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Karpel RL, da Silva Liberato M, Campeiro JD, Bergeon L, Szychowski B, Butler A, Marino G, Cusic JF, de Oliveira LCG, Oliveira EB, de Farias MA, Portugal RV, Alves WA, Daniel MC, Hayashi MAF. Design and characterization of crotamine-functionalized gold nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 163:1-8. [PMID: 29268209 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a facile and environmentally friendly strategy for supporting crotamine on gold nanoparticles (GNPs). Our approach was based on the covalent binding interaction between the cell penetrating peptide crotamine, which is a snake venom polypeptide with preference to penetrate dividing cells, and a polyethylene glycol (PEG) ligand, which is a nontoxic, water-soluble and easily obtainable commercial polymer. Crotamine was derivatized with ortho-pyridyldisulfide-polyethyleneglycol-N-hydroxysuccinimide (OPSS-PEG-SVA) cross-linker to produce OPSS-PEG-crotamine as the surface modifier of GNP. OPSS-PEG-SVA can serve not only as a surface modifier, but also as a stabilizing agent for GNPs. The successful PEGylation of the nanoparticles was demonstrated using different physicochemical techniques, while the grafting densities of the PEG ligands and crotamine on the surface of the nanoparticles were estimated using a combination of electron microscopy and mass spectrometry analysis. In vitro assays confirmed the internalization of these GNPs, into living HeLa cells. The results described herein suggest that our approach may serve as a simple platform for the synthesis of GNPs decorated with crotamine with well-defined morphologies and uniform dispersion, opening new roads for crotamine biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Karpel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Joana D Campeiro
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorna Bergeon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian Szychowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Butler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Giovanni Marino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joelle F Cusic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Eduardo B Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP-RP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wendel Andrade Alves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Marie-Christine Daniel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Sieber M, Bosch B, Hanke W, Fernandes de Lima VM. Membrane-modifying properties of crotamine, a small peptide-toxin from Crotalus durissus terifficus venom. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:945-50. [PMID: 24513454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crotamine is a small, highly basic myotoxin from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terifficus. It is structurally well defined and exhibits some similarities with the β-defensins of vertebrates. An amazing variety of functions and targets that range from analgesia and tumor-related activity to cell penetration have been associated with crotamine. Similar to defensins, it had been argued that crotamine has antimicrobial activity, and this supposition was recently proven.Moreover, it has been argued that the antimicrobial activity of crotamine is due to the membrane permeabilizing properties of the peptide. However, until now, the detailed mechanism of this postulated membrane permeabilization was still unclear. METHODS In this paper, we used gradient SDS-gels, mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF), and monolayer and planar lipid bilayer experiments to investigate the membrane modifying properties of crotamine. RESULTS We showed that crotamine itself forms stable monolayers because of its amphipathic structure, is easily incorporated into lipid monolayers and forms well-defined pores with low cationic selectivity in planar lipid bilayers; these properties might account for the antimicrobial activity of crotamine. The pores are probably oligomericaggregates of crotamine molecules, as suggested by the tendency of crotamine to form oligomers in aqueous solution and the fact that the structure of crotamine does not allow pore formation by monomers. CONCLUSIONS The membrane modifying and antimicrobial properties of crotamine are probably due to homo oligomeric pore formation in membranes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results should be highly interesting to researchers in the fields of biophysics, pharmacology,toxicology and antibiotics.
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Chiou SH, Wu SH. Structural Characterization of Venom Toxins by Physical Methods and the Perspectives on Structure-Function Correlation of Proteins. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199700051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ownby CL. Structure, Function and Biophysical Aspects of the Myotoxins from Snake Venoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15569549809009250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fadel V, Bettendorff P, Herrmann T, de Azevedo WF, Oliveira EB, Yamane T, Wüthrich K. Automated NMR structure determination and disulfide bond identification of the myotoxin crotamine from Crotalus durissus terrificus. Toxicon 2005; 46:759-67. [PMID: 16185738 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Crotamine is one of four major components of the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. Similar to its counterparts in the family of the myotoxins, it induces myonecrosis of skeletal muscle cells. This paper describes a new NMR structure determination of crotamine in aqueous solution at pH 5.8 and 20 degrees C, using standard homonuclear 1H NMR spectroscopy at 900MHz and the automated structure calculation software ATNOS/CANDID/DYANA. The automatic NOESY spectral analysis included the identification of a most likely combination of the six cysteines into three disulfide bonds, i.e. Cys4-Cys36, Cys11-Cys30 and Cys18-Cys37; thereby a generally applicable new computational protocol is introduced to determine unknown disulfide bond connectivities in globular proteins. A previous NMR structure determination was thus confirmed and the structure refined. Crotamine contains an alpha-helix with residues 1-7 and a two-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet with residues 9-13 and 34-38 as the only regular secondary structures. These are connected with each other and the remainder of the polypeptide chain by the three disulfide bonds, which also form part of a central hydrophobic core. A single conformation was observed, with Pro13 and Pro21 in the trans and Pro20 in the cis-form. The global fold and the cysteine-pairing pattern of crotamine are similar to the beta-defensin fold, although the two proteins have low sequence homology, and display different biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valmir Fadel
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Biophysik, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Oguiura N, Boni-Mitake M, Rádis-Baptista G. New view on crotamine, a small basic polypeptide myotoxin from South American rattlesnake venom. Toxicon 2005; 46:363-70. [PMID: 16115660 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crotamine is a toxin from the Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, composed of 42 amino acid residues and three disulfide bridges. It belongs to a toxin family previously called Small Basic Polypeptide Myotoxins (SBPM) whose members are widely distributed through the Crotalus snake venoms. Comparison of SBPM amino acid sequences shows high similarities. Crotamine induces skeletal muscle spasms, leading to spastic paralysis of the hind limbs of mice, by interacting with sodium channels on muscle cells. The crotamine gene with 1.8 kbp is organized into three exons, which are separated by a long phase-1 and short phase-2 introns and mapped to chromosome 2. The three-dimensional structure of crotamine was recently solved and shares a structural topology with other three disulfide bond-containing peptide similar to human beta-defensins and scorpion Na+ channel toxin. Novel biological activities have been reported, such as the capacity to penetrate undifferentiated cells, to localize in the nucleus, and to serve as a marker of actively proliferating living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Oguiura
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP-Brazil.
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Boni-Mitake M, Costa H, Spencer PJ, Vassilieff VS, Rogero JR. Effects of (60)Co gamma radiation on crotamine. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001; 34:1531-8. [PMID: 11717705 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2001001200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation can change the molecular structure and affect the biological properties of biomolecules. This has been employed to attenuate animal toxins. Crotamine is a strongly basic polypeptide (pI 10.3) from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom composed of 42 amino acid residues. It induces skeletal muscle spasms leading to a spastic paralysis of hind limbs in mice. The objective of the present study was to carry out a biochemical study and a toxic activity assay on native and irradiated crotamine. Crotamine was purified from C.d. terrificus venom by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration followed by ion-exchange chromatography, and irradiated at 2 mg/ml in 0.15 M NaCl with 2.0 kGy gamma radiation emitted by a 60Co source. The native and irradiated toxins were evaluated in terms of structure and toxic activity (LD50). Irradiation did not change the protein concentration, the electrophoretic profile or the primary structure of the protein although differences were shown by spectroscopic techniques. Gamma radiation reduced crotamine toxicity by 48.3%, but did not eliminate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boni-Mitake
- Departamento de Radioproteção Ocupacional, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN/SP), Travessa R, 400 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Endo T, Oya M, Ozawa H, Kawano Y, Giglio JR, Miyazawa T. A proton nuclear magnetic resonance study on the solution structure of crotamine. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1989; 8:807-15. [PMID: 2624688 DOI: 10.1007/bf01024904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of crotamine, a myotoxic protein from a Brazilian rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus), have been analyzed. All the aromatic proton resonances have been assigned to amino acid types, and those from Tyr-1, Phe-12, and Phe-25 to the individual residues. The pH dependence of the chemical shifts of the aromatic proton resonances indicates that Tyr-1 and one of the two histidines (His-5 or His-10) are in close proximity. A conformational transition takes place at acidic pH, together with immobilization of Met-28 and His-5 or His-10. Two sets of proton resonances have been observed for Ile-17 and His-5 or His-10, which suggests the presence of two structural states for the crotamine molecule in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Endo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Japan
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Arêas EP, Giglio JR, Arantes EC, Kawano Y. Raman and infrared spectra of toxin gamma from the venom of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 915:292-8. [PMID: 3651476 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(87)90312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxin gamma is a basic, low-molecular-weight, neurotoxic protein, isolated from the venom of the Brazilian scorpion, Tityus serrulatus. Raman spectra (400-1800 cm-1 region) of this toxin in both the lyophilized state and in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.5) and the infrared spectrum (700-4000 cm-1 region) of a solid film were investigated. From the vibrational spectra, it can be concluded that the polypeptide backbone of toxin gamma consists of a mixture of the different secondary structures, with predominance of beta-sheet, followed by unordered structure and alpha-helix, with some evidence of beta-turn structures. The four disulfide bridges assume the gauche-gauche-gauche conformation of the CCSSCC fragments. The intensity ratio of the doublet at 853 and 828 cm-1 suggests that four out of the five tyrosine residues are exposed. The three tryptophan residues are exposed on the surface, and the single methionine residue assume the gauche-gauche conformation. Toxin gamma retains full activity in the pH 4.5-7.5 range, but is almost completely inactivated at pH 11.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Arêas
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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