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Recent insights, applications and prospects of xylose reductase: a futuristic enzyme for xylitol production. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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ANS Interacts with the Ca 2+-ATPase Nucleotide Binding Site. J Fluoresc 2020; 30:483-496. [PMID: 32146650 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The binding of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) to the nucleotide binding domain (N-domain) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) was studied. Molecular docking predicted two ANS binding modes (BMI and BMII) in the nucleotide binding site. The molecular interaction was confirmed as the fluorescence intensity of ANS was dramatically increased when in the presence of an engineered recombinant N-domain. Molecular dynamics simulation showed BMI (which occupies the ATP binding site) as the mode that is stable in solution. The above was confirmed by the absence of ANS fluorescence in the presence of a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled N-domain. Further, the labeling of the N-domain with FITC was hindered by the presence of ANS, i.e., ANS was bound to the ATP binding site. Importantly, ANS displayed a higher affinity than ATP. In addition, ANS binding led to quenching the N-domain intrinsic fluorescence displaying a FRET pattern, which suggested the existence of a Trp-ANS FRET couple. Nonetheless, the chemical modification of the sole Trp residue with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) discarded the existence of FRET and instead indicated structural rearrangements in the nucleotide binding site during ANS binding. Finally, Ca2+-ATPase kinetics in the presence of ANS showed a partial mixed-type inhibition. The Dixon plot showed the ANS-Ca2+-ATPase complex as catalytically active, hence supporting the existence of a functional dimeric Ca2+-ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. ANS may be used as a molecular platform for the development of more effective inhibitors of Ca2+-ATPase and appears to be a new fluorescent probe for the nucleotide binding site. Graphical Abstract Molecular docking of ANS to the nucleotide binding site of Ca2+-ATPase. ANS fluorescence increase reveals molecular interaction.
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Malla S, Gummadi SN. Thermal stability of xylose reductase from Debaryomyces nepalensis NCYC 3413: deactivation kinetics and structural studies. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rafiqul ISM, Sakinah AMM. Biochemical properties of xylose reductase prepared from adapted strain of Candida tropicalis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:387-99. [PMID: 25300602 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Xylose reductase (XR) is an intracellular enzyme, which catalyzes xylose to xylitol conversion in the microbes. It has potential biotechnological applications in the manufacture of various commercially important specialty bioproducts including xylitol. This study aimed to prepare XR from adapted strain of Candida tropicalis and to characterize it. The XR was isolated from adapted C. tropicalis, cultivated on Meranti wood sawdust hemicellulosic hydrolysate (MWSHH)-based medium, via ultrasonication, and was characterized based on enzyme activity, stability, and kinetic parameters. It was specific to NADPH with an activity of 11.16 U/mL. The enzyme was stable at pH 5-7 and temperature of 25-40 °C for 24 h and retained above 95 % of its original activity after 4 months of storage at -80 °C. The K m of XR for xylose and NADPH were 81.78 mM and 7.29 μM while the V max for them were 178.57 and 12.5 μM/min, respectively. The high V max and low K m values of XR for xylose reflect a highly productive reaction among XR and xylose. MWSHH can be a promising xylose source for XR preparation from yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S M Rafiqul
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Rafiqul I, Sakinah A. Production of xylose reductase from adapted Candida tropicalis grown in sawdust hydrolysate. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Biotechnological production of ethanol from renewable resources by Neurospora crassa: an alternative to conventional yeast fermentations? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:1457-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Cocotle-Ronzon Y, Zendejas-Zaldo M, Castillo-Lozano MLD, Aguilar-Uscanga M. Preliminary Characterization of Xylose Reductase Partially Purified by Reversed Micelles from <i>Candida tropicalis</i> IEC5-ITV, an Indigenous Xylitol-Producing Strain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/aces.2012.21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cloning, expression, and characterization of xylose reductase with higher activity from Candida tropicalis. J Microbiol 2009; 47:351-7. [PMID: 19557353 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Xylose reductase (XR) is a key enzyme in xylose metabolism because it catalyzes the reduction of xylose to xylitol. In order to study the characteristics of XR from Candida tropicalis SCTCC 300249, its XR gene (xyll) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The fusion protein was purified effectively by Ni2+-chelating chromatography, and the kinetics of the recombinant XR was investigated. The Km values of the C. tropicalis XR for NADPH and NADH were 45.5 microM and 161.9 microM, respectively, which demonstrated that this XR had dual coenzyme specificity. Moreover, this XR showed the highest catalytic efficiency (kcat =1.44 x 10(4) min(-1)) for xylose among the characterized aldose reductases. Batch fermentation was performed with Saccharomyces serivisiae W303-lA:pYES2XR, and resulted in 7.63 g/L cell mass, 93.67 g/L xylitol, and 2.34 g/L x h xylitol productivity. This XR coupled with its dual coenzyme specificity, high activity, and catalytic efficiency proved its utility in in vitro xylitol production.
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Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novelNeurospora crassa xylose reductase inSaccharomyces cerevisiae in the development of a xylose fermenting strain. ANN MICROBIOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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10
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Phadtare S, Rawat U, Rao M. Purification and characterisation of xylitol dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa NCL communication No. 6347. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Woodyer R, Simurdiak M, van der Donk WA, Zhao H. Heterologous expression, purification, and characterization of a highly active xylose reductase from Neurospora crassa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:1642-7. [PMID: 15746370 PMCID: PMC1065158 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.3.1642-1647.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A xylose reductase (XR) gene was identified from the Neurospora crassa whole-genome sequence, expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli, and purified as a His6-tagged fusion in high yield. This enzyme is one of the most active XRs thus far characterized and may be used for the in vitro production of xylitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Woodyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Panagiotou G, Christakopoulos P. NADPH-dependent D-aldose reductases and xylose fermentation in Fusarium oxysporum. J Biosci Bioeng 2004; 97:299-304. [PMID: 16233633 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)70209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2003] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two aldose (xylose) reductases (ARI and ARII) from Fusarium oxysporum were purified and characterized. The native ARI was a monomer with M(r) 41000, pI 5.2 and showed a 52-fold preference for NADPH over NADH, while ARII was homodimeric with a subunit of M(r) 37000, pI 3.6 and a 60-fold preference for NADPH over NADH. In this study, the influence of aeration and the response to the addition of electron acceptors on xylose fermentation by F. oxysporum were also studied. The batch cultivation of F. oxysporum on xylose was performed under aerobic, anaerobic and oxygen-limited conditions in stirred tank reactors. Oxygen limitation had considerable influence on xylose metabolism. Under anaerobic conditions (0 vvm), xylitol was the main product with a maximum yield of 0.34 mole of xylitol/mole of xylose while the maximum ethanol yield (1.02 moles of ethanol/mole of xylose) was obtained under aerobic conditions (0.3 vvm). When the artificial electron acceptor acetoin was added to an anaerobic batch fermentation of xylose by F. oxysporum, the ethanol yield increased while xylitol excretion was also decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Panagiotou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou Str. 5, Zografou Campus, 15700 Athens, Greece
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Nidetzky B, Brüggler K, Kratzer R, Mayr P. Multiple forms of xylose reductase in Candida intermedia: comparison of their functional properties using quantitative structure-activity relationships, steady-state kinetic analysis, and pH studies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:7930-7935. [PMID: 14690376 DOI: 10.1021/jf034426j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The xylose-fermenting yeast Candida intermedia produces two isoforms of xylose reductase: one is NADPH-dependent (monospecific xylose reductase; msXR), and another is shown here to prefer NADH approximately 4-fold over NADPH (dual specific xylose reductase; dsXR). To compare the functional properties of the isozymes, a steady-state kinetic analysis for the reaction d-xylose + NAD(P)H + H(+) <--> xylitol + NAD(P)(+) was carried out and specificity constants (k(cat)/K(aldehyde)) were measured for the reduction of a series of aldehydes differing in side-chain size as well as hydrogen-bonding capabilities with the substrate binding pocket of the enzyme. dsXR binds NAD(P)(+) (K(iNAD+) = 70 microM; K(iNADP+) = 55 microM) weakly and NADH (K(i) = 8 microM) about as tightly as NADPH (K(i) = 14 microM). msXR shows uniform binding of NADPH and NADP(+) (K(iNADP+) approximately K(iNADPH) = 20 microM). A quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis was carried out by correlating logarithmic k(cat)/K(aldehyde) values for dsXR with corresponding logarithmic k(cat)/K(aldehyde) values for msXR. This correlation is linear with a slope of approximately 1 (r (2) = 0.912), indicating that no isozyme-related pattern of substrate specificity prevails and aldehyde-binding modes are identical in both XR forms. Binary complexes of dsXR-NADH and msXR-NADPH show the same macroscopic pK of approximately 9.0-9.5, above which the activity is lost in both enzymes. A lower pK of 7.4 is seen for dsXR-NADPH. Specificity for NADH and greater binding affinity for NAD(P)H than NAD(P)(+) are thus the main features of enzymic function that distinguish dsXR from msXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Jeffries TW, Shi NQ. Genetic engineering for improved xylose fermentation by yeasts. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999; 65:117-61. [PMID: 10533434 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-49194-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Xylose utilization is essential for the efficient conversion of lignocellulosic materials to fuels and chemicals. A few yeasts are known to ferment xylose directly to ethanol. However, the rates and yields need to be improved for commercialization. Xylose utilization is repressed by glucose which is usually present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates, so glucose regulation should be altered in order to maximize xylose conversion. Xylose utilization also requires low amounts of oxygen for optimal production. Respiration can reduce ethanol yields, so the role of oxygen must be better understood and respiration must be reduced in order to improve ethanol production. This paper reviews the central pathways for glucose and xylose metabolism, the principal respiratory pathways, the factors determining partitioning of pyruvate between respiration and fermentation, the known genetic mechanisms for glucose and oxygen regulation, and progress to date in improving xylose fermentations by yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Jeffries
- USDA, Forest Service, Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Technology, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Abstract
Yeast xylose (aldose) reductases are members of the aldo-keto reductase family of enzymes which are widely distributed in a variety of other organisms. In yeasts, these enzymes catalyse the first step of xylose metabolism where xylose is converted to xylitol. In the past 16 years, xylose reductases from yeasts able to ferment or utilize xylose have been isolated and studied mainly because of their importance in xylose bioconversions. In recent years, genes encoding xylose reductases from several yeasts have been cloned and sequenced. A comparison of the primary sequences of yeast xylose reductases with the much better characterized human aldose reductase and human aldehyde reductase reveals that the yeast enzymes are hybrids between aldo-keto reductases and the short chain dehydrogenases/reductases families of enzymes. Why this is so and its evolutionary significance is presently not known. This short review will critically examine the structure and function information that can be gleaned from the sequence comparison. Several interesting questions arise from the sequence comparison and these can provide fruitful areas for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lee
- University of Guelph, Department of Environmental Biology, Ontario, Canada.
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Rawat U, Rao M. Interactions of chaperone alpha-crystallin with the molten globule state of xylose reductase. Implications for reconstitution of the active enzyme. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:9415-23. [PMID: 9545266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.16.9415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
alpha-Crystallin is a multimeric protein that has been shown to function as a molecular chaperone. Present investigations were undertaken to understand its mechanism of chaperoning. For this functional in vitro analysis of alpha-crystallin we used xylose reductase (XR) from Neurospora crassa as the model system. Denaturation studies using the structure-perturbing agent guanidinium chloride indicated that XR folds through a partially folded state that resembles the molten globule. Fluorescence and delay experiments revealed that alpha-crystallin interacts with the molten globule state of XR (XR-m) and prevents its aggregation. Cold lability of alpha-crystallin.XR-m interaction was revealed by temperature shift experiments implicating the involvement of hydrophobic interactions in the formation of the complex. Reconstitution of active XR was observed on cooling the alpha-crystallin.XR-m complex to 4 degrees C or on addition of ATP at 37 degrees C. ATP hydrolysis is not a prerequisite for XR release since the nonhydrolyzable analogue 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) was capable of reconstitution of active XR. Experimental evidence has been provided for temperature- and ATP-mediated structural changes in the alpha-crystallin.XR-m complex that shed some light on the mechanism of reconstitution of active XR by this chaperone. The relevance of our finding to the role of alpha-crystallin in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rawat
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
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Rawat UB, Rao MB. Conformation and microenvironment of the active site of xylose reductase inferred by fluorescent chemoaffinity labeling. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 246:344-9. [PMID: 9208923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Conformation and microenvironment at the active site of xylose reductase (XR) from Neurospora crassa was probed with fluorescent chemoaffinity labeling (FCAL) using o-phthalaldehyde as a chemical initiator. Formation of a single isoindole derivative resulted in complete inactivation of the enzyme as judged by spectroscopic and fluorescence studies. Kinetic analysis of the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic-acid-modified XR implicated the presence of an essential lysine residue at the active site of XR. Modification of lysine in XR abolished the ability of the enzyme to form isoindole derivative, indicating that the lysine residue involved in the reaction with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and o-phthalaldehyde is the same and that the probe o-phthalaldehyde is directed to the active site. Fluorescence studies revealed that inactivation of XR by Gdn/HCl precedes gross conformational change and the possibility of secondary-conformational change was eliminated by acrylamide quenching studies. The enzyme inactivated by low concentrations of Gdn/HCl retained its ability to form the fluorescent XR-isoindole derivative indicating that inactivation is not due to conformational changes at or near the active site of XR. Gdn/HCl also had no effect on the high-affinity and low-affinity NADPH-binding sites of XR. Energy-transfer experiments further revealed structural integrity at the active site of the Gdn/HCl-inactivated XR. Changes in the fluorescence emission maximum of 1-(beta-hydroxyethylthio)-2-beta hydroxyethyl isoindole (EA adduct) in solvents of varying polarity was studied, the data obtained were utilized to interpret the fluorescence behaviour of XR-isoindole derivative and assess the polarity at the active site. Experimental evidence presented here serves to suggest that the inactivation of XR by Gdn/HCl precedes conformational changes at the active site located in a microenvironment of low polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- U B Rawat
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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