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Radivojac P, Vucetic S, O'Connor TR, Uversky VN, Obradovic Z, Dunker AK. Calmodulin signaling: analysis and prediction of a disorder-dependent molecular recognition. Proteins 2007; 63:398-410. [PMID: 16493654 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) signaling involves important, wide spread eukaryotic protein-protein interactions. The solved structures of CaM associated with several of its binding targets, the distinctive binding mechanism of CaM, and the significant trypsin sensitivity of the binding targets combine to indicate that the process of association likely involves coupled binding and folding for both CaM and its binding targets. Here, we use bioinformatics approaches to test the hypothesis that CaM-binding targets are intrinsically disordered. We developed a predictor of CaM-binding regions and estimated its performance. Per residue accuracy of this predictor reached 81%, which, in combination with a high recall/precision balance at the binding region level, suggests high predictability of CaM-binding partners. An analysis of putative CaM-binding proteins in yeast and human strongly indicates that their molecular functions are related to those of intrinsically disordered proteins. These findings add to the growing list of examples in which intrinsically disordered protein regions are indicated to provide the basis for cell signaling and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Radivojac
- School of Informatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Koyama S, Rennard SI, Leikauf GD, Ertl RF, Robbins RA. Antiproteases attenuate the release of neutrophil chemotactic activity from bronchial epithelial cells induced by smoke. Exp Lung Res 1996; 22:1-19. [PMID: 8838132 DOI: 10.3109/01902149609074014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The released neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA) from bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) in response to smoke extract was evaluated by reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and the involvement of proteolytic activity was assessed for the release of NCA from BECs. Smoke extract stimulated the release of NCA (55.3 +/- 5.2 vs. 17.3 +/- 4.1 cells per high-power field [HPF], p < .001). The released activity determined by RP-HPLC analysis was 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene B4. Several structurally and functionally different serine protease inhibitors, including alpha-1-protease inhibitor (alpha-1-PI), chloromethyl ketone (CK) derivatives, N-tosyl-L-lysine CK (TLCK), methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val CK (SPCK), N-alpha-tosyl-L-phenylalanine CK (TPCK), and N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (TAME), attenuated the release of NCA (P < .01) in a dose-dependent fashion. Leupeptin, a cysteine protease inhibitor, has only a small effect on the release of NCA (p < .05), and phosphoramidon, a neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, had no effect. The measurement of proteolytic enzyme activity using synthetic substrate S-2288 revealed that smoke extract significantly (p < .05) augmented the serine protease activity in BEC layers. Culture supernatant fluids and cell lysates of BECs in response to smoke extract solubilized 14C-labeled casein. These results suggest that BECs may release lipoxygenase-derived NCA in response to smoke extract and that the release of NCA may involve the activation of proteolytic activity of BECs which was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koyama
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Amann BT, Mulqueen P, Horrocks WD. A continuous spectrophotometric assay for the activation of plant NAD kinase by calmodulin, calcium(II), and europium(III) ions. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1992; 25:207-17. [PMID: 1337352 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(92)90015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A continuous spectrophotometric assay has been developed to quantify the calmodulin, calcium(II) ion, and europium(III) ion dependence of the activation of NAD kinase from pea seedlings. Experimental enzyme activation data are compared with the theoretical curves for the binding of calcium(II) ions to the individual calcium binding sites of calmodulin. These results indicate that the binding of three calcium(II) ions is necessary for activation of plant NAD kinase. Further studies demonstrate that europium(III) ions can replace calcium(II) ions in calmodulin with retention of its ability to activate NAD kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Amann
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Ruiz-Herrera J, Sentandreu R. Fungal cell wall synthesis and assembly. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEDICAL MYCOLOGY 1989; 3:168-217. [PMID: 2688916 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3624-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase. Identification of multiple forms of the enzyme by antibodies. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Tallant EA, Brumley LM, Wallace RW. Activation of a calmodulin-dependent phosphatase by a Ca2+-dependent protease. Biochemistry 1988; 27:2205-11. [PMID: 2837285 DOI: 10.1021/bi00406a059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase (calcineurin) was converted to an active, calmodulin-independent form by a Ca2+-dependent protease (calpain I). Proteolysis could be blocked by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, leupeptin, or N-ethylmaleimide, but other protease inhibitors such as phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, aprotinin, benzamidine, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and trypsin inhibitor were ineffective. Phosphatase proteolyzed in the absence of calmodulin was insensitive to Ca2+ or Ca2+/calmodulin; the activity of the proteolyzed enzyme was greater than the Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated activity of the unproteolyzed enzyme. Proteolysis of the phosphatase in the presence of calmodulin proceeded at a more rapid rate than in its absence, and the proteolyzed enzyme retained a small degree of sensitivity to Ca2+/calmodulin, being further stimulated some 15-20%. Proteolytic stimulation of phosphatase activity was accompanied by degradation of the 60-kilodalton (kDa) subunit; the 19-kDa subunit was not degraded. In the absence of calmodulin, the 60-kDa subunit was sequentially degraded to 58- and 45-kDa fragments; the 45-kDa fragment was incapable of binding 125I-calmodulin. In the presence of calmodulin, the 60-kDa subunit was proteolyzed to fragments of 58, 55 (2), and 48 kDa, all of which retained some ability to bind calmodulin. These data, coupled with our previous report that the human platelet calmodulin-binding proteins undergo Ca2+-dependent proteolysis upon platelet activation [Wallace, R. W., Tallant, E. A., & McManus, M. C. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 2766-2773], suggest that the Ca2+-dependent protease may have a role in the platelet as an irreversible activator of certain Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Tallant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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Yamada Y, Aketa K. Ovostatin, an endogenous trypsin inhibitor of sea urchin eggs: purification and characterization of ovostatin from eggs of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus intermedius. GAMETE RESEARCH 1988; 19:265-75. [PMID: 3058564 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1120190306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A trypsin inhibitor, termed ovostatin, has been purified approximately 265-fold with 82% yield, from unfertilized eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius, using trypsin coupled Sepharose 4B as an affinity column for chromatography. The isolated ovostatin is homogeneous in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the estimated molecular weight being 20K-21.5K. Ovostatin inhibits preferentially trypsin-like endogenous protease purified from the eggs of the same species and bovine pancreatic trypsin and also bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin. Values of IC50 (amount causing 50% inhibition of enzymes) for trypsin-like protease purified from eggs of the same species, bovine pancreatic trypsin, and bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin, are 0.91 +/- 0.13 micrograms/ml (4.55 +/- 0.65 x 10(-8)M), 3.0 +/- 0.28 microgram/ml (1.5 +/- 0.14 x 10(-7)M), and 4.8 +/- 0.2 microgram/ml (2.4 +/- 0.1 x 10(-7)M), respectively, in the experimental condition used. Kinetic studies indicate that ovostatin is a noncompetitive inhibitor of trypsin. The inhibitor is relatively heat labile. NaCl (0.025-0.01 M) enhances the inhibitor activity, whereas KCl is inhibitory. Ovostatin requires a low concentration of Ca2+ for activity. The activity is higher in unfertilized eggs than in fertilized eggs; total activity and specific activity in unfertilized eggs is about 1.67-fold and 1.85-fold higher than those in fertilized eggs, respectively. We believe that ovostatin may regulate the function of the cortical granule protease and other trypsin-like proteases that are activated in sea urchin eggs during fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamada
- Akkeshi Marine Biological Station, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
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Activation of chitin synthetase from Phycomyces blakesleeanus by calcium and calmodulin. Arch Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00456705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jarrett HW. Response of three enzymes to oleic acid, trypsin, and calmodulin chemically modified with a reactive phenothiazine. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)89200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Foyt HL, Guerriero V, Means AR. Functional domains of chicken gizzard myosin light chain kinase. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39673-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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McGuinness ET, Butler JR. NAD+ kinase--a review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 17:1-11. [PMID: 2987053 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(85)90079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
NAD+ kinase catalyzes the only (known) biochemical reaction leading to the production of NADP+ from NAD+. Most evidence indicates it is found in the cytoplasm, but reports of its presence in (other) cell bodies can not be discounted. Viewed as a protein, our knowledge of NADK composition and architecture is rudimentary. Though recognized as a large multimeric protein, no agreement is evident for the molecular weight (Mr = approximately 4-65 X 10(4] of the native protein. Is calmodulin an integral subunit of (some, all) NAD+ kinases (analogous to phosphorylase kinase in skeletal muscle)? Or is it an external modulator? Consensus is evident that a subunit of molecular weight 30-35 X 10(3) is a component of the mammalian and yeast kinase. In one case (rabbit liver) two types of subunits are reported to give rise to oligomers differing in molecular weight and catalytic activities. Viewed as an enzyme it is not known why such a complex aggregate is needed for what might otherwise appear to a routine phosphorylation reaction. Rapid equilibrium random (for pigeon liver and C. utilis preparations) and ping-pong (for A. vinelandii kinase) mechanisms have been proposed for the reaction, with multiple reactant binding sites indicated for the random cases. From the perspective of enzyme modulation, the demonstration that green plant and sea urchin egg kinases are targets for calmodulin regulation by intracellular Ca2+ links NADP+ production in these sources to the multi-level discriminatory control functions inherent to this Ca2+-protein complex. Significant questions arise from the results of various investigators considered in this review. These queries offer fertile ground for the selective design of key experiments directed to a better understanding of NAD+ kinase function and pyridine nucleotide biochemistry.
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Brady RC, Karnaky KJ, Dedman JR. Reserpine-induced alterations in mucus production and calmodulin-binding proteins in a human epithelial cell line. Exp Cell Res 1984; 150:141-51. [PMID: 6319160 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(84)90709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of a mucus-producing human cell line (HC-84) derived from a colon carcinoma and its response to in vitro reserpine treatment is reported. Mucous granules were demonstrated within these cells on the basis of electron microscopic examination and incorporation of [3H]glucosamine with subsequent autoradiographic analysis. Fluorographic analysis of total HC-84 cell protein after incubation with [3H]glucosamine indicated that the majority of tritium was incorporated into two proteins with molecular weights of 115 and 120 kD. When total HC-84 protein was subjected to immuno-blot analysis utilizing rabbit antibody against human intestinal mucus, only these two proteins (115K and 120K) reacted positively, indicating a direct correlation between [3H]glucosamine incorporation and mucus production. Immunofluorescence localization of mucus within HC-84 cells utilizing this same antibody resulted in a punctate pattern of fluorescence within the cytoplasm. Treatment of HC-84 cells with 30 microM reserpine for 7 days resulted in a three-fold increase in mucus production compared with controls. There was also a concomitant loss of a 30K calmodulin-binding protein in cells treated with reserpine. These cells represent a useful system for studying the effect of reserpine on the processes of mucus synthesis and secretion.
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Meijer L, Guerrier P. Calmodulin in starfish oocytes. II. Trypsin treatment suppresses the trifluoperazine-sensitive step. Dev Biol 1984; 101:257-62. [PMID: 6537928 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(84)90139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The 1-methyladenine-induced oocyte maturation in starfish is reversibly inhibited by the anticalmodulin drug, trifluoperazine (TFP). However, when oocytes are exposed for 10 min to trypsin, they lose their sensitivity to TFP. Trypsin does not alter the length of the hormone-dependent period (1-methyladenine minimal contact time) or the 1-methyladenine concentration requirements. Trypsin-treated oocytes remain sensitive to other maturation inhibitors such as procaine, theophylline, caffeine, and D-600. Trypsin exposure modifies the protein pattern composition of the oocyte cortex (breakdown of a 140-kDa protein). TFP binding site localization was studied using fluorescence microscopy: in addition to a general diffuse fluorescence, staining is localized to probably acidic granules located in the cortex. Results are discussed in relation to calmodulin and plasma membrane calmodulin-dependent enzyme involvement in the stimulation of starfish oocyte maturation.
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Meijer L, Guerrier P. Maturation and fertilization in starfish oocytes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1984; 86:129-96. [PMID: 6423562 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Woodgett JR, Davison MT, Cohen P. The calmodulin-dependent glycogen synthase kinase from rabbit skeletal muscle. Purification, subunit structure and substrate specificity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 136:481-7. [PMID: 6315430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A calmodulin-dependent glycogen synthase kinase distinct from phosphorylase kinase has been purified approximately equal to 5000-fold from rabbit skeletal muscle by a procedure involving fractionation with ammonium sulphate (0-33%), and chromatographies on phosphocellulose, calmodulin-Sepharose and DEAE-Sepharose. 0.75 mg of protein was obtained from 5000 g of muscle within 4 days, corresponding to a yield of approximately equal to 3%. The Km for glycogen synthase was 3.0 microM and the V 1.6-2.0 mumol min-1 mg-1. The purified enzyme showed a major protein staining band (Mr 58 000) and a minor component (Mr 54 000) when examined by dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was determined to be 696 000 by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation, indicating a dodecameric structure. Electron microscopy suggested that the 12 subunits were arranged as two hexameric rings stacked one upon the other. Following incubation with Mg-ATP and Ca2+-calmodulin, the purified protein kinase underwent an 'autophosphorylation reaction'. The reaction reached a plateau when approximately equal to 5 mol of phosphate had been incorporated per 58 000-Mr subunit. Both the 58 000-Mr and 54 000-Mr species were phosphorylated to a similar extent. Autophosphorylation did not affect the catalytic activity. The calmodulin-dependent protein kinase initially phosphorylated glycogen synthase at site-2, followed by a slower phosphorylation of site-1 b. The protein kinase also phosphorylated smooth muscle myosin light chains, histone H1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and ATP-citrate lyase. These findings suggest that the calmodulin-dependent glycogen synthase kinase may be a enzyme of broad specificity in vivo. Glycogen synthase kinase-4 is an enzyme that resembles the calmodulin-dependent glycogen synthase kinase in phosphorylating glycogen synthase (at site-2), but not glycogen phosphorylase. Glycogen synthase kinase-4 was unable to phosphorylate any of the other proteins phosphorylated by the calmodulin-dependent glycogen synthase kinase, nor could it phosphorylate site 1 b of glycogen synthase. The results demonstrate that glycogen synthase kinase-4 is not a proteolytic fragment of the calmodulin-dependent glycogen synthase kinase, that has lost its ability to be regulated by Ca2+-calmodulin.
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Hirasawa K, Irvine RF, Dawson RM. Proteolytic activation can produce a phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase highly sensitive to Ca2+. Biochem J 1982; 206:675-8. [PMID: 6293471 PMCID: PMC1158640 DOI: 10.1042/bj2060675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase of rat brain shows little activity under conditions likely to pertain in vivo (neutral pH and micromolar Ca(2+) concentrations). A short incubation of a brain supernatant with trypsin, or a longer pre-incubation of the supernatant alone, produce new forms of the enzyme, which are active under such conditions. A possible role of receptor-linked proteinases in initiating phosphatidylinositol catabolism is discussed.
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