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Nam J, Kim S, Jin E, Lee S, Cho HJ, Min SK, Choe W. Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks as Solid-State Nanomachines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404061. [PMID: 38696243 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Machines have continually developed with the needs of daily life and industrial applications. While the careful design of molecular-scale devices often displays enhanced properties along with mechanical movements, controlling mechanics within solid-state molecular structures remains a significant challenge. Here, we explore the distinct mechanical properties of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs)-frameworks that contain hidden mechanical components. Using a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches, we uncover the machine-like capabilities of ZIFs, wherein connected composite building units operate similarly to a mechanical linkage system. Importantly, this research suggests that certain ZIF subunits act as core mechanical components, paving an innovative view for the future design of solid-state molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohan Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kyu Min
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Choe
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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2
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Jin Z, Liu G, Zhu H, Zheng Z, Pan X, Pan H. Does swing leg braking matter in long jump take-off? A 3-D kinematic analysis based on elite athletes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31015. [PMID: 38813208 PMCID: PMC11133768 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the braking technical characteristics of the swing leg of elite male athletes in long jump take-off and its dependencies on the extension velocity of the support leg and the balance. Two cameras were used to capture 8 elite male long jump athletes (25.88 ± 3.00 years) under competitive conditions at a National Indoor Athletic Championships Final, a 3-D kinematic analysis method was conducted to analyze the take-off technique of the athletes. The results showed that the rapid braking of the swing leg increased the extension velocity of the support leg. Compared to the swing leg that started braking at the moment of maximum knee flexion of the support leg (SPKnee maximum flexion moment), athletes' performance was greater when swing leg started braking at the moment of maximum ankle flexion of the support leg (SPAnkle maximum flexion moment). Furthermore, the swing leg exhibited an inward movement during its forward swing, and the inward angle was significantly correlated with the balance maintenance (r = - 0.50,P = 0.004). In conclusion, a relatively delayed rapid braking and moderate inward movement of the swing leg during the take-off phase are conducive to achieving a better take-off effect in long jump.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gongju Liu
- Scientific Research Department, Zhejiang College of Sports, Hangzhou, China
| | - Houwei Zhu
- College of Physical Education and Health Science, Zhejiang Normal University, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- College of Physical Education and Health Science, Zhejiang Normal University, China
| | - Xu Pan
- Scientific Research Department, Zhejiang College of Sports, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiju Pan
- College of Physical Education and Health Science, Zhejiang Normal University, China
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Mazurek CM, Pearsall DJ, Renaud PJ, Robbins SM. Inter-Segment Coordination of Male and Female Collegiate Ice Hockey Players During Forward Skating Starts. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38776467 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2337936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: Coordination in ice hockey skating has been minimally investigated, particularly in females. The objective was to compare lower-extremity inter-segment coordination of collegiate male and female ice hockey players during forward skating starts. Methods: 3D kinematic data were collected on collegiate male (n = 9) and female (n = 10) participants during accelerative steps. Continuous relative phase (CRP) was calculated for shank-sagittal/thigh-sagittal, shank-sagittal/thigh-frontal, and foot-sagittal/shank-sagittal segment pairs across 2.5 strides on each side. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted features of greatest variability of the CRP and relationships between principal components and sex were investigated using hierarchical linear model. Results: Males demonstrated more out-of-phase coordination (higher CRP) for side one (p = .01) and side two (p < .01) shank-sagittal/thigh-sagittal as well as side one shank-sagittal/thigh-frontal (p < .01) segment pairs throughout each step. Females demonstrated a greater change in CRP from late stance/early swing to late swing/early stance on side two for shank-sagittal/thigh-frontal segments (p < .01). For side two shank-sagittal/thigh-frontal segments, faster males utilized more out-of-phase coordination throughout each step whereas faster females utilized more in-phase coordination (p < .01). Conclusion: Males and females may employ different coordinative strategies to achieve faster skating speeds. Males tend to utilize more out-of-phase coordination of the shank and thigh throughout strides, although coordinative differences of the shank and foot were not found between sexes. Further investigation is needed to examine the relationship between lower limb strength and coordination as well as the effect of targeted training protocols on lower extremity coordinative patterns.
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Frayne DH, Norman-Gerum VT, Howarth SJ, Brown SHM. Experience influences kinematic motor synergies: an Uncontrolled manifold approach to simulated Nordic skiing. J Sports Sci 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37742214 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2260237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Motor synergies are defined as central nervous system mechanisms which adjust participating degrees of freedom to ensure dynamic stability (control) of certain performance variables and have been identified during many motor tasks. The potential for synergistic control of individual segments during full-body tasks is often overlooked. Thus, this study compared individual differences in the potential stabilization of multiple performance variables on the basis of experience during a full-body sport activity. Normalized time series of synergy indices from Uncontrolled Manifold analyses on experienced (n = 9) and inexperienced (n = 19) participants were analysed using statistical parametric mapping during simulated Nordic skiing. Regardless of experience, hand, upper arm, and whole-body centre of mass (COM) kinematics were found to be stabilized by kinematic motor synergies. Only experienced Nordic skiers stabilized trunk COM position at all, while trunk COM velocity was stabilized for a longer duration than inexperienced participants. However, inexperienced participants stabilized hand velocity for a greater duration overall and to a greater magnitude during early pull phase than the experienced skiers. That motor synergies for hand and trunk COM velocity differed between experience groups suggests potential utility for these performance variables as indicators of motor skill development for full-body tasks such as Nordic skiing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon H Frayne
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guleph, Canada
| | - Valerie T Norman-Gerum
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guleph, Canada
| | - Samuel J Howarth
- Division of Research and Innovation, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen H M Brown
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guleph, Canada
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Arampatzis A, Kharazi M, Theodorakis C, Mersmann F, Bohm S. Biarticular mechanisms of the gastrocnemii muscles enhance ankle mechanical power and work during running. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230007. [PMID: 37650058 PMCID: PMC10465202 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to explore how biarticular mechanisms of the gastrocnemii muscles may provide an important energy source for power and work at the ankle joint with increasing running speed. Achilles tendon force was quantified as a proxy of the triceps surae muscle force and the contribution of the monoarticular soleus and the biarticular gastrocnemii to the mechanical power and work performed at the ankle joint was investigated in three running speeds (transition 2.0 m s-1, slow 2.5 m s-1, fast 3.5 m s-1). Although the contribution of the soleus was higher, biarticular mechanisms of the gastrocnemii accounted for a relevant part of the performed mechanical power and work at the ankle joint. There was an ankle-to-knee joint energy transfer in the first part of the stance phase and a knee-to-ankle joint energy transfer during push-off via the gastrocnemii muscles, which made up 16% of the total positive ankle joint work. The rate of knee-to-ankle joint energy transfer increased with speed, indicating a speed-related participation of biarticular mechanisms in running. This energy transfer via the gastrocnemii seems to occur with negligible energy absorption/production from the quadriceps vasti contractile elements and is rather an energy exchange between elastic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohamadreza Kharazi
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christos Theodorakis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Kharazi M, Theodorakis C, Mersmann F, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Contractile Work of the Soleus and Biarticular Mechanisms of the Gastrocnemii Muscles Increase the Net Ankle Mechanical Work at High Walking Speeds. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:872. [PMID: 37372156 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Increasing walking speed is accompanied by an increase of the mechanical power and work performed at the ankle joint despite the decrease of the intrinsic muscle force potential of the soleus (Sol) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscles. In the present study, we measured Achilles tendon (AT) elongation and, based on an experimentally determined AT force-elongation relationship, quantified AT force at four walking speeds (slow 0.7 m.s-1, preferred 1.4 m.s-1, transition 2.0 m.s-1, and maximum 2.6 ± 0.3 m.s-1). Further, we investigated the mechanical power and work of the AT force at the ankle joint and, separately, the mechanical power and work of the monoarticular Sol at the ankle joint and the biarticular gastrocnemii at the ankle and knee joints. We found a 21% decrease in maximum AT force at the two higher speeds compared to the preferred; however, the net work of the AT force at the ankle joint (ATF work) increased as a function of walking speed. An earlier plantar flexion accompanied by an increased electromyographic activity of the Sol and GM muscles and a knee-to-ankle joint energy transfer via the biarticular gastrocnemii increased the net ATF mechanical work by 1.7 and 2.4-fold in the transition and maximum walking speed, respectively. Our findings provide first-time evidence for a different mechanistic participation of the monoarticular Sol muscle (i.e., increased contractile net work carried out) and the biarticular gastrocnemii (i.e., increased contribution of biarticular mechanisms) to the speed-related increase of net ATF work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadreza Kharazi
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christos Theodorakis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Tingle JL, Jurestovsky DJ, Astley HC. The relative contributions of multiarticular snake muscles to movement in different planes. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21591. [PMID: 37183497 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Muscles spanning multiple joints play important functional roles in a wide range of systems across tetrapods; however, their fundamental mechanics are poorly understood, particularly the consequences of anatomical position on mechanical advantage. Snakes provide an excellent study system for advancing this topic. They rely on the axial muscles for many activities, including striking, constriction, defensive displays, and locomotion. Moreover, those muscles span from one or a few vertebrae to over 30, and anatomy varies among muscles and among species. We characterized the anatomy of major epaxial muscles in a size series of corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) using diceCT scans, and then took several approaches to calculating contributions of each muscle to force and motion generated during body bending, starting from a highly simplistic model and moving to increasingly complex and realistic models. Only the most realistic model yielded equations that included the consequence of muscle span on torque-displacement trade-offs, as well as resolving ambiguities that arose from simpler models. We also tested whether muscle cross-sectional areas or lever arms (total magnitude or pitch/yaw/roll components) were related to snake mass, longitudinal body region (anterior, middle, posterior), and/or muscle group (semispinalis-spinalis, multifidus, longissimus dorsi, iliocostalis, and levator costae). Muscle cross-sectional areas generally scaled with positive allometry, and most lever arms did not depart significantly from geometric similarity (isometry). The levator costae had lower cross-sectional area than the four epaxial muscles, which did not differ significantly from each other in cross-sectional area. Lever arm total magnitudes and components differed among muscles. We found some evidence for regional variation, indicating that functional regionalization merits further investigation. Our results contribute to knowledge of snake muscles specifically and multiarticular muscle systems generally, providing a foundation for future comparisons across species and bioinspired multiarticular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek J Jurestovsky
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomechanics Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Henry C Astley
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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Schnerwitzki D, Englert C, Schmidt M. Adapting the pantograph limb: Differential robustness of fore- and hindlimb kinematics against genetically induced perturbation in the neural control networks and its evolutionary implications. ZOOLOGY 2023; 157:126076. [PMID: 36842298 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2023.126076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary transformation of limb morphology to the four-segmented pantograph of therians is among the milestones of mammalian evolution. But, it is still unknown if changes of the mechanical limb function were accompanied by corresponding changes in development and sensorimotor control. The impressive locomotor performance of mammals leaves no doubt about the high integration of pattern formation, neural control and mechanics. But, deviations from normal intra- and interlimb coordination (spatial and temporal) become evident in the presence of perturbations. We induced a perturbation in the development of the neural circuits of the spinal cord of mice (Mus musculus) using a deletion of the Wilms tumor suppressor gene Wt1 in a subpopulation of dI6 interneurons. These interneurons are assumed to participate in the intermuscular coordination within the limb and in left-right-coordination between the limbs. We describe the locomotor kinematics in mice with conditional Wt1 knockout and compare them to mice without Wt1 deletion. Unlike knockout neonates, knockout adult mice do not display severe deviations from normal (=control group) interlimb coordination, but the coordinated protraction and retraction of the limbs is altered. The forelimbs are more affected by deviations from the control than the hindlimbs. This observation appears to reflect a different degree of integration and resistance against the induced perturbation between the limbs. Interestingly, the observed effects are similar to locomotor deficits reported to arise when sensory feedback from proprioceptors or cutaneous receptors is impaired. A putative participation of Wt1 positive dI6 interneurons in sensorimotor integration is therefore considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Schnerwitzki
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christoph Englert
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Manuela Schmidt
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research with Phyletic Museum, Ernst-Haeckel building and Didactics of Biology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Kulmala JP, Haakana P, Nurminen J, Ylitalo E, Niemelä T, Marttinen Rossi E, Mäenpää H, Piitulainen H. A test of the effort equalization hypothesis in children with cerebral palsy who have an asymmetric gait. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262042. [PMID: 35061756 PMCID: PMC8782512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy people can walk nearly effortlessly thanks to their instinctively adaptive gait patterns that tend to minimize metabolic energy consumption. However, the economy of gait is severely impaired in many neurological disorders such as stroke or cerebral palsy (CP). Moreover, self-selected asymmetry of impaired gait does not seem to unequivocally coincide with the minimal energy cost, suggesting the presence of other adaptive origins. Here, we used hemiparetic CP gait as a model to test the hypothesis that pathological asymmetric gait patterns are chosen to equalize the relative muscle efforts between the affected and unaffected limbs. We determined the relative muscle efforts for the ankle and knee extensors by relating extensor joint moments during gait to maximum moments obtained from all-out hopping reference test. During asymmetric CP gait, the unaffected limb generated greater ankle (1.36±0.15 vs 1.17±0.16 Nm/kg, p = 0.002) and knee (0.74±0.33 vs 0.44±0.19 Nm/kg, p = 0.007) extensor moments compared with the affected limb. Similarly, the maximum moment generation capacity was greater in the unaffected limb versus the affected limb (ankle extensors: 1.81±0.39 Nm/kg vs 1.51±0.34 Nm/kg, p = 0.033; knee extensors: 1.83±0.37 Nm/kg vs 1.34±0.38 Nm/kg, p = 0.021) in our force reference test. As a consequence, no differences were found in the relative efforts between unaffected and affected limb ankle extensors (77±12% vs 80±16%, p = 0.69) and knee extensors (41±17% vs 38±23%, p = 0.54). In conclusion, asymmetric CP gait resulted in similar relative muscle efforts between affected and unaffected limbs. The tendency for effort equalization may thus be an important driver of self-selected gait asymmetry patterns, and consequently advantageous for preventing fatigue of the weaker affected side musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha-Pekka Kulmala
- Motion Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- JAMK University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Piia Haakana
- Motion Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Nurminen
- Motion Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Ylitalo
- Motion Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Niemelä
- Motion Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Essi Marttinen Rossi
- Motion Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Mäenpää
- Motion Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Piitulainen
- Motion Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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10
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O'Bryan SJ, Taylor JL, D'Amico JM, Rouffet DM. Quadriceps Muscle Fatigue Reduces Extension and Flexion Power During Maximal Cycling. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 3:797288. [PMID: 35072064 PMCID: PMC8777021 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.797288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate how quadriceps muscle fatigue affects power production over the extension and flexion phases and muscle activation during maximal cycling.Methods: Ten participants performed 10-s maximal cycling efforts without fatigue and after 120 bilateral maximal concentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles. Extension power, flexion power and electromyographic (EMG) activity were compared between maximal cycling trials. We also investigated the associations between changes in quadriceps force during isometric maximal voluntary contractions (IMVC) and power output (flexion and extension) during maximal cycling, in addition to inter-individual variability in muscle activation and pedal force profiles.Results: Quadriceps IMVC (−52 ± 21%, P = 0.002), voluntary activation (−24 ± 14%, P < 0.001) and resting twitch amplitude (−45 ± 19%, P = 0.002) were reduced following the fatiguing task, whereas vastus lateralis (P = 0.58) and vastus medialis (P = 0.15) M-wave amplitudes were unchanged. The reductions in extension power (−15 ± 8%, P < 0.001) and flexion power (−24 ± 18%, P < 0.001) recorded during maximal cycling with fatigue of the quadriceps were dissociated from the decreases in quadriceps IMVC. Peak EMG decreased across all muscles while inter-individual variability in pedal force and EMG profiles increased during maximal cycling with quadriceps fatigue.Conclusion: Quadriceps fatigue induced by voluntary contractions led to reduced activation of all lower limb muscles, increased inter-individual variability and decreased power production during maximal cycling. Interestingly, power production was further reduced over the flexion phase (24%) than the extension phase (15%), likely due to larger levels of peripheral fatigue developed in RF muscle and/or a higher contribution of the quadriceps muscle to flexion power production compared to extension power during maximal cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. O'Bryan
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Janet L. Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jessica M. D'Amico
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - David M. Rouffet
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: David M. Rouffet
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11
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Huang TH, Zhang S, Yu S, MacLean MK, Zhu J, Di Lallo A, Jiao C, Bulea TC, Zheng M, Su H. Modeling and Stiffness-Based Continuous Torque Control of Lightweight Quasi-Direct-Drive Knee Exoskeletons for Versatile Walking Assistance. IEEE T ROBOT 2022; 38:1442-1459. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2022.3170287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hao Huang
- Laboratory of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Sainan Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Shuangyue Yu
- Laboratory of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Mhairi K. MacLean
- Laboratory of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics 57522, Enschede The Netherlands, and also with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Twente 57522, Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Junxi Zhu
- Laboratory of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Antonio Di Lallo
- Laboratory of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Chunhai Jiao
- Laboratory of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Thomas C. Bulea
- Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Minghui Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Hao Su
- Laboratory of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
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12
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Mulloy F, Irwin G, Mullineaux DR. Effects of biofeedback on whole lower limb joint kinematics and external kinetics. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2172-2179. [PMID: 34000964 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1923930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofeedback (BFb) is a useful tool to accelerate the skill development process. Limited research has applied BFb to the whole lower-limb in a complex skill therefore the aim of this research was to assess the effectiveness of a biofeedback intervention targeting whole lower limb kinematics. Thirty-two healthy participants were randomized to a BFb (n = 16) and a Control group (n = 16). Participants visited a motion capture laboratory on three occasions during one week, and returned for retention testing at 4-6 weeks. Following introduction to a novel lunge-touch task, visual BFb on lower limb joint kinematic extension angular velocities (ω) and timing were provided following each lunge. BFb was effective in increasing Hipω (F = 3.746, p = 0.03) and Kneeω (F = 10.241, p = 0.01). Peak Ankleω remained unchanged (F = 1.537, p = 0.23, η2 = 0.05), however Peak Ankleθ (F = 10.915, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.27) and AnkleROM (F = 9.543, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.24) significantly increased. Despite kinematic changes, there were no significant changes in any external kinetics. No significant correlations were found between Hipω, Kneeω or Ankleω and horizontal impulse (ImpulseY: r = 0.20, p = 0.26; r = -0.11, p = 0.24; and r = 0.22, p = 0.28, respectively). Findings demonstrate that BFb can be used to alter multiple kinematic variables in a complex skill, but do not necessarily alter associated kinetic variables not directly targeted by BFb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franky Mulloy
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Gareth Irwin
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David R Mullineaux
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
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13
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Amara VD, Malzahn J, Roozing W, Tsagarakis N. Blending of Series-Parallel Compliant Actuation With Field Weakening Control for Explosive Motion Generation. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3061066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Negotiating ground level perturbations in walking: Visual perception and expectation of curb height modulate muscle activity. J Biomech 2020; 113:110121. [PMID: 33186886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To negotiate visible and unpredictable changes in ground level, humans use different control strategies depending on the visibility. In case of fully visible perturbations, humans can anticipate the occurrence and the magnitude of the perturbation. In case of a camouflaged perturbation, they can anticipate the occurrence based on the camouflage cover but need to predict the magnitude from experience, as it is not visible. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anticipatory muscular control strategy humans employ when walking down curbs of different height and to investigate how this strategy differs if the step down is fully visible or camouflaged. The activity of five bilateral lower limb muscles (M. gastrocnemius medialis, M. soleus, M. tibialis anterior, M. biceps femoris and M. vastus medialis) of eight healthy subjects was recorded during walking down visible (0, -10 and -20 cm) and camouflaged curbs (0 and -10 cm). The results reveal that the M. gastrocnemius shows a clear anticipatory adaptation to visible curbs in the contralateral and partly also the ipsilateral leg, which further depends on the curb height. Furthermore, in case of a camouflaged perturbation, M. gastrocnemius activity of the contralateral leg shows an adaptation that indicates an average prediction of the curb height, presumably based on previous experience.
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15
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Hollville E, Rabita G, Guilhem G, Lecompte J, Nordez A. Effects of Surface Properties on Gastrocnemius Medialis and Vastus Lateralis Fascicle Mechanics During Maximal Countermovement Jumping. Front Physiol 2020; 11:917. [PMID: 32982767 PMCID: PMC7488207 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between human movement and surfaces have previously been studied to understand the influence of surface properties on the mechanics and energetics of jumping. However, little is known about the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) mechanics associated with muscle activity and leg adjustments induced by different surfaces during this movement. This study aimed to examine the effects of three surfaces with different properties (artificial turf, hybrid turf, and athletic track) on the muscle mechanics and muscle excitation of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and vastus lateralis (VL) during maximal countermovement jumping (CMJ). Twelve participants performed maximal CMJs on the three sport surfaces. GM and VL muscle fascicles were simultaneously imaged using two ultrafast ultrasound systems (500 Hz). MTUs lengths were determined based on anthropometric models and two-dimensional joint kinematics. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to record GM and VL muscle activity. Surface mechanical testing revealed systematic differences in surface mechanical properties (P = 0.006, η2: 0.26–0.32, large). Specifically, the highest force reduction and vertical deformation values have been observed on artificial turf (65 ± 2% and 9.0 ± 0.3 mm, respectively), while athletic track exhibited the lowest force reduction and vertical deformation values (28 ± 1% and 2.1 ± 0.1 mm, respectively) and the highest energy restitution (65 ± 1%). We observed no significant difference in CMJ performance between the three surfaces (∼35–36 cm, P = 0.66). GM and VL fascicle shortening (P = 0.90 and P = 0.94, respectively) and shortening velocity (P = 0.13 and P = 0.65, respectively) were also unaffected by the type of surface. However, when jumping from greater deformable surface, both GM muscle activity (P = 0.022, η2 = 0.18, large) and peak shortening velocity of GM MTU (P = 0.042, η2 = 0.10, medium) increased during the push-off phase. This resulted in a greater peak plantar flexion velocity late in the jump (P = 0.027, η2 = 0.13, medium). Our findings suggest that maximal vertical jumping tasks in humans is not affected by common sport surfaces with different mechanical properties. However, internal regulatory mechanisms exist to compensate for differences in surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Hollville
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France.,NG Lab, Natural Grass, Paris, France.,Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Rabita
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Jennyfer Lecompte
- NG Lab, Natural Grass, Paris, France.,Arts et Métiers ParisTech, LBM/Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Nordez
- Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, EA 4334, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Frayne DH, Zettel JL, Beach TAC, Brown SHM. The Influence of Countermovements on Inter-Segmental Coordination and Mechanical Energy Transfer during Vertical Jumping. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:545-557. [PMID: 32862794 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1810611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inter-segmental coordination patterns and mechanical energy transfer were compared between vertical jumping tasks which possess different countermovement characteristics. Thirteen participants completed squat (SJ), countermovement (CMJ) and drop (DVJ) vertical jumps. Inter-segmental coordination patterns became more out-of-phase with increases in countermovement velocity (DVJ > CMJ > SJ), at the ankle, hip and lumbar spine (all p < 0.05), but not at the knee. With countermovements, more inter-segmental energy transfer occurred at all joints (p < 0.05), but increasing the countermovement velocity (DVJ compared to CMJ) did not always increase energy transfer (p < 0.001 for the hip and knee, p > 0.05 for the ankle and lumbar spine). The relationship between mechanical energy transfer and inter-segmental coordination patterns during vertical jumping is not straightforward since the responses to these varying countermovement demands were not consistent across all joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon H Frayne
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - John L Zettel
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Tyson A C Beach
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen H M Brown
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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17
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Astley HC. The Biomechanics of Multi-articular Muscle-Tendon Systems in Snakes. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:140-155. [PMID: 32211841 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometry of the musculoskeletal system, such as moment arms and linkages, determines the link between muscular functions and external mechanical results, but as the geometry becomes more complex, this link becomes less clear. The musculoskeletal system of snakes is extremely complex, with several muscles that span dozens of vertebrae, ranging from 10 to 45 vertebrae in the snake semispinalis-spinalis muscle (a dorsiflexor). Furthermore, this span correlates with habitat in Caenophidians, with burrowing and aquatic species showing shorter spans while arboreal species show longer spans. Similar multi-articular spans are present in the prehensile tails of primates, the necks of birds, and our own digits. However, no previous analysis has adequately explained the mechanical consequences of these multi-articular spans. This paper uses techniques from the analysis of static systems in engineering to analyze the consequences of multiarticular muscle configurations in cantilevered gap bridging and compares these outcomes to a hypothetical mono-articular system. Multi-articular muscle spans dramatically reduce the forces needed in each muscle, but the consequent partitioning of muscle cross-sectional area between numerous muscles results in a small net performance loss. However, when a substantial fraction of this span is tendinous, performance increases dramatically. Similarly, metabolic cost is increased for purely muscular multi-articular spans, but decreases rapidly with increasing tendon ratio. However, highly tendinous spans require increased muscle strain to achieve the same motion, while purely muscular systems are unaffected. These results correspond well with comparative data from snakes and offer the potential to dramatically improve the mechanics of biomimetic snake robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C Astley
- Departments of Biology and Polymer Science, Biomimicry Research and Innovation Center, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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18
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Quittmann OJ, Abel T, Albracht K, Strüder HK. Biomechanics of all-out handcycling exercise: kinetics, kinematics and muscular activity of a 15-s sprint test in able-bodied participants. Sports Biomech 2020; 21:1200-1223. [PMID: 32375554 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1745266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to quantify the kinematics, kinetics and muscular activity of all-out handcycling exercise and examine their alterations during the course of a 15-s sprint test. Twelve able-bodied competitive triathletes performed a 15-s all-out sprint test in a recumbent racing handcycle that was attached to an ergometer. During the sprint test, tangential crank kinetics, 3D joint kinematics and muscular activity of 10 muscles of the upper extremity and trunk were examined using a power metre, motion capturing and surface electromyography (sEMG), respectively. Parameters were compared between revolution one (R1), revolution two (R2), the average of revolution 3 to 13 (R3) and the average of the remaining revolutions (R4). Shoulder abduction and internal-rotation increased, whereas maximal shoulder retroversion decreased during the sprint. Except for the wrist angles, angular velocity increased for every joint of the upper extremity. Several muscles demonstrated an increase in muscular activation, an earlier onset of muscular activation in crank cycle and an increased range of activation. During the course of a 15-s all-out sprint test in handcycling, the shoulder muscles and the muscles associated to the push phase demonstrate indications for short-duration fatigue. These findings are helpful to prevent injuries and improve performance in all-out handcycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Quittmann
- Institute for Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Abel
- Institute for Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Research Group in Disability Sport, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kirsten Albracht
- Institute for Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medical Engineering and Technomathematics, University of Applied Sciences Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heiko K Strüder
- Institute for Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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19
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Kulmala JP, Korhonen MT, Ruggiero L, Kuitunen S, Suominen H, Heinonen A, Mikkola A, Avela J. Ankle and knee extensor muscle effort during locomotion in young and older athletes: Implications for understanding age-related locomotor decline. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2801. [PMID: 32071393 PMCID: PMC7028745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related reduction in muscle force generation capacity is similarly evident across different lower limb muscle groups, yet decline in locomotor performance with age has been shown to depend primarily on reduced ankle extensor muscle function. To better understand why ageing has the largest detrimental effect on ankle joint function during locomotion, we examined maximal ankle and knee extensor force development during a two-leg hopping test in older and young men, and used these forces as a reference to calculate relative operating efforts for the knee and ankle extensors as participants walked, ran and sprinted. We found that, across locomotion modes in both age groups, ankle extensors operated at a greater relative effort compared to knee extensors; however, slightly less pronounced differences between ankle and knee extensor muscle efforts were present among older men, mainly due to a reduction in the ankle extensor force generation during locomotion modes. We consider these findings as evidence that reduced ankle push-off function in older age is driven by a tendency to keep ankle extensor effort during locomotion lower than it would otherwise be, which, in turn, may be an important self-optimisation strategy to prevent locomotor-induced fatigue of ankle extensor muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha-Pekka Kulmala
- Motion Analysis Laboratory, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marko T Korhonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Luca Ruggiero
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Sami Kuitunen
- KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Harri Suominen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Aki Mikkola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Janne Avela
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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20
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Schumacher C, Sharbafi M, Seyfarth A, Rode C. Biarticular muscles in light of template models, experiments and robotics: a review. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20180413. [PMID: 32093540 PMCID: PMC7061696 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leg morphology is an important outcome of evolution. A remarkable morphological leg feature is the existence of biarticular muscles that span adjacent joints. Diverse studies from different fields of research suggest a less coherent understanding of the muscles' functionality in cyclic, sagittal plane locomotion. We structured this review of biarticular muscle function by reflecting biomechanical template models, human experiments and robotic system designs. Within these approaches, we surveyed the contribution of biarticular muscles to the locomotor subfunctions (stance, balance and swing). While mono- and biarticular muscles do not show physiological differences, the reviewed studies provide evidence for complementary and locomotor subfunction-specific contributions of mono- and biarticular muscles. In stance, biarticular muscles coordinate joint movements, improve economy (e.g. by transferring energy) and secure the zig-zag configuration of the leg against joint overextension. These commonly known functions are extended by an explicit role of biarticular muscles in controlling the angular momentum for balance and swing. Human-like leg arrangement and intrinsic (compliant) properties of biarticular structures improve the controllability and energy efficiency of legged robots and assistive devices. Future interdisciplinary research on biarticular muscles should address their role for sensing and control as well as non-cyclic and/or non-sagittal motions, and non-static moment arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Schumacher
- Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Centre for Cognitive Science, Institute of Sport Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M. Sharbafi
- Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Centre for Cognitive Science, Institute of Sport Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A. Seyfarth
- Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Centre for Cognitive Science, Institute of Sport Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C. Rode
- Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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21
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Children Who Are Overweight Display Altered Vertical Jump Kinematics and Kinetics From Children Who Are Not Overweight. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2020; 32:2-8. [PMID: 31476733 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2019-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Children who are overweight typically do not perform motor skills as well as normal-weight peers. This study examined whether vertical jump kinetics and kinematics of children who are overweight differ from nonoverweight peers. METHODS Thirty-nine children completed maximum-effort countermovement vertical jumps. Motion capture was used to complete lower extremity kinematic and kinetic analyses. RESULTS The overweight group (body mass index ≥ 85th percentile; N = 11; age = 6.5 [1.6] y) jumped lower relative to their mass (0.381 cm/kg lower; P < .001) than normal-weight peers (N = 28; age = 6.4 [1.7] y). Compared with children who are normal weight, children who were overweight exhibited a shallower countermovement (knee: 12° less flexion, P = .02; hip: 10° less flexion, P = .045), lower hip torque (0.06 N·m/kg lower, P = .01) and hip work (40% less work, P = .01), and earlier peak joint angular velocities (knee: 9 ms earlier, P = .001; hip: 14 ms earlier, P = .004). CONCLUSION Children who are overweight do not achieve optimal jumping mechanics and exhibit jumping characteristics of an earlier developmental stage compared with their peers. Interventions should help children who are overweight learn to execute a proper countermovement.
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22
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Roozing W, Ren Z, Tsagarakis NG. An efficient leg with series–parallel and biarticular compliant actuation: design optimization, modeling, and control of the eLeg. Int J Rob Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0278364919893762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present the development, modeling, and control of a three-degree-of-freedom compliantly actuated leg called the eLeg, which employs both series- and parallel-elastic actuation as well as a bio-inspired biarticular tendon. The leg can be reconfigured to use three distinct actuation configurations, to directly compare with a state-of-the-art series-elastic actuation scheme. Critical actuation design parameters are derived through optimization. A rigorous modeling approach is presented using the concept of power flows, which are also used to demonstrate the ability to transfer mechanical power between ankle and knee joints using the biarticular tendon. The design principles and control strategies were verified both in simulation and experiment. Notably, the experimental data demonstrate significant improvements of 65–75% in electrical energy consumption compared with a state-of-the-art series-elastic actuator configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Roozing
- Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Zeyu Ren
- Department of Advanced Robotics, (Fondazione) Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,Genova, Italy
| | - Nikos G Tsagarakis
- Department of Advanced Robotics, (Fondazione) Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,Genova, Italy
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23
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Seki K, Kyröläinen H, Sugimoto K, Enomoto Y. Biomechanical factors affecting energy cost during running utilising different slopes. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:6-12. [PMID: 31603027 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1676527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the characteristics of electromyography (EMG) and kinematics of the supporting leg affecting energy cost while running at incline, level, and decline slopes. Twelve male Japanese middle- and long-distance runners volunteered for this study. The subjects were asked to run at 13.5 km·h-1 on a treadmill under three slope conditions. Sagittal plane kinematics and the EMG of the lower limb muscles, respiratory gases were recorded. Energy cost differed significantly between slopes, being the lowest in decline slope and the greatest in incline slope. Integrated EMG (iEMG) of leg extensor muscles was greater in the incline slope than in the decline slope, and iEMG of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles correlated positively with energy cost. The knee and ankle joint kinematics were associated with energy cost during running. In incline slope, the knee and ankle joints were more extended (plantarflexed) to lift the body. These movements may disturb the coordination between the ankle and knee joints. The gastrocnemius muscle would do greater mechanical work to plantarflex the ankle joint rather than transfer mechanical energy as well as greater mechanical work of mono-articular muscles. These muscular activities would increase energy cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Seki
- Department of Physical Education, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Yasushi Enomoto
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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24
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Nasiri R, Rayati M, Nili Ahmadabadi M. Feedback From Mono-Articular Muscles is Sufficient for Exoskeleton Torque Adaptation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2019; 27:2097-2106. [PMID: 31545735 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2019.2942385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, by using a biomechanical model of the human body, we prove that (1) due to the existence of bi-articular muscles and compliant-elements, blind full-torque-compensation at joint level leads to muscles' activity amplification and consequently online adaptation methods are required for exoskeleton torque optimization. Moreover, (2) we state a new hypothesis that "reducing the net torque of two antagonistic mono-articular muscles is sufficient for involved muscles' total effort reduction" and analytically discuss its validity condition. Using this hypothesis, (3) we develop an adaptation rule which optimizes the exoskeleton torque using EMG signals of only two antagonistic mono-articular muscles. Furthermore, (4) the stability, convergence, optimality, and robustness of our adaptation method are proved in the presence of electromyography's intrinsic noisy behavior. Finally, (5) we experimentally validate our EMG-based adaptation method on six healthy subjects. We show that adaptation of the elbow compliance in a 2-DOF semi-active assistive arm in a cyclic task results in significant muscles activity reduction in all our subjects.
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25
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Song H, Hori Y. Evaluation of Lower Limb Neuromuscular System Observability and Estimability of Muscle Activity. J Mot Behav 2019; 52:427-443. [PMID: 31389765 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2019.1645086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe a method for estimating the muscle activity without drawing any assumptions regarding optimality principles in human motor control strategies; further, the method does not require any neural circuitry modeling which limits the neurophysiological terms and estimability of the method. We introduce the concept of system observability, which can reconstruct states from outputs and their derivatives based on system dynamics. Based on neuromuscular system observability, we estimate the muscle activity from joint torques and kinematics of multiple locomotive gaits, while considering the unknown neural inputs as system disturbances. Moreover, to quantify the robustness of the method, the degree of observability and parameter sensitivity are evaluated. Finally, the neurophysiological implications and generality of the method are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungeun Song
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoichi Hori
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Morizono T, Tahara K, Kino H. Choice of Muscular Forces for Motion Control of a Robot Arm with Biarticular Muscles. JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.20965/jrm.2019.p0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of biarticular muscles to the control of robotic arms and legs has recently attracted great interest in the field of robotics. The advantages of using biarticular muscles under kinetic interaction with the external environment have been well studied; however, the contribution of the muscles to the motion control of articulated robot arms under no kinetic interaction appears to remain an unclear issue, especially for robot arms of which the muscles are directly anchored to their links, which induces a change in the moment arms to allow the muscles to generate joint torques and permit point-to-point motion control to their desired postures in a feedforward manner with constant muscular forces. This paper presents a case study in which the role of biarticular muscles in the motion control of an articulated robot arm was investigated, focusing on the feature of its redundancy actuation, which allows an arbitrary choice from infinite combinations of muscular forces, realizing motion control to a desired posture. The numerical analysis in this paper addresses three typical combination choices. Mappings from muscular forces to desired postures are calculated in the analysis of the three choices. The simulation results of motion control executed according to the three mappings are also analyzed. The analysis indicates the interesting results that biarticular muscles do not contribute to the desired postures and that a very weak dependence property of monoarticular muscles on the desired postures exists for a particular choice. The simulation results also demonstrate that the implementation of one choice results in a degraded motion control performance as compared with that of the two other choices.
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27
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Kuki S, Konishi Y, Okudaira M, Yoshida T, Exell T, Tanigawa S. Asymmetry of force generation and neuromuscular activity during multi-joint isometric exercise. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.8.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seita Kuki
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yu Konishi
- Department of Physical Education, National Defense Academy
| | | | - Takuya Yoshida
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba
| | - Tim Exell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth
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Tam N, Tucker R, Santos-Concejero J, Prins D, Lamberts RP. Running Economy: Neuromuscular and Joint-Stiffness Contributions in Trained Runners. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:16-22. [PMID: 29809077 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT It is debated whether running biomechanics make good predictors of running economy, with little known about the neuromuscular and joint-stiffness contributions to economical running gait. PURPOSE To understand the relationship between certain neuromuscular and spatiotemporal biomechanical factors associated with running economy. METHODS Thirty trained runners performed a 6-min constant-speed running set at 3.3 m·s-1, where oxygen consumption was assessed. Overground running trials were also performed at 3.3 m·s-1 to assess kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity. Spatiotemporal gait variables, joint stiffness, preactivation, and stance-phase muscle activity (gluteus medius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius lateralis and medius) were variables of specific interest and thus determined. In addition, preactivation and ground contact of agonist-antagonist coactivation were calculated. RESULTS More economical runners presented with short ground-contact times (r = .639, P < .001) and greater stride frequencies (r = -.630, P < .001). Lower ankle and greater knee stiffness were associated with lower oxygen consumption (r = .527, P = .007 and r = .384, P = .043, respectively). Only lateral gastrocnemius-tibialis anterior coactivation during stance was associated with lower oxygen cost of transport (r = .672, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Greater muscle preactivation and biarticular muscle activity during stance were associated with more economical runners. Consequently, trained runners who exhibit greater neuromuscular activation prior to and during ground contact, in turn optimizing spatiotemporal variables and joint stiffness, will be the most economical runners.
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Rudsits BL, Hopkins WG, Hautier CA, Rouffet DM. Force-velocity test on a stationary cycle ergometer: methodological recommendations. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:831-839. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00719.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Force-velocity tests performed on stationary cycle ergometers are widely used to assess the torque- and power-generating capacities of the lower limbs. The aim of this study was to identify how testing and modeling procedures influence the assessment of individual torque-cadence and power-cadence relationships. Seventeen males completed 62 ± 16 pedal cycles from six 6-s all-out efforts interspersed with 5 min of rest. True measures of maximal power for a particular cadence were obtained for 24 ± 3 pedal cycles, while power was only 94 ± 3% of the true maximum in 19 ± 5 pedal cycles. Pedal cycles showing maximal levels of power also displayed higher levels of electromyography (EMG: 89 ± 7 vs . 87 ± 7%) and coactivation (34 ± 11 vs . 31 ± 10 arbitrary units), as well as lower variability in crank torque and EMG profiles. Compared with the linear and second-order polynomial models that are traditionally used, a better goodness of fit was obtained when the torque-cadence and power-cadence relationships were predicted using second- and third-order polynomials, respectively. The later modeling procedures also revealed an asymmetry in the power-cadence relationship in most participants (i.e., 15 out of 17) and provided a better estimation of maximal cadence [Cmax: 214 ± 20 revolutions/min (rpm)] from the x-intercept of power-cadence relationships (C0: 214 ± 14 rpm). Therefore, we recommend predicting the individual shapes of torque- and power-cadence relationships using second- and third-order polynomial regressions after having selected pedal cycles during which true measures of cadence-specific maximal power were recorded. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to demonstrate that suboptimal activation of the lower limb muscles accompanied reductions in cadence-specific levels of torque and power produced during a force-velocity test performed on a stationary cycle ergometer. This research is also the first to show that, in most noncyclist participants, torque-cadence relationships are not linear, whereas power-cadence relationships display asymmetric shapes, with power production decreasing rapidly when cadence increases beyond 180 revolutions/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briar L. Rudsits
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Will G. Hopkins
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christophe A. Hautier
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, France
| | - David M. Rouffet
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Roozing W. Modeling and Control of Adjustable Articulated Parallel Compliant Actuation Arrangements in Articulated Robots. Front Robot AI 2018; 5:4. [PMID: 33500891 PMCID: PMC7805614 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable advances in robotic actuation technology have been made in recent years. Particularly the use of compliance has increased, both as series elastic elements as well as in parallel to the main actuation drives. This work focuses on the model formulation and control of compliant actuation structures including multiple branches and multiarticulation, and significantly contributes by proposing an elegant modular formulation that describes the energy exchange between the compliant elements and articulated multibody robot dynamics using the concept of power flows, and a single matrix that describes the entire actuation topology. Using this formulation, a novel gradient descent based control law is derived for torque control of compliant actuation structures with adjustable pretension, with proven convexity for arbitrary actuation topologies. Extensions toward handling unidirectionality of elastic elements and joint motion compensation are also presented. A simulation study is performed on a 3-DoF leg model, where series-elastic main drives are augmented by parallel elastic tendons with adjustable pretension. Two actuation topologies are considered, one of which includes a biarticulated tendon. The data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling and control methods. Furthermore, it is shown the biarticulated topology provides significant benefits over the monoarticulated arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Roozing
- Department of Advanced Robotics, (Fondazione) Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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The effect of exercise intensity on joint power and dynamics in ergometer double-poling performed by cross-country skiers. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 57:83-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Guignard B, Lauer J, Samozino P, Mourão L, Vilas-Boas JP, Rouard AH. Explosive lower limb extension mechanics: An on-land vs. in-water exploratory comparison. J Biomech 2017; 65:106-114. [PMID: 29089109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
During a horizontal underwater push-off, performance is strongly limited by the presence of water, inducing resistances due to its dense and viscous nature. At the same time, aquatic environments offer a support to the swimmer with the hydrostatic buoyancy counteracting the effects of gravity. Squat jump is a vertical terrestrial push-off with a maximal lower limb extension limited by the gravity force, which attracts the body to the ground. Following this observation, we characterized the effects of environment (water vs. air) on the mechanical characteristics of the leg push-off. Underwater horizontal wall push-off and vertical on-land squat jumps of two local swimmers were evaluated with force plates, synchronized with a lateral camera. To better understand the resistances of the aquatic movement, a quasi-steady Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed. The force-, velocity- and power-time curves presented similarities in both environments corresponding to a proximo-distal joints organization. In water, swimmers developed a three-step explosive rise of force, which the first one mainly related to the initiation of body movement. Drag increase, which was observed from the beginning to the end of the push-off, related to the continuous increase of body velocity with high values of drag coefficient (CD) and frontal areas before take-off. Specifically, with velocity, frontal area was the main drag component to explain inter-individual differences, suggesting that the streamlined position of the lower limbs is decisive to perform an efficient push-off. This study motivates future CFD simulations under more ecological, unsteady conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Guignard
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science, Savoie Mont Blanc University, University Department SceM - Technolac, 73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jessy Lauer
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science, Savoie Mont Blanc University, University Department SceM - Technolac, 73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science, Savoie Mont Blanc University, University Department SceM - Technolac, 73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Luis Mourão
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal; Industrial and Management Studies Superior School, Porto Polytechnic Institute, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Annie Hélène Rouard
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science, Savoie Mont Blanc University, University Department SceM - Technolac, 73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
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Junius K, Moltedo M, Cherelle P, Rodriguez-Guerrero C, Vanderborght B, Lefeber D. Biarticular elements as a contributor to energy efficiency: biomechanical review and application in bio-inspired robotics. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2017; 12:061001. [PMID: 28718780 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aa806e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increased interest in exoskeleton research in the last decades, not much progress has been made on the successful reduction of user effort. In humans, biarticular elements have been identified as one of the reasons for the energy economy of locomotion. This document gives an extensive literature overview concerning the function of biarticular muscles in human beings. The exact role of these muscles in the efficiency of human locomotion is reduced to three elementary functions: energy transfer towards distal joints, efficient control of output force direction and double joint actuation. This information is used to give an insight in the application of biarticular elements in bio-inspired robotics, i.e. bipedal robots, exoskeletons, robotic manipulators and prostheses. Additionally, an attempt is made to find an answer on the question whether the biarticular property leads to a unique contribution to energy efficiency of locomotion, unachievable by mono-articular alternatives. This knowledge is then further utilised to indicate how biarticular actuation of exoskeletons can contribute to an increased performance in reducing user effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Junius
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Mosier EM, Fry AC, Lane MT. Kinetic Contributions of The Upper Limbs During Counter-Movement Verical Jumps With and Without Arm Swing. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 33:2066-2073. [PMID: 29084090 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mosier, EM, Fry, AC, and Lane, MT. Kinetic contributions of the upper limbs during countermovement. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2066-2073, 2019-This study examined the kinetic contributions of the upper extremities during countermovement vertical jumps (CMVJs) while using arm swing (AS) or no arm swing (NAS) conditions. Fourteen healthy men ((Equation is included in full-text article.)± SD; age = 24.1 ± 3.9 years) volunteered for this investigation. Subjects performed in random order a total of 6 jumps consisting of 3 AS and 3 NAS CMVJs. A motion capture system was used to analyze the kinetic data. Paired samples t-tests were used to examine the subjects' mean differences in the AS and NAS CMVJ trials (p<0.05). Results for all subjects were determined for each jump subjects were determined for each jump performed, with statistical analyses performed on mean values for all 3 jumps per subject. The AS significantly increased the vertical jump height (VJH) by an average of 0.07 ± 0.03 m (3.0 ± 1.3 inches). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans determined that the upper limbs were 12.0% of the total body mass. Movement of the upper limbs during the AS CMVJ produced 32.2 ± 7.0% of the total mean ground reaction force (GRF), and 11.3 ± 2.2% during the NAS CMVJ. The enhancement of performance when jumping using an AS resulted in a 13.6% increase in VJH. The contribution of the upper limbs during the AS CMVJ averaged 31.5% of the peak GRF, which occurred immediately before takeoff. The upper extremities can greatly influence vertical jump performances and the accompanying kinetics. When analyzing jump GRFs, one must be aware of how much the upper limbs contribute to these forces. In addition, proper AS mechanics must be emphasized when instructing correct jump technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Mosier
- Osness Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Osness Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Michael T Lane
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky
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The proximal-to-distal sequence in upper-limb motions on multiple levels and time scales. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 55:156-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mailleux L, Jaspers E, Ortibus E, Simon-Martinez C, Desloovere K, Molenaers G, Klingels K, Feys H. Clinical assessment and three-dimensional movement analysis: An integrated approach for upper limb evaluation in children with unilateral cerebral palsy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180196. [PMID: 28671953 PMCID: PMC5495347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical application of upper limb (UL) three-dimensional movement analysis (3DMA) in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (uCP) remains challenging, despite its benefits compared to conventional clinical scales. Moreover, knowledge on UL movement pathology and how this relates to clinical parameters remains scarce. Therefore, we investigated UL kinematics across different manual ability classification system (MACS) levels and explored the relation between clinical and kinematic parameters in children with uCP. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty children (MACS: I = 15, II = 26, III = 9) underwent an UL evaluation of sensorimotor impairments (grip force, muscle strength, muscle tone, two-point discrimination, stereognosis), bimanual performance (Assisting Hand Assessment, AHA), unimanual capacity (Melbourne Assessment 2, MA2) and UL-3DMA during hand-to-head, hand-to-mouth and reach-to-grasp tasks. Global parameters (Arm Profile Score (APS), duration, (timing of) maximum velocity, trajectory straightness) and joint specific parameters (angles at task endpoint, ROM and Arm Variable Scores (AVS)) were extracted. The APS and AVS refer respectively to the total amount of movement pathology and movement deviations of wrist, elbow, shoulder, scapula and trunk. RESULTS Longer movement durations and increased APS were found with higher MACS-levels (p<0.001). Increased APS was also associated with more severe sensorimotor impairments (r = -0.30-(-0.73)) and with lower AHA and MA2-scores (r = -0.50-(-0.86)). For the joint specific parameters, stronger movement deviations distally were significantly associated with increased muscle weakness (r = -0.32-(-0.74)) and muscle tone (r = 0.33-(-0.61)); proximal movement deviations correlated only with muscle weakness (r = -0.35-0.59). Regression analysis exposed grip force as the most important predictor for the variability in APS (p<0.002). CONCLUSION We found increased movement pathology with increasing MACS-levels and demonstrated the adverse impact of especially muscle weakness. The lower correlations suggest that 3DMA provides additional information regarding UL motor function, particularly for the proximal joints. Integrating both methods seems clinically meaningful to obtain a comprehensive representation of all aspects of a child's UL functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mailleux
- KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Ellen Jaspers
- KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Els Ortibus
- KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Kaat Desloovere
- KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Molenaers
- KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Orthopaedic Medicine, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Klingels
- KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
- UHasselt–Hasselt University, BIOMED, Rehabilitation Research Center (REVAL), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Hilde Feys
- KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
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Towards a Grand Unified Theory of sports performance: A response to the commentaries. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 56:184-189. [PMID: 28511799 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Understanding of the musculoskeletal system has evolved from the collection of individual phenomena in highly selected experimental preparations under highly controlled and often unphysiological conditions. At the systems level, it is now possible to construct complete and reasonably accurate models of the kinetics and energetics of realistic muscles and to combine them to understand the dynamics of complete musculoskeletal systems performing natural behaviors. At the reductionist level, it is possible to relate most of the individual phenomena to the anatomical structures and biochemical processes that account for them. Two large challenges remain. At a systems level, neuroscience must now account for how the nervous system learns to exploit the many complex features that evolution has incorporated into muscle and limb mechanics. At a reductionist level, medicine must now account for the many forms of pathology and disability that arise from the many diseases and injuries to which this highly evolved system is inevitably prone. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:429-462, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerald E Loeb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Porro LB, Collings AJ, Eberhard EA, Chadwick KP, Richards CT. Inverse dynamic modelling of jumping in the red-legged running frog, Kassina maculata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1882-1893. [PMID: 28275003 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.155416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the red-legged running frog, Kassina maculata, is secondarily a walker/runner, it retains the capacity for multiple locomotor modes, including jumping at a wide range of angles (nearly 70 deg). Using simultaneous hind limb kinematics and single-foot ground reaction forces, we performed inverse dynamics analyses to calculate moment arms and torques about the hind limb joints during jumping at different angles in K. maculata. We show that forward thrust is generated primarily at the hip and ankle, while body elevation is primarily driven by the ankle. Steeper jumps are achieved by increased thrust at the hip and ankle and greater downward rotation of the distal limb segments. Because of its proximity to the GRF vector, knee posture appears to be important in controlling torque directions about this joint and, potentially, torque magnitudes at more distal joints. Other factors correlated with higher jump angles include increased body angle in the preparatory phase, faster joint openings and increased joint excursion, higher ventrally directed force, and greater acceleration and velocity. Finally, we demonstrate that jumping performance in K. maculata does not appear to be compromised by presumed adaptation to walking/running. Our results provide new insights into how frogs engage in a wide range of locomotor behaviours and the multi-functionality of anuran limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Porro
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Amber J Collings
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Enrico A Eberhard
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Kyle P Chadwick
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Christopher T Richards
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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A study on effect of biarticular muscles in an antagonistically actuated robot arm through numerical simulations. ARTIFICIAL LIFE AND ROBOTICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10015-016-0322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Phan LT, Lee YH, Kim DY, Lee H, Choi HR. Stable running with a two-segment compliant leg. INTEL SERV ROBOT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11370-017-0218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Soares DP, de Castro MP, Mendes EA, Machado L. Principal component analysis in ground reaction forces and center of pressure gait waveforms of people with transfemoral amputation. Prosthet Orthot Int 2016; 40:729-738. [PMID: 26598512 DOI: 10.1177/0309364615612634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alterations in gait pattern of people with transfemoral amputation leave them more susceptible to musculoskeletal injury. Principal component analysis is a method that reduces the amount of gait data and allows analyzing the entire waveform. OBJECTIVES To use the principal component analysis to compare the ground reaction force and center of pressure displacement waveforms obtained during gait between able-bodied subjects and both limbs of individuals with transfemoral amputation. STUDY DESIGN This is a transversal study with a convenience sample. METHODS We used a force plate and pressure plate to record the anterior-posterior, medial-lateral and vertical ground reaction force, and anterior-posterior and medial-lateral center of pressure positions of 12 participants with transfemoral amputation and 20 able-bodied subjects during gait. The principal component analysis was performed to compare the gait waveforms between the participants with transfemoral amputation and the able-bodied individuals. RESULTS The principal component analysis model explained between 74% and 93% of the data variance. In all ground reaction force and center of pressure waveforms relevant portions were identified; and always at least one principal component presented scores statistically different (p < 0.05) between the groups of participants in these relevant portions. CONCLUSION Principal component analysis was able to discriminate many portions of the stance phase between both lower limbs of people with transfemoral amputation compared to the able-bodied participants. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Principal component analysis reduced the amount of data, allowed analyzing the whole waveform, and identified specific sub-phases of gait that were different between the groups. Therefore, this approach seems to be a powerful tool to be used in gait evaluation and following the rehabilitation status of people with transfemoral amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Paschoal Soares
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory and Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Leandro Machado
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory and Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Van Hooren B, Bosch F. Influence of Muscle Slack on High-Intensity Sport Performance: A Review. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Koopman B, van Asseldonk EHF, van der Kooij H. Estimation of Human Hip and Knee Multi-Joint Dynamics Using the LOPES Gait Trainer. IEEE T ROBOT 2016. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2016.2572695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fargier P, Massarelli R, Rabahi T, Gemignani A, Fargier E. Fast Regulation of Vertical Squat Jump during Push-Off in Skilled Jumpers. Front Physiol 2016; 7:289. [PMID: 27486404 PMCID: PMC4950838 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The height of a maximum Vertical Squat Jump (VSJ) reflects the useful power produced by a jumper during the push-off phase. In turn this partly depends on the coordination of the jumper's segmental rotations at each instant. The physical system constituted by the jumper has been shown to be very sensitive to perturbations and furthermore the movement is realized in a very short time (ca. 300 ms), compared to the timing of known feedback loops. However, the dynamics of the segmental coordination and its efficiency in relation to energetics at each instant of the push-off phase still remained to be clarified. Their study was the main purpose of the present research. Eight young adult volunteers (males) performed maximal VSJ. They were skilled in jumping according to their sport activities (track and field or volleyball). A video analysis on the kinematics of the jump determined the influence of the jumpers' segments rotation on the vertical velocity and acceleration of the body mass center (MC). The efficiency in the production of useful power at the jumpers' MC level, by the rotation of the segments, was measured in consequence. The results showed a great variability in the segmental movements of the eight jumpers, but homogeneity in the overall evolution of these movements with three consecutive types of coordination in the second part of the push-off (lasting roughly 0.16 s). Further analyses gave insights on the regulation of the push-off, suggesting that very fast regulation(s) of the VSJ may be supported by: (a) the adaptation of the motor cerebral programming to the jumper's physical characteristics; (b) the control of the initial posture; and (c) the jumper's perception of the position of his MC relative to the ground reaction force, during push-off, to reduce energetic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fargier
- Inter-University Laboratory on Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Sport (FED 4272), University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Raphael Massarelli
- Inter-University Laboratory on Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Sport (FED 4272), University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tahar Rabahi
- Inter-University Laboratory on Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Sport (FED 4272), University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire de Conception, Optimisation et Modélisation des Systèmes équipe émotion-action (EA 7306), Université de LorraineIle du Saulcy, Metz, France
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare et dell'Area Critica, Università degli Studi Pisa, Italy
| | - Emile Fargier
- Inter-University Laboratory on Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Sport (FED 4272), University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France
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Sharbafi MA, Rode C, Kurowski S, Scholz D, Möckel R, Radkhah K, Zhao G, Rashty AM, Stryk OV, Seyfarth A. A new biarticular actuator design facilitates control of leg function in BioBiped3. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 11:046003. [PMID: 27367459 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/4/046003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired legged locomotion comprises different aspects, such as (i) benefiting from reduced complexity control approaches as observed in humans/animals, (ii) combining embodiment with the controllers and (iii) reflecting neural control mechanisms. One of the most important lessons learned from nature is the significant role of compliance in simplifying control, enhancing energy efficiency and robustness against perturbations for legged locomotion. In this research, we investigate how body morphology in combination with actuator design may facilitate motor control of leg function. Inspired by the human leg muscular system, we show that biarticular muscles have a key role in balancing the upper body, joint coordination and swing leg control. Appropriate adjustment of biarticular spring rest length and stiffness can simplify the control and also reduce energy consumption. In order to test these findings, the BioBiped3 robot was developed as a new version of BioBiped series of biologically inspired, compliant musculoskeletal robots. In this robot, three-segmented legs actuated by mono- and biarticular series elastic actuators mimic the nine major human leg muscle groups. With the new biarticular actuators in BioBiped3, novel simplified control concepts for postural balance and for joint coordination in rebounding movements (drop jumps) were demonstrated and approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Ahmad Sharbafi
- Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany. School of ECE, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran
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Roozing W, Li Z, Caldwell DG, Tsagarakis NG. Design Optimisation and Control of Compliant Actuation Arrangements in Articulated Robots for Improved Energy Efficiency. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2016.2521926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pomeroy VM, Clark CA, Miller JSG, Baron JC, Markus HS, Tallis RC. The Potential for Utilizing the “Mirror Neurone System” to Enhance Recovery of the Severely Affected Upper Limb Early after Stroke: A Review and Hypothesis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2016; 19:4-13. [PMID: 15673838 DOI: 10.1177/1545968304274351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of upper limb movement control after stroke might be enhanced by repetitive goal-directed functional activities. Providing such activity is challenging in the presence of severe paresis. A possible new approach is based on the discovery of mirror neurons in the monkey cortical area F5, which are active both in observing and executing a movement. Indirect evidence for a comparable human “mirror neurone system” is provided by functional imaging. The primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex, other brain areas, and muscles appropriate for the action being observed are probably activated in healthy volunteers observing another’s movement. These findings raise the hypothesis that observation of another’s movement might train the movement execution system of stroke patients who have severe paresis to bring them to the point at which they could actively participate in rehabilitation consisting of goal-directed activities. The point of providing an observation therapy would be to facilitate the voluntary production of movement; therefore, the condition of interest would be observation with intent to imitate. However, there is as yet insufficient evidence to enable the testing of this hypothesis in stroke patients. Studies in normal subjects are needed to determine which brain sites are activated in response to observation with intent to imitate. Studies in stroke subjects are needed to determine how activation is affected after damage to different brain areas. The information from such studies should aid identification of those stroke patients who might be most likely to benefit from observation to imitate and therefore guide phase I clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie M Pomeroy
- Geriatric Medicine, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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Musculoskeletal Geometry, Muscle Architecture and Functional Specialisations of the Mouse Hindlimb. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147669. [PMID: 27115354 PMCID: PMC4846001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice are one of the most commonly used laboratory animals, with an extensive array of disease models in existence, including for many neuromuscular diseases. The hindlimb is of particular interest due to several close muscle analogues/homologues to humans and other species. A detailed anatomical study describing the adult morphology is lacking, however. This study describes in detail the musculoskeletal geometry and skeletal muscle architecture of the mouse hindlimb and pelvis, determining the extent to which the muscles are adapted for their function, as inferred from their architecture. Using I2KI enhanced microCT scanning and digital segmentation, it was possible to identify 39 distinct muscles of the hindlimb and pelvis belonging to nine functional groups. The architecture of each of these muscles was determined through microdissections, revealing strong architectural specialisations between the functional groups. The hip extensors and hip adductors showed significantly stronger adaptations towards high contraction velocities and joint control relative to the distal functional groups, which exhibited larger physiological cross sectional areas and longer tendons, adaptations for high force output and elastic energy savings. These results suggest that a proximo-distal gradient in muscle architecture exists in the mouse hindlimb. Such a gradient has been purported to function in aiding locomotor stability and efficiency. The data presented here will be especially valuable to any research with a focus on the architecture or gross anatomy of the mouse hindlimb and pelvis musculature, but also of use to anyone interested in the functional significance of muscle design in relation to quadrupedal locomotion.
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Enders H, VON Tscharner V, Nigg BM. Neuromuscular Strategies during Cycling at Different Muscular Demands. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1450-9. [PMID: 25380476 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated muscle coordination while pedaling at 150 and 300 W with a cadence of 90 rpm. Changes in the variability of the electromyographic (EMG) signals were quantified in 14 subjects. METHODS Principal component analysis was used to find correlated EMG patterns among seven leg muscles that reflect neuromuscular strategies while pedaling. Sample entropy was used to assess the regularity of the short-term fluctuations of the EMG. Signal structure relates to the autocorrelation and to the information in the phase of the signal. This study used the information encrypted in the phase to quantify neuromuscular control and compared the results to phase-randomized surrogate data. RESULTS Although the pattern remained similar, the correlation between individual muscles showed effort-dependent differences. Increased workload altered the overall neuromuscular strategy indicated by changes in the contribution of individual muscles to the movement. Additionally, the executed strategy was characterized by increased structure. Regularity of the short-term fluctuations in the EMG increased significantly with effort level. Both experimental conditions showed more structure in the phase of the EMG compared to the surrogate data. CONCLUSIONS This increased structure in the EMG signal may represent a less random and more orderly recruited firing pattern during the pedaling task at higher effort levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Enders
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CANADA
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