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Takyu Y, Asamura T, Okamoto A, Maeda H, Takeuchi M, Kusumoto KI, Katase T, Ishida H, Tanaka M, Yamagata Y. A novel milk-clotting enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae and A. luchuensis is an aspartic endopeptidase PepE presumed to be a vacuolar enzyme. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:413-422. [PMID: 35025981 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae RIB40 has 11 aspartic endopeptidase genes. We searched for milk-clotting enzymes based on the homology of the deduced amino acid sequence with chymosins. As a result, we identified a milk-clotting enzyme in A. oryzae. We expected other Aspergillus species to have a homologous enzyme with milk-clotting activity, and we found the most homologous aspartic endopeptidase from A. luchuensis had milk-clotting activity. Surprisingly, 2 enzymes were considered as vacuole enzymes according to a study on A. niger proteases. The 2 enzymes from A. oryzae and A. luchuensis cleaved a peptide between the 105Phe-106Met bond in κ-casein, similar to chymosin. Although both enzymes showed proteolytic activity using casein as a substrate, the optimum pH values for milk-clotting and proteolytic activities were different. Furthermore, the substrate specificities were highly restricted. Therefore, we expected that the Japanese traditional fermentation agent, koji, could be used as an enzyme source for cheese production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Takyu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Asamura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Takeuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ich Kusumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Mizuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youhei Yamagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Nath A, Szécsi G, Csehi B, Mednyánszky Z, Kiskó G, Bányai É, Dernovics M, Koris A. Production of Hypoallergenic Antibacterial Peptides from Defatted Soybean Meal in Membrane Bioreactor: A Bioprocess Engineering Study with Comprehensive Product Characterization. Food Technol Biotechnol 2017; 55:308-324. [PMID: 29089846 PMCID: PMC5654427 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.55.03.17.5040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoallergenic antibacterial low-molecular-mass peptides were produced from defatted soybean meal in a membrane bioreactor. In the first step, soybean meal proteins were digested with trypsin in the bioreactor, operated in batch mode. For the tryptic digestion of soybean meal protein, optimum initial soybean meal concentration of 75 g/L, temperature of 40 °C and pH=9.0 were determined. After enzymatic digestion, low-molecular-mass peptides were purified with cross-flow flat sheet membrane (pore size 100 µm) and then with tubular ceramic ultrafiltration membrane (molecular mass cut-off 5 kDa). Effects of transmembrane pressure and the use of a static turbulence promoter to reduce the concentration polarization near the ultrafiltration membrane surface were examined and their positive effects were proven. For the filtration with ultrafiltration membrane, transmembrane pressure of 3·105 Pa with 3-stage discontinuous diafiltration was found optimal. The molecular mass distribution of purified peptides using ultrafiltration membrane was determined by a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry setup. More than 96% of the peptides (calculated as relative frequency) from the ultrafiltration membrane permeate had the molecular mass M≤1.7 kDa and the highest molecular mass was found to be 3.1 kDa. The decrease of allergenic property due to the tryptic digestion and membrane filtration was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and it was found to exceed 99.9%. It was also found that the peptides purified in the ultrafiltration membrane promoted the growth of Pediococcus acidilactici HA6111-2 and they possessed antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Nath
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44,
HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szécsi
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44,
HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Csehi
- Department of Refrigeration and Livestock Product Technology, Faculty of Food Science,
Szent István University, Ménesi st 43–45, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Mednyánszky
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University,
Budapest, Somlói st 14–16, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Kiskó
- Department of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Somlói st 14–16, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Bányai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Budapest,
Villányi st 29–33, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Dernovics
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Budapest,
Villányi st 29–33, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Koris
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44,
HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
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Braga ARC, Figueira FDS, Silveira JTD, Morais MGD, Costa JAV, Kalil SJ. Improvement of Thermal Stability of C-Phycocyanin by Nanofiber and Preservative Agents. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga
- College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande; PO Box 474, 96201-900 Rio Grande RS Brazil
- Biosciences Department; Federal University of São Paulo; Silva Jardim Street, 136 Vila Mathias 11015-020 Santos City SP Brazil
| | - Felipe da Silva Figueira
- College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande; PO Box 474, 96201-900 Rio Grande RS Brazil
| | - Jéssica Teixeira da Silveira
- College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande; PO Box 474, 96201-900 Rio Grande RS Brazil
| | - Michele Greque de Morais
- College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande; PO Box 474, 96201-900 Rio Grande RS Brazil
| | - Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa
- College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande; PO Box 474, 96201-900 Rio Grande RS Brazil
| | - Susana Juliano Kalil
- College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande; PO Box 474, 96201-900 Rio Grande RS Brazil
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4
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Olusesan AT, Azura LK, Forghani B, Bakar FA, Mohamed AKS, Radu S, Manap MYA, Saari N. Purification, characterization and thermal inactivation kinetics of a non-regioselective thermostable lipase from a genotypically identified extremophilic Bacillus subtilis NS 8. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:738-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Dee D, Pencer J, Nieh MP, Krueger S, Katsaras J, Yada RY. Comparison of Solution Structures and Stabilities of Native, Partially Unfolded and Partially Refolded Pepsin. Biochemistry 2006; 45:13982-92. [PMID: 17115693 DOI: 10.1021/bi061270i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A zymogen-derived protein, pepsin, appears to be incapable of folding to the native state without the presence of the prosegment. To better understand the nature of the irreversible denaturation of pepsin, the present study reports on the characterization of the stability and low-resolution tertiary and secondary structures of native, alkaline unfolded and acid refolded porcine pepsin. Through a combination of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), CD, and DSC, acid refolded pepsin (Rp) was shown to have secondary and tertiary structures intermediate between the alkaline denatured and native forms but was found to be thermodynamically stable relative to the native state. It was also observed that the acid refolded state of pepsin was dependent on the protein concentration during refolding because CD and SANS data revealed that both the secondary and tertiary structures of concentrated-refolded pepsin (>10 mg/mL) (CRp) were native-like, in contrast to the intermediate nature of Rp, refolded under dilute concentration (<10 mg/mL). Despite a native-like conformation, CRp was more stable and had substantially reduced activity compared to that of the native state, suggesting that the protein was misfolded. It is proposed that the stable but misfolded, acid-refolded states are evidence that pepsin in its native conformation was metastable. Furthermore, the disruption of the active site cleft in the denatured states could be discerned by modeling of the SANS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Dee
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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6
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Ortega N, de Diego S, Perez-Mateos M, Busto M. Kinetic properties and thermal behaviour of polygalacturonase used in fruit juice clarification. Food Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Ortega N, de Diego S, Rodriguez-Nogales JM, Perez-Mateos M, Busto MD. Kinetic behaviour and thermal inactivation of pectinlyase used in food processing. Int J Food Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.00822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Crabbe M. Rennets: General and Molecular Aspects. CHEESE: CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS AND MICROBIOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-558x(04)80061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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9
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Yoshimasu MA, Ahn JK, Tanaka T, Yada RY. Soluble expression and purification of porcine pepsinogen from Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2002; 25:229-36. [PMID: 12135554 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a new system for the soluble expression and characterization of porcine pepsinogen from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The cDNA that encodes the zymogenic form of porcine pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1) was cloned into the EcoRI site of the vector pHIL-S1 downstream from the AOX1 alcohol oxidase promoter. After P. pastoris transformation, colonies were screened for expression of pepsinogen based on enzyme activity of the active form, pepsin. The recombinant enzyme was purified 138-fold by anion exchange and affinity column chromatography. Homogeneity was confirmed through SDS-PAGE, Western blot, and N-terminal sequencing. When compared to commercial pepsin, the recombinant pepsin had similar kinetic profiles, pH/temperature stability, and secondary/tertiary conformation. A glycosylated form was also isolated and found to exhibit kinetic and structural characteristics similar to those of the commercial and wild-type pepsin, but was slightly more thermal stable. The above results indicate that the P. pastoris expression system offers a convenient and efficient means to produce and purify a soluble form of pepsin(ogen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Yoshimasu
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1
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Melo EP, Taipa MA, Castellar MR, Costa SM, Cabral JM. A spectroscopic analysis of thermal stability of the Chromobacterium viscosum lipase. Biophys Chem 2000; 87:111-20. [PMID: 11099174 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(00)00171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The thermal stability of the lipase from Chromobacterium viscosum was assessed by deactivation (loss of activity), fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and static light scattering (SLS) measurements. Lipase fluorescence emission is dominated by the tryptophyl contribution. An increase in the tyrosyl contribution from 2 to 16% was only observed upon prolonged incubation at 60 degrees C. The effect of temperature on the tryptophyl quantum yield was studied and two activation energies were calculated. Tryptophan residues in the native structure have an activation energy of 1.9 kcal mol(-1) for temperature-dependent non-radiative deactivation of the excited state. A structural change occurs at approximately 66.7 degrees C and the activation energy increases to 10.2 kcal mol(-1). This structural change is not characterized by tryptophan exposure on the surface of the protein. The deactivation and the evolution of structural changes with time after lipase incubation at 60 degrees C were assessed by fluorescence, CD and SLS measurements. CD spectra show that both secondary and tertiary structures remain native-like after incubation at 60 degrees C in spite of the fluorescence changes observed (red-shift from 330 to 336 nm on the trytophyl emission). SLS measurements together with the CD data show that deactivation may be due to protein association between native molecules. Deactivation and the decrease on the fraction of non-associated native lipase evaluated by changes in fluorescence intensity with time, show apparent first order kinetics. According to the rate constants, fluorescence changes precede deactivation pointing to an underestimation of the deactivation. Reactivation upon dilution during the activity assay and substrate-induced reactivation due to lipase interfacial adsorption are possible causes for this underestimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Melo
- Unidade de Ciências e Tecnologias Agrárias, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
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11
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Quail JW, Yang J, Schneider P, Jia Z. Crystal structure of the Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 436:283-92. [PMID: 9561231 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5373-1_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Quail
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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12
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13
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Yang J, Teplyakov A, Quail JW. Crystal structure of the aspartic proteinase from Rhizomucor miehei at 2.15 A resolution. J Mol Biol 1997; 268:449-59. [PMID: 9159482 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the aspartic proteinase from Rhizomucor miehei (RMP, EC 3. 4. 23. 23) has been refined to 2.15 A resolution to a crystallographic R-value of 0.215 and an Rfree of 0.281. The root-mean-square (r.m.s.) error for the atomic coordinates estimated from a Luzzati plot is 0.2 A. The r.m.s. deviations for the bond distances and bond angles from ideality are 0.01 A and 1.7 degrees, respectively. RMP contains two domains that consist predominantly of beta-sheets. A large substrate-binding cleft is clearly visible between the two domains, and the two catalytic residues Asp38 and Asp237 are located in the middle of the cleft with a water molecule bridging the carboxyl groups of Asp38 and Asp237. Due to crystal packing, the C-terminal domain is more mobile than the N-terminal domain. Most of the aspartic proteinases (except renin) reach their maximum activity at acidic pH. We propose that the optimum pH of each aspartic proteinase is determined by the electrostatic potential at the active site, which, in turn, is determined by the positions and orientations of all the residues near the active site. RMP is the most glycosylated among the aspartic proteinases. The carbohydrate moieties are linked to Asn79 and Asn188. Asn79 is in the middle of a beta-strand and Asn188 is on a surface loop in contrast to the previous hypothesis proposed by Brown and Yada that they are both on surface beta-turns. RMP has a very high thermal stability. The high thermal stability is probably due to the high level of glycosylation. We propose that the highly flexible carbohydrates act as heat reservoirs to stabilize the conformation of RMP and therefore give the enzyme a high level of thermal stability. Three-dimensional structural and sequence alignments of RMP with other aspartic proteinases show that RMP is most structurally homologous to that of Mucor pusillus (MPP), and differs from other fungal enzymes as much as it does from the mammalian enzymes. This suggests that RMP and MPP diverged from the main stream of aspartic proteinases at an early stage of evolution. The present study adds a second member to this subfamily of aspartic proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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14
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Tsou CL. Inactivation precedes overall molecular conformation changes during enzyme denaturation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1253:151-62. [PMID: 8519796 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(95)00172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C L Tsou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Academia Sinica, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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16
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SMITH JL, YADA R. LIPOPHILIZATION OF MUCOR MIEHEI ASPARTYL PROTEINASE: EFFECT ON STRUCTURE-FUNCTION AND STABILITY. J Food Biochem 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1991.tb00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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