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Teshigahara Y, Kakizaki I, Hirao W, Tanaka K, Takahashi R. A Chondroitin Sulfate Chain of Urinary Trypsin Inhibitor Enhances Protease Inhibitory Activity of the Core Protein. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2021; 67:63-66. [PMID: 34354530 PMCID: PMC8283410 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2019_0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) is a proteoglycan composed of one core protein covalently linked to one glycosaminoglycan, which is a low sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate. It is used as an anti-inflammatory medicine based on the protease inhibitory activity of the core protein. However, functions of the chondroitin sulfate have not been clarified. Recently, we succeeded in remodeling the UTI chondroitin sulfate to hyaluronan to create hyaluronan hybrid UTI, without changing the core protein. Here, we investigated the effect of the remodeled chondroitin sulfate on the activities of serine proteases. Native UTI showed stronger protease inhibitory activity than hyaluronan hybrid UTI or hydrolyzed glycosaminoglycan UTI. Chondroitin 4-sulfate chains with a small peptide derived from the native UTI did not show any protease inhibitory activity. These results suggest that the chondroitin sulfate chain linked covalently to core protein enhances protease inhibitor activity of UTI although the chondroitin sulfate chain itself does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Teshigahara
- 1 Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University School of Medicine
| | - Ikuko Kakizaki
- 2 Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Wataru Hirao
- 2 Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kanji Tanaka
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
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Lord MS, Melrose J, Day AJ, Whitelock JM. The Inter-α-Trypsin Inhibitor Family: Versatile Molecules in Biology and Pathology. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:907-927. [PMID: 32639183 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420940067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) family members are ancient and unique molecules that have evolved over several hundred million years of vertebrate evolution. IαI is a complex containing the proteoglycan bikunin to which heavy chain proteins are covalently attached to the chondroitin sulfate chain. Besides its matrix protective activity through protease inhibitory action, IαI family members interact with extracellular matrix molecules and most notably hyaluronan, inhibit complement, and provide cell regulatory functions. Recent evidence for the diverse roles of the IαI family in both biology and pathology is reviewed and gives insight into their pivotal roles in tissue homeostasis. In addition, the clinical uses of these molecules are explored, such as in the treatment of inflammatory conditions including sepsis and Kawasaki disease, which has recently been associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern, Sydney University, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Stem Cell Extracellular Matrix & Glycobiology, Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Tanaka S, Kakizaki I, Tanaka K, Kodama T, Ito-Fukuyama A, Suto S, Takahashi R, Yokoyama Y. Development of new therapeutic agents for preterm birth by glycosaminoglycan chain remodeling of urinary trypsin inhibitor. HYPERTENSION RESEARCH IN PREGNANCY 2019. [DOI: 10.14390/jsshp.hrp2018-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ikuko Kakizaki
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kanji Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tomoe Kodama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki National Hospital
| | - Asami Ito-Fukuyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shinichiro Suto
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Yoshihito Yokoyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
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Kakizaki I, Takahashi R, Yanagisawa M, Yoshida F, Takagaki K. Enzymatic synthesis of hyaluronan hybrid urinary trypsin inhibitor. Carbohydr Res 2015; 413:129-34. [PMID: 26142361 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human urinary trypsin inhibitor is a proteoglycan that has a single low-sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate chain at the seryl residue in position 10 of the core protein as a glycosaminoglycan moiety, and is used as an anti-inflammatory medicine based on the protease inhibitory activity of the core protein. However, the functions of the glycosaminoglycan moiety have not yet been elucidated in detail. In the present study, the glycosaminoglycan chains of a native urinary trypsin inhibitor were remodeled to hyaluronan chains, with no changes to the core protein, using transglycosylation as a reverse reaction of the hydrolysis of bovine testicular hyaluronidase, and the properties of the hybrid urinary trypsin inhibitor were then analyzed. The trypsin inhibitory activitiy of the hyaluronan hybrid urinary trypsin inhibitor was similar to that of the native type; however, its inhibitory effect on the hydrolysis of hyaluronidase were not as strong as that of the native type. This result demonstrated that the native urinary trypsin inhibitor possessed hyaluronidase inhibitory activity on its chondroitin sulfate chain. The hyaluronan hybrid urinary trypsin inhibitors obtained affinity to a hyaluronan-binding protein not exhibited by the native type. The interactions between the hyaluronan hybrid urinary trypsin inhibitors and phosphatidylcholine (abundant in the outer layer of plasma membrane) were stronger than that of the native type. Hyaluronan hybrid urinary trypsin inhibitors may be useful for investigating the functions of the glycosaminoglycan chains of urinary trypsin inhibitors and hyaluronan, and our hybrid synthesizing method may be used widely in research for future medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kakizaki
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Ryoki Takahashi
- Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 378 Kanate Ooimachi Ashigarakamigun, Kanagawa 258-0018, Japan
| | - Miho Yanagisawa
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Futaba Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Keiichi Takagaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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Lord MS, Day AJ, Youssef P, Zhuo L, Watanabe H, Caterson B, Whitelock JM. Sulfation of the bikunin chondroitin sulfate chain determines heavy chain·hyaluronan complex formation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22930-41. [PMID: 23801333 PMCID: PMC3743471 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.404186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) is a complex comprising two heavy chains (HCs) that are covalently bound by an ester bond to chondroitin sulfate (CS), which itself is attached to Ser-10 of bikunin. IαI is essential for the trans-esterification of HCs onto hyaluronan (HA). This process is important for the stabilization of HA-rich matrices during ovulation and some inflammatory processes. Bikunin has been isolated previously by anion exchange chromatography with a salt gradient up to 0.5 M NaCl and found to contain unsulfated and 4-sulfated CS disaccharides. In this study, bikunin-containing fractions in plasma and urine were separated by anion exchange chromatography with a salt gradient of 0.1-1.0 M NaCl, and fractions were analyzed for their reactivity with the 4-sulfated CS linkage region antibody (2B6). The fractions that reacted with the 2B6 antibody (0.5-0.8 M NaCl) were found to predominantly contain sulfated CS disaccharides, including disulfated disaccharides, whereas the fractions that did not react with this antibody (0.1-0.5 M NaCl) contained unsulfated and 4-sulfated CS disaccharides. IαI in the 0.5-0.8 M NaCl plasma fraction was able to promote the trans-esterification of HCs to HA in the presence of TSG-6, whereas the 0.1-0.5 M NaCl fraction had a much reduced ability to transfer HC proteins to HA, suggesting that the CS containing 4-sulfated linkage region structures and disulfated disaccharides are involved in the HC transfer. Furthermore, these data highlight that the structure of the CS attached to bikunin is important for the transfer of HC onto HA and emphasize a specific role of CS chain sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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Igci M, Arslan A, Igci YZ, Gogebakan B, Erturhan MS, Cengiz B, Oztuzcu S, Cakmak EA, Demiryurek AT. Bikunin and α1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP) gene mutational screening in patients with kidney stones: a case-control study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 44:413-9. [PMID: 20602574 DOI: 10.3109/00365599.2010.497768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bikunin is an inhibitor of kidney stone formation synthesized in the liver together with α(1)-microglobulin from the α(1)-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP) gene. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between bikunin/AMBP gene polymorphisms and urinary stone formation. MATERIAL AND METHODS To analyse the DNA, blood samples were taken from 75 kidney stone formers who had a familial stone history, 35 sporadic stone formers and 101 healthy individuals. Four exons of bikunin gene and five parts of the promoter region of the AMBP gene were screened using single-strand conformation polymorphism and nucleotide sequence analysis. RESULTS The Init-2 region of the promoter of AMBP gene had polymorphisms at positions -218 and -189 nt giving three different genotypes having 1,3, 2,4 and 1,2,3,4 alleles with frequencies of 17.06%, 60.19% and 22.75%, respectively, in all groups. Therefore, the Init-2 region appears to be polymorphic. As a result, the 1,3 allele has -218G and -189T complying with the reference database sequence, the 2,4 allele has -218G and T-189C substitution and the allele 1,2,3,4 genotype has substitutions at positions G-218C and T-189C. CONCLUSIONS There were no significant differences in allele distribution between patients and controls. These common alleles exist in the Turkish population independent of stone formation. These results are the first to demonstrate the existence of bikunin and AMBP promoter polymorphism. Although the Init-2 region of the AMBP gene is the binding site for various transcription factors, the results showed no association between these observed genotypes and stone-forming phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Igci
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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De Muro P, Faedda R, Satta AE, Masala A, Cigni A, Falconi D, Sanna GM, Cherchi GM. Quali-quantitative analysis of urinary glycosaminoglycans for monitoring glomerular inflammatory activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 41:230-6. [PMID: 17469033 DOI: 10.1080/00365590601017105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A 2-year follow-up study was carried out in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in order to verify the possible use of quali-quantitative analysis of urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) as a prognostic index of disease and for drug treatment monitoring. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten patients with IgAN were evaluated at four time points: baseline, and 6, 9 and 24 months later. GAGs were isolated from 24-h urine using ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel, and concentrations were expressed as milligrams of hexuronate per gram of creatinine. GAG composition was determined by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and expressed as relative percentages by means of densitometric scanning of Alcian Blue-stained strips. RESULTS The relative content of total low-sulphated chondroitin sulphate species decreased significantly during the study period compared to baseline, whereas the relative percentages of heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate increased significantly. Moreover, a significant correlation was noted between the relative contents of urinary GAGs, renal function and inflammation indexes. CONCLUSIONS It is likely that the excretion of various types of GAGs may be related to different glomerular pathophysiological conditions. Therefore, the determination of urinary GAG composition may represent a reliable indicator of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierina De Muro
- Department of Physiological, Biochemical and Cellular Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Kakizaki I, Takahashi R, Ibori N, Kojima K, Takahashi T, Yamaguchi M, Kon A, Takagaki K. Diversity in the degree of sulfation and chain length of the glycosaminoglycan moiety of urinary trypsin inhibitor isomers. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1770:171-7. [PMID: 17175105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Five isomers with different electric charge were fractionated from human urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) by anion exchange HPLC. Intact low-sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate chains from the isomers were analyzed by HPLC and mass spectrometry. Unsaturated disaccharide composition analysis of the chondroitin sulfate chain revealed that the five isomers differ in the numbers of 4-sulfated disaccharide units. Intriguingly, we detected the presence of multiple novel isomers with different numbers of non-sulfated disaccharide units even in the same charge isomer fraction. Our results demonstrate that UTI can vary in terms of both the degree of sulfation and the length of the low-sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kakizaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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Yang L, Resnick MI, Marengo SR. A simple procedure for isolating microgram quantities of biologically active bikunin from human urine. BJU Int 2005; 96:647-53. [PMID: 16104926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a simple, relatively rapid protocol to isolate biologically active bikunin from human urine using ion-exchange-trypsin affinity chromatography. Bikunin is a protease inhibitor which has been shown to play a role in various processes, including inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization, the regulation of proliferation and modulation of carcinogenesis. The unavailability of the purified protein has hampered studies on bikunin's expanding role in these processes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female human urine was dialysed (15 kDa threshold) and crudely fractionated with a double-saturated ammonium sulphate precipitation. The first precipitation was with 35% saturated ammonium sulphate, and the supernatant was harvested, and the second with 90% saturated ammonium sulphate, and the precipitate collected. The protein mixture was then passed over Sepharose SP-fast-flow cation exchange and Sepharose Q-fast-flow anion exchange columns connected in series. The final purification was with a trypsin-affinity column which selectively bound bikunin. RESULTS This procedure could recover 1 microg of bikunin per 2 mL of urine, and the final product was essentially free of contaminating inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chains or bikunin-heavy chain conjugates. Product purity was confirmed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with silver staining or Western blot. All isolations contained the 17 kDa minimally glycoslyated/sulphated form of bikunin and the 28 kDa form of bikunin. Some preparations also contained 33-48 kDa forms of bikunin. The protein cores of all three proteins were confirmed to be bikunin by mass spectrometry and Western blot. Harvested bikunin retained its trypsin inhibitory activity (L-benzoylarginine-p-nitroanilide assay). Preparations containing the 33-45 kDa form had two to three times more trypsin inhibitory activity than preparations without this band. CONCLUSIONS This novel ion exchange-trypsin affinity chromatography protocol uses only two chromatographic steps. The product consists of three isomers of biologically active bikunin, free of contaminating heavy chains or bikunin-heavy chain conjugates. The ready availability of purified bikunin should facilitate future studies of bikunin's emerging role in urolithiasis, proliferation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Yang
- The James and Eilleen Dicke Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of, Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4931, USA
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SUZUKI MIKA, KOBAYASHI HIROSHI, KAGEYAMA SHINJI, SHIBATA KIYOSHI, FUJIE MICHIO, TERAO TOSHIHIKO. EXCRETION OF BIKUNIN AND ITS FRAGMENTS IN THE URINE OF PATIENTS WITH RENAL STONES. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)66143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MIKA SUZUKI
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Urology, and Equipment Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - HIROSHI KOBAYASHI
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Urology, and Equipment Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - SHINJI KAGEYAMA
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Urology, and Equipment Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - KIYOSHI SHIBATA
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Urology, and Equipment Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - MICHIO FUJIE
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Urology, and Equipment Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - TOSHIHIKO TERAO
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Urology, and Equipment Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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12
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Abstract
Bikunin is a plasma proteinase inhibitor that has received little attention in the past, probably because its activity towards various proteinases was found to be relatively weak in early work. It was recently discovered, however, that bikunin effectively inhibits a proteinase that seems to be involved in the metastasis of tumour cells--cell surface plasmin--and that a fragment of bikunin inhibits two proteinases of the coagulation pathway--factor Xa and kallikrein. Furthermore, it has been found that bikunin has other properties, such as the ability to modulate cell growth and to block cellular calcium uptake. Most of the bikunin in the blood occurs as a covalently linked subunit of the proteins pre- and inter-alpha-inhibitor. In this form bikunin lacks some of its known activities, and there is evidence that its release by partial proteolytic degradation may function as a regulatory mechanism. Although the physiological function of bikunin still remains to be established, current data suggest that this protein plays a role in inflammation. Further studies could therefore lead to results of therapeutical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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13
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Hashimoto K, Nagao Y, Kato K, Mori Y, Ito A. Human urinary trypsin inhibitor inhibits the activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinases and proteoglycans release in rabbit articular cartilage. Life Sci 1998; 63:205-13. [PMID: 9698050 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of primary cultured chondrocytes from rabbit articular cartilage with interleukin-1 (IL-1)alpha and plasminogen induced the production of pro-matrix metalloproteinase 1 (proMMP-1/interstitial collagenase), proMMP-3 (stromelysin 1) and proMMP-9 (gelatinase B), as well as their active forms. Human urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), a multipotent inhibitor of serine proteases, including plasmin inhibited the activation of proMMP-1, proMMP-3 and proMMP-9 when added to the culture medium together with IL-1alpha and plasminogen, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, UTI inhibited the release of proteoglycans induced by IL-1alpha and plasminogen from rabbit articular cartilage explants. These findings strongly suggest that UTI inhibits the destruction of articular cartilage induced by plasmin and/or MMPs. Thus, UTI probably exert an anti-osteoarthritic action via inactivation of proMMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hashimoto
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Marengo SR, Resnick MI, Yang L, Chung JY. Differential expression of urinary inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor trimers and dimers in normal compared to active calcium oxalate stone forming men. J Urol 1998; 159:1444-50. [PMID: 9554330 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199805000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determine if the immunoreactive profile of urinary inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor can be used to distinguish between normal individuals and individuals with calcium oxalate stone disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary proteins were dialyzed against water (15 kDa. molecular weight cutoff), lyophilized and resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (6% acrylamide, reducing conditions) followed by Western blot. Inter-alpha-trypsin immunoreactive proteins were detected by enhanced chemiluminescence. Stone formation was confirmed to be active radiologically or passed as stone or gravel within 12 months of the sample. Stone composition was confirmed crystallographically. Normal individuals had no personal or familial history of urolithiasis and matched stone forming patients regarding race (white) and age (23 to 71 years old). Urine from a total of 101 individuals was analyzed. RESULTS The intact inter-alpha-trypsin trimer (approximately 220 to 240 kDa.) and heavy chain (HC) 2-bikunin/HC1-bikunin dimers (approximately 115 to 130 kDa.) were detected more often in stone forming men (23 of 26 [89%] and 26 of 26 [100%], respectively) than in normal individuals (6 of 26 [23%] and 5 of 26 [19%], respectively, p < 0.0001). In those normal individuals who expressed inter-alpha-trypsin trimer and HC-bikunins the relative intensities were 5.3+/-1.4% and 16.3+/-17.1% of the stone forming controls, respectively. The identity of high molecular weight-inter-alpha-trypsin immunoreactive bands was confirmed using antibodies against the individual subunits (HC1, HC2, HC3, bikunin). In contrast to men high molecular weight-inter-alpha-trypsin's were readily detected in normal and stone forming women with equal frequency (inter-alpha-trypsin-trimer p=0.1337, HC-bikunins p=0.2836): inter-alpha-trypsin-trimer 17 of 18 [94%] and 9 of 13 [77%]; HC-bikunins 17 of 18 [94%] and 10 of 13 [85%]). Inter-alpha-trypsin-trimer and HC-bikunins, respectively, were detected in 2 and 5 of 10 patients with chronic renal disease. Expression was not related to hematuria or proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS Immunoreactive profiles of urinary proteins may be able to be developed into a useful diagnostic tool to identify active stone formation, although a separate panel may be required for men and women. It is possible that these differences may provide clues as to why the incidence of stone disease is higher in men than women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Marengo
- James and Eilleen Dicke Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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15
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Zhao M, Yoneda M, Ohashi Y, Kurono S, Iwata H, Ohnuki Y, Kimata K. Evidence for the covalent binding of SHAP, heavy chains of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, to hyaluronan. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:26657-63. [PMID: 7592891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.44.26657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that serum-derived 85-kDa proteins (SHAPs, serum-derived hyaluronan associated proteins) are firmly bound to hyaluronan (HA) synthesized by cultured fibroblasts. SHAPs were then identified to be the heavy chains of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) (Huang, L., Yoneda, M., and Kimata, K. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 26725-26730). In this study, the SHAP.HA complex was isolated from pathological synovial fluid from human arthritis patients. The SHAP.HA complex was digested with thermolysin, followed by CsCl gradient centrifugation. The HA-containing fragments thus obtained were further digested with chondroitinase AC II and subjected to TSK gel high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Peptide-HA disaccharide-containing fractions (the SHAP.HA binding regions) were further purified by reverse phase HPLC. Major peaks were analyzed by protein sequencing and mass spectrometry (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and collision induced dissociation-MS/MS). By comparison with the reported C-terminal sequences of the human ITI family, the peptides were found to correspond to tetrapeptides derived from the C termini of heavy chains 1 of and 2 of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (HC1 and HC2), and heavy chain 3 of pre-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (HC3), respectively, and a heptapeptide from HC1. Mass spectrometric analyses suggested that the C-terminal Asp of each heavy chain was esterified to the C6-hydroxyl group of an internal N-acetylglucosamine of HA chain. This report is the first demonstration to give evidence for the covalent binding of proteins to HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhao
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Japan
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16
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Yamada S, Oyama M, Yuki Y, Kato K, Sugahara K. The uniform galactose 4-sulfate structure in the carbohydrate-protein linkage region of human urinary trypsin inhibitor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 233:687-93. [PMID: 7588818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.687_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The carbohydrate-protein linkage region of a chondroitin 4-sulfate chain attached to urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) was isolated from human urine and characterized structurally. The chondroitin 4-sulfate chain was released from UTI by beta-elimination using alkaline NaBH4 then digested with chondroitinase ABC. These treatments resulted in only a single hexasaccharide alditol derived from the carbohydrate-protein linkage region. Chemical and enzymic analyses and 600-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy revealed that the hexasaccharide alditol had the following structure: delta HexA alpha 1-3GalNAc(4-sulfate) beta 1-4GlcA beta 1- 3Gal(4-sulfate) beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Xyl-ol, where delta HexA, GlcA and Xyl-ol represent 4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enepyranosyluronic acid, D-glucuronic acid and D-xylitol, respectively. This structure contained the novel 4-sulfated Gal residue, which was first demonstrated in one of the three linkage hexasaccharide-serines isolated from chondroitin 4-sulfate of rat chondrosarcoma [Sugahara, K., Yamashina, I., de Waard, P., Van Halbeek, H. & Vliegenhart, J. F. G. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 10168-10174]. This disulfated structure was recently identified as the sole structural component in the linkage hexasaccharide alditol fraction isolated from inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) in human plasma [Yamada, S., Oyama, M., Kinugasa, H., Nakagawa, T., Kawasaki, T., Nagasawa, S., Khoo, K.-H., Morris, H.R., Dell, A. & Sugahara, K. (1995) Glycobiology 5, 335-341]. The structural uniformity in the linkage hexasaccharide structure of ITI and UTI is in marked contrast to the heterogeneity demonstrated in the linkage hexasaccharides isolated from cartilaginous chondroitin sulfate whose linkage regions are sometimes but not always phosphorylated on the Xyl residue or sulfated on the Gal residue(s). The uniform structure containing the novel 4-sulfated Gal residue in the linkage region of UTI and ITI may imply its significance in the biosynthetic mechanism of chondroitin sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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