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Schrot J, Weng A, Melzig MF. Ribosome-inactivating and related proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1556-615. [PMID: 26008228 PMCID: PMC4448163 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that act as N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22). They are mainly produced by plants and classified as type 1 RIPs and type 2 RIPs. There are also RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be grouped into the classical type 1 and type 2 RIPs because of their different sizes, structures or functions. In addition, there is still not a uniform nomenclature or classification existing for RIPs. In this review, we give the current status of all known plant RIPs and we make a suggestion about how to unify those RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be classified as type 1 or type 2 RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schrot
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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3
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Del Vecchio Blanco F, Cafaro V, Di Maro A, Scognamiglio R, Siniscalco G, Parente A, Di Donato A. A recombinant ribosome-inactivating protein from the plant Phytolacca dioica L. produced from a synthetic gene. FEBS Lett 1998; 437:241-5. [PMID: 9824299 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phytolacca dioica L. leaves produce at least two type-I ribosome-inactivating proteins. Each polypeptide chain is subjected to different post-translational modifications giving rise to PD-L1 and PD-L2, and PD-L3 and PD-L4, each polypeptide pair having the same primary structure. With the aim of exploiting the cytotoxic properties of these proteins as potential biological phytodrugs, a gene encoding PD-L4 was designed based on criteria expected to maximize the translation efficiency in tomato. The gene was constructed from 18 oligonucleotides and preliminarily expressed in Escherichia coli, using the T7 promoter system. The protein produced was insoluble and accumulated in inclusion bodies to about 300 mg/l of culture. Ribosome-inactivating activity was generated by controlled oxidation of the reduced and denatured protein. The recombinant protein was indistinguishable from natural PD-L4 as isolated from leaves of Phytolacca dioica, in both catalytic activity and primary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Del Vecchio Blanco
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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Parente A, De Luca P, Bolognesi A, Barbieri L, Battelli MG, Abbondanza A, Sande MJ, Gigliano GS, Tazzari PL, Stirpe F. Purification and partial characterization of single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins from the seeds of Phytolacca dioica L. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1216:43-9. [PMID: 8218414 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90035-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Three ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) similar to those already known (Stirpe et al. (1992) Bio/Technology 10, 405-412) were purified from the seeds of Phytolacca dioica. These proteins, called Phytolacca dioica RIPs (PD-S1, PD-S2 and PD-S3 RIPs), are glycoproteins, with M(r) approx. 30,000, inhibit protein synthesis by a rabbit reticulocyte lysate and phenylalanine polymerization by isolated ribosomes, and depurinate rat liver rRNA in an apparently identical manner as the A-chain of ricin and other RIPs (Endo et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5908-5912). Part of the purified rat liver ribosomes appeared resistant to the action of PD-S RIPs. The most abundant protein, PD-S2 RIP, gave a weak or nil cross-reaction with sera against various other RIPs, including a pokeweed antiviral protein from the roots of Phytolacca americana. PD-S2 RIP was linked to a monoclonal antibody (Ber-H2) against the CD30 human lymphocyte antigen and the resulting immunotoxin was selectively toxic to the CD30 + Hodgkin's lymphoma-derived L540 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parente
- Dipartimento di Chimica organica e biologica, Università di Napoli, Italy
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5
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Dore JM, Gras E, Depierre F, Wijdenes J. Mutations dissociating the inhibitory activity of the pokeweed antiviral protein on eukaryote translation and Escherichia coli growth. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21:4200-5. [PMID: 8414974 PMCID: PMC310050 DOI: 10.1093/nar/21.18.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The pokeweed antiviral protein is a ribosome inactivating protein acting on eukaryotic as well as on prokaryotic ribosomes thus is toxic for both cell types. Using the PCR technique to clone the PAP open reading frame, we characterized two cDNAs coding for proteins inhibiting eukaryotic translation process and which are not toxic for Escherichia coli, unlike the wild type protein. The sequence of the two cDNAs showed that the proteins contain only one and two point mutations. This result suggest that the wild type amino acids in the mutated positions participate in the prokaryotic ribosome recognition. These mutants might be useful for the construction of immunotoxins containing the pokeweed antiviral protein as toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dore
- Innothérapie Laboratories, Besancon, France
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Abstract
Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) is a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) that inactivates ribosomes by the removal of a single adenine from ribosomal RNA. The studies summarized in our review concern the nature and application of this novel therapeutic agent. We describe how researchers continue to elucidate the structure and biologic activity of RIPs. Pokeweed antiviral protein is among the RIPs that have been conjugated to selective monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of several human cancers and viral diseases. Clinical trials using PAP immunotoxins for the treatment of leukemia have been particularly encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Irvin
- Department of Chemistry, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos 78666
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Bolognesi A, Barbieri L, Abbondanza A, Falasca AI, Carnicelli D, Battelli MG, Stirpe F. Purification and properties of new ribosome-inactivating proteins with RNA N-glycosidase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1087:293-302. [PMID: 2248976 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(90)90002-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) similar to those already known (Stirpe & Barbieri (1986) FEBS Lett. 195, 1-8) were purified from the seeds of Asparagus officinalis (two proteins, asparin 1 and 2), of Citrullus colocynthis (two proteins, colocin 1 and 2), of Lychnis chalcedonica (lychnin) and of Manihot palmata (mapalmin), from the roots of Phytolacca americana (pokeweed antiviral protein from roots, PAP-R) and from the leaves of Bryonia dioica (bryodin-L). The two latter proteins can be considered as isoforms, respectively, of previously purified PAP, from the leaves of P. americana, and of bryodin-R, from the roots of B. dioica. All proteins have an Mr at approx, 30,000, and an alkaline isoelectric point. Bryodin-L, colocins, lychnin and mapalmin are glycoproteins. All RIPs inhibit protein synthesis by a rabbit reticulocyte lysate and phenylalanine polymerization by isolated ribosomes and alter rRNA in a similar manner as the A-chain of ricin and related toxins (Endo et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5908-5912).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bolognesi
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Universitá di Bologna, Italy
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8
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Montecucchi PC, Lazzarini AM, Barbieri L, Stirpe F, Soria M, Lappi D. N-terminal sequence of some ribosome-inactivating proteins. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1989; 33:263-7. [PMID: 2753596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1989.tb01280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The N-terminal portion of some type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) isolated from the seeds of Gelonium multiflorum, Momordica charantia, Bryonia dioica, Saponaria officinalis and from the leaves of Saponaria officinalis are reported in the present paper. Their relationship with other RIPs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Montecucchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Farmitalia Carlo Erba Srl, Milan, Italy
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Barbieri L, Dinota A, Gobbi M, Tazzari PL, Rizzi S, Bontadini A, Lemoli RM, Tura S, Stirpe F. Immunotoxins containing saporin 6 and monoclonal antibodies recognizing plasma cell-associated antigens: effects on target cells and on normal myeloid precursors (CFU-GM). Eur J Haematol 1989; 42:238-45. [PMID: 2784390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1989.tb00105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies 8A and 62B1, recognizing plasma cell-associated antigens, were covalently linked to saporin 6, a ribosome-inactivating protein similar to the A-chain of ricin. Both immunotoxins were tested on target human cell lines U266 and Raji, on non-target K562 cell line and on myeloid CFU-GM progenitors. The cloning efficiency and viability of target cells were strongly reduced by 8A-saporin 6 and 62B1-saporin 6 immunotoxins, with an ID50 up to 200,000-fold lower than free saporin 6, whilst the K562 non-target cell line was unaffected. Normal human myeloid precursors (CFU-GM) were inhibited by immunotoxins only to a limited extent. An application of this model for autologous bone marrow transplantation in multiple myeloma patients is proposed. Since no eradication of cloning target cells was achieved by a single immunotoxin, mixtures made with different antibodies could help to reach this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Bologna University, Italy
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10
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Barbieri L, Bolognesi A, Cenini P, Falasca AI, Minghetti A, Garofano L, Guicciardi A, Lappi D, Miller SP, Stirpe F. Ribosome-inactivating proteins from plant cells in culture. Biochem J 1989; 257:801-7. [PMID: 2930487 PMCID: PMC1135659 DOI: 10.1042/bj2570801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. Ribosome-inactivating proteins were found in high amounts in one line of cells of Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) cultured in vitro and, in less quantity, in lines of Saponaria officinalis (soapwort) and of Zea mays (corn) cells. 2. The main ribosome-inactivating protein from pokeweed cells was purified to homogeneity. It is a protein with Mr 29,000 and basic pI, similar to the 'pokeweed antiviral protein' (PAP), a ribosome-inactivating protein from pokeweed leaves. We propose to call the pokeweed antiviral protein isolated from pokeweed cells PAP-C. 3. PAP-C inactivates ribosomes in a less-than-equimolar ratio, thus inhibiting protein synthesis by a rabbit reticulocyte lysate with an IC50 (concentration causing 50% inhibition) of 0.067 nM (2 ng/ml), and modifies rRNA in a manner apparently identical to that of ricin and other ribosome-inactivating proteins. It inhibits protein synthesis by intact cells with an IC50 of 0.7-3.4 microM, and is toxic to mice with an LD50 of 0.95 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italia
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Cenini P, Bolognesi A, Stirpe F. Ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants inhibit ribosome activity of Trypanosoma and Leishmania. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1988; 35:384-7. [PMID: 3183997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes from Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and from Leishmania infantum were isolated and optimal conditions for in vitro translation were established. The effect of ribosome-inactivating proteins extracted from several plants was then assessed in order to identify those suitable for the preparation of immunotoxins against these organisms. Ribosomes from both species were inactivated by some ribosome-inactivating proteins (dianthins, saporins, pokeweed antiviral proteins, and the ribosome-inactivating chain of abrin). The similarity of the effects on the ribosomes from the two species examined indicates that ribosome-inactivating proteins should also be effective in a similar way on ribosomes from other species of Trypanosoma and Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cenini
- Dipartimento di Patologia sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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12
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Piatak M, Lane JA, Laird W, Bjorn MJ, Wang A, Williams M. Expression of soluble and fully functional ricin A chain in Escherichia coli is temperature-sensitive. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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13
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Upeslacis J, Hinman L. Chapter 16. Chemical Modification of Antibodies for Cancer Chemotherapy. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Bjorn MJ, Villemez CL. Immunotoxins: selection of cell-surface antigens and their corresponding monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Treat Res 1988; 37:255-77. [PMID: 2908629 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1083-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
MESH Headings
- Amoeba/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Protozoan/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Drug Design
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Humans
- Immunotoxins/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Experimental/drug therapy
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Receptors, Transferrin/immunology
- Ricin/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
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Lambert JM, Blättler WA, McIntyre GD, Goldmacher VS, Scott CF. Immunotoxins containing single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins. Cancer Treat Res 1988; 37:175-209. [PMID: 2908625 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1083-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have summarized what is currently known about the distribution, biological role, and the mechanism of action of the single chain ribosome-inactivating proteins and described the purification of one of them, gelonin, as an example. ITs have been made with several of these proteins and, depending upon the antibody used for conjugation, these immunoconjugates can show specific in vitro cytotoxicity which is similar to that shown by equivalent ITs prepared with ricin A chain. The most potent of these conjugates have shown antitumor efficacy in a variety of animal tumor models, including both syngeneic rodent tumors and xenografts in nude or immunosuppressed mice. An important point needs to be addressed, however, before concluding that ITs containing single chain toxins will be clinically useful. A major problem with this approach is that it is likely that both the antibody and the toxin components of these conjugates will be immunogenic. Both antitoxin and antixenogenic immunoglobulin responses have been shown to occur in animals after infusion of IT, although it has not yet been clearly demonstrated that such antibody responses adversely effect the pharmacokinetics or the efficacy of immunoconjugates. Thus, preliminary enthusiasm over the efficacy of these new reagents must be tempered with the knowledge that their use in the clinic may be limited by the host immune responses or other as yet undefined factors. The fact that there are many immunologically distinct single chain ribosome-inactivating proteins does suggest one way of evading the antitoxin response, by a sequential treatment with a panel of immunoconjugates, each containing a different single chain toxin.
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Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from plants inactivate eukaryotic ribosomes, as far as studied by rendering their 60 S subunit unable to bind elongation factor 2. These proteins seem widely distributed and possibly ubiquitous in plants. They are either type 1, those consisting of a single polypeptide chain, or type 2 (ricin and related toxins), those consisting of two chains, one of which is a galactose-binding lectin. The literature on RIPs from 1982 has been reviewed with respect to the chemical and biological properties of RIPs, their use for the preparation of immunotoxins and new perspectives.
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Asano K, Svensson B, Poulsen FM, Nygård O, Nilsson L. Influence of a protein synthesis inhibitor from barley seeds upon different steps of animal cell-free protein synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02907997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Asano K, Svensson B, Svendsen I, Poulsen FM, Roepstorff P. The complete primary structure of protein synthesis inhibitor II from barley seeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02907320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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