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Herrmann M, Rodriguez-Blanco G, Balasso M, Sobolewska K, Semeraro MD, Alonso N, Herrmann W. The role of bile acid metabolism in bone and muscle: from analytics to mechanisms. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024; 61:510-528. [PMID: 38488591 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2323132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are both common age-related disorders that are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Bone and muscle are metabolically very active tissues that require large amounts of energy. Bile acids (BAs), a group of liver-derived steroid compounds, are primarily known as emulsifiers that facilitate the resorption of dietary fat and lipids. In addition, they have pleiotropic metabolic functions in lipoprotein and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and intestinal bacterial growth. Through these effects, they are related to metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. BAs mediate their metabolic effects through receptor dependent and receptor-independent mechanisms. Emerging evidence suggests that BAs are also involved in bone and muscle metabolism. Under normal circumstances, BAs support bone health by shifting the delicate equilibrium of bone turnover toward bone formation. In contrast, low or excessive amounts of BAs promote bone resorption. In cholestatic liver disease, BAs accumulate in the liver, reach toxic concentrations in the circulation, and thus may contribute to bone loss and muscle wasting. In addition, the measurement of BAs is in rapid evolution with modern mass spectrometry techniques that allow for the detection of a continuously growing number of BAs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biochemistry, physiology and measurement of bile acids. Furthermore, it summarizes the existing literature regarding their role in bone and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Giovanny Rodriguez-Blanco
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marco Balasso
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Sobolewska
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Donatella Semeraro
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nerea Alonso
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Sardar SW, Nam J, Kim TE, Kim H, Park YH. Identification of Novel Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis Using High-Resolution Metabolomics. Metabolites 2023; 13:1160. [PMID: 37999255 PMCID: PMC10673153 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a metabolic disorder and the pre-stage of several cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and angina pectoris. Early detection of AS can provide the opportunity for effective management and better clinical results, along with the prevention of further progression of the disease. In the current study, an untargeted and targeted metabolomic approach was used to identify possible metabolic signatures that have altered levels in AS patients. A total of 200 serum samples from individuals with AS and normal were analyzed via liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Univariate and multivariate analysis approaches were used to identify differential metabolites. A group of metabolites associated with bile acids, amino acids, steroid hormones, and purine metabolism were identified that are capable of distinguishing AS-risk sera from normal. Further, the targeted metabolomics approach confirmed that six metabolites, namely taurocholic acid, cholic acid, cortisol, hypoxanthine, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and isoleucine, were found to be significantly upregulated, while the concentrations of glycoursodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, testosterone, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine were found to be significantly downregulated in the AS-risk sera. The receiver operating characteristic curves of three metabolites, including cortisol, hypoxanthine, and isoleucine, showed high sensitivity and specificity. Taken together, these findings suggest cortisol, hypoxanthine, and isoleucine as novel biomarkers for the early and non-invasive detection of AS. Thus, this study provides new insights for further investigations into the prevention and management of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Wasim Sardar
- Omics Research Center, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.W.S.); (T.E.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Jeonghun Nam
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Bio Research Center, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 22573, Republic of Korea;
| | - Tae Eun Kim
- Omics Research Center, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.W.S.); (T.E.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Hyunil Kim
- Omics Research Center, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.W.S.); (T.E.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Youngja H. Park
- Omics Research Center, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.W.S.); (T.E.K.); (H.K.)
- Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
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Yoshitsugu R, Kikuchi K, Iwaya H, Fujii N, Hori S, Lee DG, Ishizuka S. Alteration of Bile Acid Metabolism by a High-Fat Diet Is Associated with Plasma Transaminase Activities and Glucose Intolerance in Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2019; 65:45-51. [PMID: 30814411 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.65.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of a high-fat (HF) diet is known to enhance bile acid (BA) secretion, but precise information about the BA molecular species is lacking, especially information on the conjugated BAs in enterohepatic circulation. As cholesterol is the precursor of BAs, we analyzed alterations of the entire BA metabolic pathway in response to a HF diet without the addition of cholesterol and BA in the diet. Additionally, we evaluated the relationships between BA metabolism and some disorders, such as plasma transaminase activities and glucose intolerance induced by the HF diet. Acclimated WKAH/HkmSlc male rats (3 wk old) were divided into two groups fed a control or the HF diet for 22 wk. Fasting blood glucose was measured during the experimental period, and an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed at week 21. As a result, ingestion of the HF diet selectively increased the concentration of taurocholic acid in the bile and small intestinal contents as well as deoxycholic acid in the large intestinal contents and feces. These results indicated a selective increase of 12α-hydroxylated BA concentrations in response to the HF diet. Moreover, fecal 12α-hydroxylated BA concentration was positively correlated with cumulative energy intake, visceral adipose tissue weight, and glucose intolerance. The present study suggests that fecal 12α-hydroxylated BA is a non-invasive marker that can detect the early phase of glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reika Yoshitsugu
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Keidai Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Hitoshi Iwaya
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Nobuyuki Fujii
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Shota Hori
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Dong Geun Lee
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
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Acharya P, Talahalli RR. n-3 Fatty Acids Abrogate Dyslipidemia-Induced Changes in Bile Acid Uptake, Synthesis, and Transport in Young and Aged Dyslipidemic Rats. Lipids 2019; 54:39-51. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore, 570020 Karnataka India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Ghaziabad, 201002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Ramaprasad R. Talahalli
- Department of Biochemistry; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore, 570020 Karnataka India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Ghaziabad, 201002 Uttar Pradesh India
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Lee Y, Yoshitsugu R, Kikuchi K, Joe GH, Tsuji M, Nose T, Shimizu H, Hara H, Minamida K, Miwa K, Ishizuka S. Combination of soya pulp and Bacillus coagulans lilac-01 improves intestinal bile acid metabolism without impairing the effects of prebiotics in rats fed a cholic acid-supplemented diet. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:603-10. [PMID: 27464459 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal bacteria are involved in bile acid (BA) deconjugation and/or dehydroxylation and are responsible for the production of secondary BA. However, an increase in the production of secondary BA modulates the intestinal microbiota due to the bactericidal effects and promotes cancer risk in the liver and colon. The ingestion of Bacillus coagulans improves constipation via the activation of bowel movement to promote defaecation in humans, which may alter BA metabolism in the intestinal contents. BA secretion is promoted with high-fat diet consumption, and the ratio of cholic acid (CA):chenodeoxycholic acid in primary BA increases with ageing. The dietary supplementation of CA mimics the BA environment in diet-induced obesity and ageing. We investigated whether B. coagulans lilac-01 and soya pulp influence both BA metabolism and the maintenance of host health in CA-supplemented diet-fed rats. In CA-fed rats, soya pulp significantly increased the production of secondary BA such as deoxycholic acid and ω-muricholic acids, and soya pulp ingestion alleviated problems related to plasma adiponectin and gut permeability in rats fed the CA diet. The combination of B. coagulans and soya pulp successfully suppressed the increased production of secondary BA in CA-fed rats compared with soya pulp itself, without impairing the beneficial effects of soya pulp ingestion. In conclusion, it is possible that a combination of prebiotics and probiotics can be used to avoid an unnecessary increase in the production of secondary BA in the large intestine without impairing the beneficial functions of prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonmi Lee
- 1Research Faculty of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-8589,Japan
| | - Reika Yoshitsugu
- 1Research Faculty of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-8589,Japan
| | - Keidai Kikuchi
- 1Research Faculty of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-8589,Japan
| | - Ga-Hyun Joe
- 1Research Faculty of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-8589,Japan
| | - Misaki Tsuji
- 1Research Faculty of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-8589,Japan
| | - Takuma Nose
- 1Research Faculty of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-8589,Japan
| | - Hidehisa Shimizu
- 1Research Faculty of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-8589,Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- 1Research Faculty of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-8589,Japan
| | | | | | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- 1Research Faculty of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-8589,Japan
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Bile acid-lowering properties of Lactobacillus plantarum Sanriku–SU3 isolated from Japanese surfperch fish. FOOD BIOSCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Mc Auley MT, Mooney KM. Lipid metabolism and hormonal interactions: impact on cardiovascular disease and healthy aging. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2014; 9:357-367. [PMID: 30763995 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2014.921569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Populations in developed nations are aging gradually; it is predicted that by 2050 almost a quarter of the world's population will be over 60 years old, more than twice the figure at the turn of the 20th century. Although we are living longer, this does not mean the extra years will be spent in good health. Cardiovascular diseases are the primary cause of ill health and their prevalence increases with age. Traditionally, lipid biomarkers have been utilized to stratify disease risk and predict the onset of cardiovascular events. However, recent evidence suggests that hormonal interplay with lipid metabolism could have a significant role to play in modulating cardiovascular disease risk. This review will explore recent findings which have investigated the role hormones have on the dynamics of lipid metabolism. The aim is to offer an insight into potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Mc Auley
- a School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Taggart Avenue, Liverpool, L16 1JD, UK
| | - Kathleen M Mooney
- b Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
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Mc Auley MT, Wilkinson DJ, Jones JJL, Kirkwood TBL. A whole-body mathematical model of cholesterol metabolism and its age-associated dysregulation. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:130. [PMID: 23046614 PMCID: PMC3574035 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global demographic changes have stimulated marked interest in the process of aging. There has been, and will continue to be, an unrelenting rise in the number of the oldest old ( >85 years of age). Together with an ageing population there comes an increase in the prevalence of age related disease. Of the diseases of ageing, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has by far the highest prevalence. It is regarded that a finely tuned lipid profile may help to prevent CVD as there is a long established relationship between alterations to lipid metabolism and CVD risk. In fact elevated plasma cholesterol, particularly Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) has consistently stood out as a risk factor for having a cardiovascular event. Moreover it is widely acknowledged that LDL-C may rise with age in both sexes in a wide variety of groups. The aim of this work was to use a whole-body mathematical model to investigate why LDL-C rises with age, and to test the hypothesis that mechanistic changes to cholesterol absorption and LDL-C removal from the plasma are responsible for the rise. The whole-body mechanistic nature of the model differs from previous models of cholesterol metabolism which have either focused on intracellular cholesterol homeostasis or have concentrated on an isolated area of lipoprotein dynamics. The model integrates both current and previously published data relating to molecular biology, physiology, ageing and nutrition in an integrated fashion. RESULTS The model was used to test the hypothesis that alterations to the rate of cholesterol absorption and changes to the rate of removal of LDL-C from the plasma are integral to understanding why LDL-C rises with age. The model demonstrates that increasing the rate of intestinal cholesterol absorption from 50% to 80% by age 65 years can result in an increase of LDL-C by as much as 34 mg/dL in a hypothetical male subject. The model also shows that decreasing the rate of hepatic clearance of LDL-C gradually to 50% by age 65 years can result in an increase of LDL-C by as much as 116 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS Our model clearly demonstrates that of the two putative mechanisms that have been implicated in the dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism with age, alterations to the removal rate of plasma LDL-C has the most significant impact on cholesterol metabolism and small changes to the number of hepatic LDL receptors can result in a significant rise in LDL-C. This first whole-body systems based model of cholesterol balance could potentially be used as a tool to further improve our understanding of whole-body cholesterol metabolism and its dysregulation with age. Furthermore, given further fine tuning the model may help to investigate potential dietary and lifestyle regimes that have the potential to mitigate the effects aging has on cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Mc Auley
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Henry Wellcome Biogerontology Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J Wilkinson
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Janette JL Jones
- Unilever R&D, Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK
| | - Thomas BL Kirkwood
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Henry Wellcome Biogerontology Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
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Gender-divergent profile of bile acid homeostasis during aging of mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32551. [PMID: 22403674 PMCID: PMC3293819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a physiological process with a progressive decline of adaptation and functional capacity of the body. Bile acids (BAs) have been recognized as signaling molecules regulating the homeostasis of glucose, lipid, and energy. The current study characterizes the age-related changes of individual BA concentrations by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in serum and liver of male and female C57BL/6 mice from 3 to 27 months of age. Total BA concentrations in serum increased 340% from 3 to 27 months in female mice, whereas they remained relatively constant with age in male mice. During aging, male and female mice shared the following changes: (1) BA concentrations in liver remained relatively constant; (2) the proportions of beta-muricholic acid (βMCA) increased and deoxycholic acid (DCA) decreased between 3 and 27 months in serum and liver; and (3) total BAs in serum and liver became more hydrophilic between 3 and 27 months. In female mice, (1) the mRNAs of hepatic BA uptake transporters, the Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp) and the organic anion transporting polypeptide 1b2 (Oatp1b2), decreased after 12 months, and similar trends were observed for their proteins; (2) the mRNA of the rate-limiting enzyme for BA synthesis, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1), increased from 3 to 9 months and remained high thereafter. However, in male mice, Ntcp, Oatp1b2, and Cyp7a1 mRNAs remained relatively constant with age. In summary, the current study shows gender-divergent profiles of BA concentrations and composition in serum and liver of mice during aging, which is likely due to the gender-divergent expression of BA transporters Ntcp and Oatp1b2 as well as the synthetic enzyme Cyp7a1.
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Meyer zu Schwabedissen HE, Ware JA, Finkelstein D, Chaudhry AS, Lemay S, Leon-Ponte M, Strom SC, Zaher H, Schwarz UI, Freeman DJ, Schuetz EG, Tirona RG, Kim RB. Hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide transporter and thyroid hormone receptor interplay determines cholesterol and glucose homeostasis. Hepatology 2011; 54:644-54. [PMID: 21538436 PMCID: PMC3164486 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), particularly the members of OATP1B subfamily, in hepatocellular handling of endogenous and exogenous compounds is an important and emerging area of research. Using a mouse model lacking Slco1b2, the murine ortholog of the OATP1B subfamily, we have demonstrated previously that genetic ablation causes reduced hepatic clearance capacity for substrates. In this study, we focused on the physiological function of the hepatic OATP1B transporters. First, we studied the influence of the Oatp1b2 deletion on bile acid (BA) metabolism, showing that lack of the transporter results in a significantly reduced expression of Cyp7a1, the key enzyme of BA synthesis, resulting in elevated cholesterol levels after high dietary fat challenge. Furthermore, Slco1b2-/- mice exhibited delayed clearance after oral glucose challenge resulting from reduced hepatic glucose uptake. In addition to increased hepatic glycogen content, Slco1b2-/- mice exhibited reduced glucose output after pyruvate challenge. This is in accordance with reduced hepatic expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in knockout mice. We show that this phenotype is due to the loss of liver-specific Oatp1b2-mediated hepatocellular thyroid hormone entry, which then leads to reduced transcriptional activation of target genes of hepatic thyroid hormone receptor (TR), including Cyp7a1 and Pepck but also Dio1 and Glut2. Importantly, we assessed human relevance using a cohort of archived human livers in which OATP1B1 expression was noted to be highly associated with TR target genes, especially for glucose facilitating transporter 2 (GLUT2). Furthermore, GLUT2 expression was significantly decreased in livers harboring a common genetic polymorphism in SLCO1B1. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that OATP1B-mediated hepatic thyroid hormone entry is a key determinant of cholesterol and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph A. Ware
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Information Sciences Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amarjit S. Chaudhry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sara Lemay
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matilde Leon-Ponte
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen C. Strom
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hani Zaher
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ute I. Schwarz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - David J. Freeman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Erin G. Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rommel G. Tirona
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Richard B. Kim
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Detzel CJ, Kim Y, Rajagopalan P. Engineered three-dimensional liver mimics recapitulate critical rat-specific bile acid pathways. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 17:677-89. [PMID: 20929286 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical hepatic function is the maintenance of optimal bile acid (BA) compositions to achieve cholesterol homeostasis. BAs are rarely quantified to assess hepatic phenotype in vitro since existing analytical techniques have inadequate resolution. We report a detailed investigation into the biosynthesis and homeostasis of eight primary rat BAs in conventional in vitro hepatocyte cultures and in an engineered liver mimic. The three-dimensional (3D) liver mimic was assembled with layers of primary rat hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. A high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry technique was developed with a detection limit of 1 ng/mL for each BA, which is significantly lower than previous approaches. Over a 2-week culture, only 3D liver mimics exhibited the ratio of conjugated cholic acid to chenodeoxycholic acid that has been observed in vivo. This ratio, an important marker of BA homeostasis, was significantly higher in stable collagen sandwich cultures indicating significant deviation from physiological behavior. The biosynthesis of tauro-β-muricholic acid, a key primary rat BA, doubled only in the engineered liver mimics while decreasing in the other systems. These trends demonstrate that the 3D liver mimics provide a unique platform to study hepatic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Detzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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12
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Reference Data of the Main Physiological Parameters in Control Sprague-Dawley Rats from Pre-clinical Toxicity Studies. Lab Anim Res 2010. [DOI: 10.5625/lar.2010.26.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Abstract
The bile acid concentrations in the serum, liver, bile, intestines, and feces of 3- and 19-mon-old male and female Nagase analbuminemic (NA) rats were compared with those in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. There was no significant difference in the bile acid levels between NA and SD rats. However, increased biosynthesis and pool size of cholic acid (CD) derivatives and decreased levels of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) derivatives (increased CA/CDCA ratio) were detected in male NA rats as compared to SD rats. The CA/CDCA ratio in female NA rats was not different from that in their SD counterparts. There were no significant differences between NA and SD rats in the biliary bile flow, bile acid levels in the small and large intestines, fecal bile acid excretion, bile acid concentration in the portal and systemic circulation, and in the pool size of bile acids. The blood lipid concentrations were significantly higher in the NA rats than in the SD rats. The hepatic levels of lipids were not significantly different between the two rat strains. In conclusion, this study showed that metabolism of bile acids in NA rats is not significantly affected, and that the hypercholesterolemia observed in these strains is not related to abnormalities of bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kambe
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan
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Uchida K, Takase H, Nomura Y, Satoh T, Igimi H, Takeuchi N. Bile acid metabolism in young-old parabiotic rats. Lipids 1997; 32:383-90. [PMID: 9113626 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Serum cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid levels, liver cholesterol concentration, bile flow, biliary cholesterol, phospholipid and bile acid secretion rates, fecal sterol and bile acid levels and their bile acid compositions were examined in young-old parabiotic rats and compared with those in young and old control rats and young-young parabiotic rats. Bile acid composition was expressed in terms of the cholic acid group/chenodeoxycholic acid group (CA/CDCA) ratio. Body weight (BW) gain decreased after parabiosis especially in old rats, but the liver weight (g/100 g BW), diet-intake, feces dry weight, liver cholesterol concentration and fecal sterol level were almost the same in all the groups. The biliary bile acid secretion rate was higher and the fecal bile acid level was lower in old rats than those in young rats but both the levels became comparable with those in young rats after parabiosis of old rats with young rats. Young rats, however, showed no changes in these levels after parabiosis. The serum cholesterol level and the biliary and fecal CA/CDCA ratios in old rats were higher than those in young rats but decreased after parabiosis with young rats, although they were still higher than those in young rats. The serum cholesterol level in young rats increased after parabiosis with old rats, but not after parabiosis with young rats, and the fecal bile acid level and the CA/CDCA ratio were not changed in either case. It is concluded from these findings that the serum cholesterol level and the CA/CDCA ratio increased with age and that these increases were prevented after parabiosis with young rats while young rats, although their serum cholesterol level was increased, showed no increase in the CA/CDCA ratio after parabiosis with old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uchida
- Strategic Information Unit, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Satoh T, Uchida K, Takase H, Nomura Y, Takeuchi N. Bile acid synthesis in young and old rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1996; 23:1-11. [PMID: 15374163 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4943(96)00703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/1995] [Revised: 02/01/1996] [Accepted: 02/13/1996] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid synthesis from orally administered (14)C-cholesterol or from (14)C-mevalonic acid administered intravenously were examined in male and female 2-, 12- and 24-month-old rats. About 5-9% of the '4C-cholesterol administered was recovered as bile acids from the small intestine 3 days after administration. The value in the case of (14)C-mevalonic acid was about 1/10 that of (14)C-cholesterol. Major bile acids were cholic acid and beta-muricholic acid, and the formation ratio of cholic acid increased in aged rats, although no further difference was found between 12- and 24-month-old animals of either sex. Male rats formed more beta-muricholic acid than females at all ages examined. In addition, no significant difference was found in the bile acid composition between both precursors, (14)C-cholesterol and (14)C-mevalonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Satoh
- Shionogi Strategic Infbrmation Unit, Shionogi and Co. Ltd., Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan
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16
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Hashimoto S, Igimi H, Uchida K, Satoh T, Benno Y, Takeuchi N. Effects of beta-lactam antibiotics on intestinal microflora and bile acid metabolism in rats. Lipids 1996; 31:601-9. [PMID: 8784740 DOI: 10.1007/bf02523830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Wistar male rats were treated for six days with broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics, latamoxef, and cefotaxime. On the seventh day, the number of fecal anaerobic microbes decreased, total fecal bile acids decreased, and bile acid pools increased. Secondary bile acids such as beta-hyocholic, hyodeoxycholic, lithocholic, and deoxycholic acids decreased in the feces while the primary bile acids, cholic, beta-muricholic, and chenodeoxycholic acids, became predominant. Coprostanol, a microbial metabolite of cholesterol, also disappeared from the feces during the treatment. The cecum enlarged to almost twice the size of that in control rats, whereas the liver weight was not significantly changed. After treatment was stopped, the number of fecal microbes returned to the initial counts within a week, but restoration of bile acid and cholesterol metabolism required at least three weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hashimoto
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kanzaki Laboratory, Osaka, Japan
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Uchida K, Satoh T, Chikai T, Takase H, Nomura Y, Nakao H, Takeuchi N. Influence of cholesterol feeding on bile acid metabolism in young and aged germ-free rats. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1996; 71:113-8. [PMID: 8835637 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.71.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cholesterol feeding on serum and liver cholesterol levels, fecal and biliary bile acid levels, bile acid pool size and bile acid composition were examined in 2-, 12- and 24-month-old male germ-free rats. The major bile acids in these animals were cholic and beta-muricholic acids. Cholesterol feeding increased synthesis of bile acids by 3- to 4-fold, especially that of chenodeoxycholic acid (mainly beta-muricholic acid in the rat), decreasing the cholic acid/chenodeoxycholic acid (CA/CDCA) ratio in all rats regardless of age, even though the CA/CDCA ratio increased as a linear function of age in both diet groups. Cholesterol feeding increased the serum cholesterol level markedly in aged rats. This hypercholesterolemia may be produced by the increase in CA/CDCA ratio in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uchida
- Strategic Information Unit, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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