 μM, respectively. In contrast, ribavirin inhibited these viruses at an average of 47 μM. Antiviral efficacy studies were also conducted in mice infected with RVFV, SFTSV, and LACV. Against RVFV, 2'-FdC (100 and 200 mg/kg/day) and ribavirin (100 mg/kg/day) treatments each delayed mortality by approximately 6 days compared to placebo. Liver, spleen, and serum viral titers were significantly reduced by antiviral treatments. 2'-FdC (100 and 200 mg/kg/day) prevented death in SFTSV-infected mice, but was not as effective as favipiravir (100 mg/kg/day) based on body weight loss during infection. The 100 mg/kg/day doses of 2'-FdC and favipiravir significantly reduced liver, spleen, and serum viral titers. 2'-FdC and ribavirin afforded no protection against LACV infection in mice, which is encephalitic and thus inherently more difficult to treat. Taken together, our data suggest that 2'-FdC may be a viable candidate for treating certain non-encephalitic bunyavirus infections such as those caused by phleboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Kie-Hoon Jung
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Jonna Westover
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Brian B Gowen
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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6
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Jordan PC, Stevens SK, Deval J. Nucleosides for the treatment of respiratory RNA virus infections. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618764483. [PMID: 29562753 PMCID: PMC5890544 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618764483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses are among the most common viruses causing mild seasonal colds. These RNA viruses can also cause lower respiratory tract infections leading to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Young children, the elderly, and patients with compromised cardiac, pulmonary, or immune systems are at greatest risk for serious disease associated with these RNA virus respiratory infections. In addition, swine and avian influenza viruses, together with severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, represent significant pandemic threats to the general population. In this review, we describe the current medical need resulting from respiratory infections caused by RNA viruses, which justifies drug discovery efforts to identify new therapeutic agents. The RNA polymerase of respiratory viruses represents an attractive target for nucleoside and nucleotide analogs acting as inhibitors of RNA chain synthesis. Here, we present the molecular, biochemical, and structural fundamentals of the polymerase of the four major families of RNA respiratory viruses: Orthomyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae/Paramyxoviridae, Coronaviridae, and Picornaviridae. We summarize past and current efforts to develop nucleoside and nucleotide analogs as antiviral agents against respiratory virus infections. This includes molecules with very broad antiviral spectrum such as ribavirin and T-705 (favipiravir), and others targeting more specifically one or a few virus families. Recent advances in our understanding of the structure(s) and function(s) of respiratory virus polymerases will likely support the discovery and development of novel nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Jordan
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Sarah K Stevens
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Jerome Deval
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, USA
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7
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Tisdale M, Appleyard G, Tuttle JV, Nelson DJ, Nusinoff-Lehrman S, Nakib WA, Stables JN, Purifoy DJM, Powell KL, Darby G. Inhibition of Influenza A and B Viruses by 2′-Deoxy-2′-Fluororibosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029300400504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluororibosides were evaluated for anti-influenza activity in cell culture and in the mouse pneumonia model. Many were found to be potent inhibitors of Influenza A, in chick embryo fibroblast cells (IC50's 0.1–2.9 μM), and in reducing mouse lung virus titres (1–3 log10 units). Purine analogues proved the most effective, but their activity was an order of magnitude higher in MDCK cells. Anti-influenza activity correlated with intracellular triphosphate levels and with substrate specificity of 2′-deoxycytidine kinase. 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine selected for further study was active against all influenza A and B strains tested, including one clinical isolate which proved extremely sensitive when assayed in human tracheal cultures. In vivo, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine (2′-fluorodGuo) was significantly more effective than amantadine or ribavirin in reducing mouse lung virus titre when treatment commenced after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tisdale
- The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | - G. Appleyard
- The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | - J. V. Tuttle
- Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - D. J. Nelson
- Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - W. Al Nakib
- Advanced Pathology Services, 101 Harley Street, London, UK
| | - J. N. Stables
- The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | | | - K. L. Powell
- The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | - G. Darby
- The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, UK
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8
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Kukhanova MK, Korovina AN, Sharkin YA, Azhayev AV, Kochetkov SN. 2′-Fluoronucleotides as substrates of viral replicative polymerases. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893314050082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Kim JH, Yu J, Alexander V, Choi JH, Song J, Lee HW, Kim HO, Choi J, Lee SK, Jeong LS. Structure–activity relationships of 2′-modified-4′-selenoarabinofuranosyl-pyrimidines as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:208-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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In vitro and in vivo efficacy of fluorodeoxycytidine analogs against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, seasonal, and pandemic H1N1 virus infections. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:329-40. [PMID: 21925541 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Various fluorodeoxyribonucleosides were evaluated for their antiviral activities against influenza virus infections in vitro and in vivo. Among the most potent inhibitors was 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine (2'-FdC). It inhibited various strains of low and highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses, pandemic H1N1 viruses, an oseltamivir-resistant pandemic H1N1 virus, and seasonal influenza viruses (H3N2, H1N1, influenza B) in MDCK cells, with the 90% inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.13 to 4.6 μM, as determined by a virus yield reduction assay. 2'-FdC was then tested for efficacy in BALB/c mice infected with a lethal dose of highly pathogenic influenza A/Vietnam/1203/2004 H5N1 virus. 2'FdC (60 mg/kg/d) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) twice a day beginning 24 h after virus exposure significantly promoted survival (80% survival) of infected mice (p=0.0001). Equally efficacious were the treatment regimens in which mice were treated with 2'-FdC at 30 or 60 mg/kg/day (bid X 8) beginning 24 h before virus exposure. At these doses, 70-80% of the mice were protected from death due to virus infection (p=0.0005, p=0.0001; respectively). The lungs harvested from treated mice at day four of the infection displayed little surface pathology or histopathology, lung weights were lower, and the 60 mg/kg dose reduced lung virus titers, although not significantly compared to the placebo controls. All doses were well tolerated in uninfected mice. 2'-FdC could also be administered as late as 72 h post virus exposure and still significantly protect 60% mice from the lethal effects of the H5N1 virus infection (p=0.019). Other fluorodeoxyribonucleosides tested in the H5N1 mouse model, 2'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine and 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine, were very toxic at higher doses and not inhibitory at lower doses. Finally, 2'-FdC, which was active in the H5N1 mouse model, was also active in a pandemic H1N1 influenza A infection model in mice. When given at 30 mg/kg/d (bid X 5) beginning 24h before virus exposure), 2'-FdC also significantly enhanced survival of H1N1-infected mice (50%, p=0.038) similar to the results obtained in the H5N1 infection model using a similar dosing regimen (50%, p<0.05). Given the demonstrated in vitro and in vivo inhibition of avian influenza virus replication, 2'FdC may qualify as a lead compound for the development of agents treating influenza virus infections.
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11
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Polyfluorinated bipyridine cisplatins manipulate cytotoxicity through the induction of S-G2/M arrest and partial intercalation mechanism. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4887-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Maruyama T, Kozai S, Manabe T, Yazima Y, Satoh Y, Takaku H. Synthesis of 8-Substituted Analogues of 2′-Deoxy-2′-Fluoroadenosine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319908044618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tokumi Maruyama
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tokushima Bunri University , Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima , 770
| | - Shigetada Kozai
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tokushima Bunri University , Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima , 770
| | - Takako Manabe
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tokushima Bunri University , Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima , 770
| | - Yuko Yazima
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tokushima Bunri University , Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima , 770
| | - Yoshiko Satoh
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tokushima Bunri University , Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima , 770
| | - Hiroshi Takaku
- b Department of Industrial Chemistry , Chiba Institute of Technology , Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba , 275 , JAPAN
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13
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Clark JL, Christian Mason J, Hobbs AJ, Hollecker L, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of 2‐Deoxy‐2‐Fluoro‐2‐C‐Methyl‐D‐Ribofuranoses. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300600859783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Shi J, Du J, Ma T, Pankiewicz KW, Patterson SE, Hassan AEA, Tharnish PM, McBrayer TR, Lostia S, Stuyver LJ, Watanabe KA, Chu CK, Schinazi RF, Otto MJ. Synthesis and in vitro anti-HCV activity of beta-D- and 1-2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibonucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 24:875-9. [PMID: 16248053 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200059224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Based on the discovery of beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine as a potent anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agent, a series of beta-D- and L-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroibonucleosides with modifications at 5 and/or 4 positions were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro activity against HCV and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). The introduction of the 2'-fluoro group was achieved by either fluorination of 2,2'-anhydronucleosides with hydrogen fluoride-pyridine or potassium fluoride, or a fluorination of arabinonucleosides with DAST. Among the 27 analogues synthesized, only the 5-fluoro compounds, namely beta-D-2'-deoxy-2',5-difluorocytidine (5), had anti-HCV activity in the subgenomic HCV replicon cell line, and inhibitory activity against ribosomal RNA. As beta-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) had previously shown potent anti-HCV activity, the two functionalities of the N4-hydroxyl and the 2'-fluoro were combined into one molecule, yielding beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-N4-hydroxycytidine (12). However, this nucleoside showed neither anti-HCV activity nor toxicity. All the L-forms of the analogues were devoid of anti-HCV activity. None of the compounds showed anti-BVDV activity, suggesting that the BVDV system cannot reliably predict anti-HCV activity in vitro.
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15
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Bajramovic JJ, Volmer R, Syan S, Pochet S, Gonzalez-Dunia D. 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine inhibits Borna disease virus replication and spread. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1422-5. [PMID: 15047559 PMCID: PMC375289 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.4.1422-1425.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) causes neurological diseases in a variety of warm-blooded animal species, possibly including humans. To date, there is no effective treatment against BDV infection. Recently, we reported on the antiviral activity of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C). However, Ara-C's cytotoxic side effects are a major obstacle for its therapeutic use. Herein, we demonstrate that the nucleoside analog 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (2'-FdC) exhibits potent antiviral activity against BDV. Importantly, 2'-FdC-associated cytotoxicity is negligible, indicating 2'-FdC as an excellent candidate for the development of antiviral therapy against BDV.
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16
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Stuyver LJ, McBrayer TR, Whitaker T, Tharnish PM, Ramesh M, Lostia S, Cartee L, Shi J, Hobbs A, Schinazi RF, Watanabe KA, Otto MJ. Inhibition of the subgenomic hepatitis C virus replicon in huh-7 cells by 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:651-4. [PMID: 14742230 PMCID: PMC321524 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.2.651-654.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
2'-Deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine (FdC) is a potent inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus RNA replicon in culture, and FdC-5'-triphosphate is an effective inhibitor of the NS5B polymerase. Dynamic profiling of cell growth in an antiviral assay showed that FdC caused cytostasis due to an S-phase arrest. These observations demonstrate that FdC treatment is affecting both a viral target and a cellular target.
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17
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Maruyama T, Utzumi K, Sato Y, Richman DD. Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of 6-Substituted Purine 2′-Deoxy-2′-fluororibosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779408013260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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El-Laghdach A, Isabel Matheu M, Castillón S, Bliard C, Olesker A, Lukacs G. A new and extremely fast synthesis of 2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro-d-arabino-hexose (2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro-d-glucose). Carbohydr Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90944-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsuchiya
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Kawasaki, Japan
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20
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Aoyama H, Sarih-Cottin L, Tarrago-Litvak L, Litvak S, Guschlbauer W. 2'-Fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine triphosphate as a substrate for RNA- and DNA-dependent DNA polymerases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 824:218-24. [PMID: 2578819 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(85)90051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the analog 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCflTP) to be used as a substrate in the reactions catalyzed by Xenopus laevis oocytes DNA polymerase alpha and AMV reverse transcriptase has been studied. The apparent Km values for dCTP and dCflTP, using activated DNA as templates, were 0.6 microM and 7 mM with DNA polymerase alpha and 0.14 microM and 7 microM with AMV reverse transcriptase, respectively. As observed with dCTP, aphidicolin was a noncompetitive inhibitor in the DNA polymerase alpha-catalyzed DNA synthesis; the Ki values were about 2 microM for both substrates. dCflTP can also be incorporated into DNA synthetized by other eukaryotic DNA polymerases and by reverse transcriptase with RNA as a template, both in the presence or absence of (dT)12 primer.
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