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Comparison of Raman and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy for Real-Time Monitoring of Yeast Fermentations: A Proof-of-Concept for Multi-Channel Photometric Sensors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9122472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Raman and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy are useful tools for the specific detection of molecules, since both methods are based on the excitation of fundamental vibration modes. In this study, Raman and MIR spectroscopy were applied simultaneously during aerobic yeast fermentations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Based on the recorded Raman intensities and MIR absorption spectra, respectively, temporal concentration courses of glucose, ethanol, and biomass were determined. The chemometric methods used to evaluate the analyte concentrations were partial least squares (PLS) regression and multiple linear regression (MLR). In view of potential photometric sensors, MLR models based on two (2D) and four (4D) analyte-specific optical channels were developed. All chemometric models were tested to predict glucose concentrations between 0 and 30 g L−1, ethanol concentrations between 0 and 10 g L−1, and biomass concentrations up to 15 g L−1 in real time during diauxic growth. Root-mean-squared errors of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.68 g L−1, 0.48 g L−1, and 0.37 g L−1 for glucose, ethanol, and biomass were achieved using the MIR setup combined with a PLS model. In the case of Raman spectroscopy, the corresponding RMSEP values were 0.92 g L−1, 0.39 g L−1, and 0.29 g L−1. Nevertheless, the simple 4D MLR models could reach the performance of the more complex PLS evaluation. Consequently, the replacement of spectrometer setups by four-channel sensors were discussed. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of Raman and MIR setups are demonstrated with regard to process implementation.
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On-line monitoring of relevant fluorophores of yeast cultivations due to glucose addition during the diauxic growth. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Schalk R, Geoerg D, Staubach J, Raedle M, Methner FJ, Beuermann T. Evaluation of a newly developed mid-infrared sensor for real-time monitoring of yeast fermentations. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:651-657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Assawajaruwan S, Reinalter J, Hitzmann B. Comparison of methods for wavelength combination selection from multi-wavelength fluorescence spectra for on-line monitoring of yeast cultivations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:707-717. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Stress tolerance and growth physiology of yeast strains from the Brazilian fuel ethanol industry. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 104:1083-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-0030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dorresteijn RC, Wieten G, van Santen PT, Philippi MC, de Gooijer CD, Tramper J, Beuvery EC. Current good manufacturing practice in plant automation of biological production processes. Cytotechnology 2012; 23:19-28. [PMID: 22358517 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007923820231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of biologicals is subject to strict governmental regulations. These are drawn up in current good manufacturing practices (cGMP), a.o. by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. To implement cGMP in a production facility, plant automation becomes an essential tool. For this purpose Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) have been developed that control all operations inside a production facility. The introduction of these recipe-driven control systems that follow ISA S88 standards for batch processes has made it possible to implement cGMP regulations in the control strategy of biological production processes. Next to this, an MES offers additional features such as stock management, planning and routing tools, process-dependent control, implementation of software sensors and predictive models, application of historical data and on-line statistical techniques for trend analysis and detection of instrumentation failures. This paper focuses on the development of new production strategies in which cGMP guidelines are an essential part.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Dorresteijn
- Laboratory for Product and Process Development, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Substrate specificity of thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent 2-oxo-acid decarboxylases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:7538-48. [PMID: 22904058 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01675-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusel alcohols are precursors and contributors to flavor and aroma compounds in fermented beverages, and some are under investigation as biofuels. The decarboxylation of 2-oxo acids is a key step in the Ehrlich pathway for fusel alcohol production. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, five genes share sequence similarity with genes encoding thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent 2-oxo-acid decarboxylases (2ODCs). PDC1, PDC5, and PDC6 encode differentially regulated pyruvate decarboxylase isoenzymes; ARO10 encodes a 2-oxo-acid decarboxylase with broad substrate specificity, and THI3 has not yet been shown to encode an active decarboxylase. Despite the importance of fusel alcohol production in S. cerevisiae, the substrate specificities of these five 2ODCs have not been systematically compared. When the five 2ODCs were individually overexpressed in a pdc1Δ pdc5Δ pdc6Δ aro10Δ thi3Δ strain, only Pdc1, Pdc5, and Pdc6 catalyzed the decarboxylation of the linear-chain 2-oxo acids pyruvate, 2-oxo-butanoate, and 2-oxo-pentanoate in cell extracts. The presence of a Pdc isoenzyme was also required for the production of n-propanol and n-butanol in cultures grown on threonine and norvaline, respectively, as nitrogen sources. These results demonstrate the importance of pyruvate decarboxylases in the natural production of n-propanol and n-butanol by S. cerevisiae. No decarboxylation activity was found for Thi3 with any of the substrates tested. Only Aro10 and Pdc5 catalyzed the decarboxylation of the aromatic substrate phenylpyruvate, with Aro10 showing superior kinetic properties. Aro10, Pdc1, Pdc5, and Pdc6 exhibited activity with all branched-chain and sulfur-containing 2-oxo acids tested but with markedly different decarboxylation kinetics. The high affinity of Aro10 identified it as a key contributor to the production of branched-chain and sulfur-containing fusel alcohols.
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On-line carbon balance of yeast fermentations using miniaturized optical sensors. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 113:399-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Gilbert A, Sangurdekar DP, Srienc F. Rapid strain improvement through optimized evolution in the cytostat. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:500-12. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vaidyanathan S, Macaloney G, Vaughan J, McNeil B, Harvey LM. Monitoring of Submerged Bioprocesses. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/0738-859991229161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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New concepts for quantitative bioprocess research and development. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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von Schalien R, Fagervik K, Saxén B, Ringbom K, Rydström M. Adaptive on-line model for aerobicSaccharomyces cerevisiaefermentation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 48:631-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260480611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Pronk
- Kluyver Laboratory of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands.
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Raamsdonk LM, Diderich JA, Kuiper A, van Gaalen M, Kruckeberg AL, Berden JA, Van Dam K, Kruckberg AL. Co-consumption of sugars or ethanol and glucose in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain deleted in the HXK2 gene. Yeast 2001; 18:1023-33. [PMID: 11481673 DOI: 10.1002/yea.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies it was shown that deletion of the HXK2 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yields a strain that hardly produces ethanol and grows almost exclusively oxidatively in the presence of abundant glucose. This paper reports on physiological studies on the hxk2 deletion strain on mixtures of glucose/sucrose, glucose/galactose, glucose/maltose and glucose/ethanol in aerobic batch cultures. The hxk2 deletion strain co-consumed galactose and sucrose, together with glucose. In addition, co-consumption of glucose and ethanol was observed during the early exponential growth phase. In S.cerevisiae, co-consumption of ethanol and glucose (in the presence of abundant glucose) has never been reported before. The specific respiration rate of the hxk2 deletion strain growing on the glucose/ethanol mixture was 900 micromol.min(-1).(g protein)(-1), which is four to five times higher than that of the hxk2 deletion strain growing oxidatively on glucose, three times higher than its parent growing on ethanol (when respiration is fully derepressed) and is almost 10 times higher than its parent growing on glucose (when respiration is repressed). This indicates that the hxk2 deletion strain has a strongly enhanced oxidative capacity when grown on a mixture of glucose and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Raamsdonk
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Science (SILS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 12, 1018 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Diderich JA, Raamsdonk LM, Kruckeberg AL, Berden JA, Van Dam K. Physiological properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from which hexokinase II has been deleted. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1587-93. [PMID: 11282609 PMCID: PMC92773 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.4.1587-1593.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexokinase II is an enzyme central to glucose metabolism and glucose repression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion of HXK2, the gene which encodes hexokinase II, dramatically changed the physiology of S. cerevisiae. The hxk2-null mutant strain displayed fully oxidative growth at high glucose concentrations in early exponential batch cultures, resulting in an initial absence of fermentative products such as ethanol, a postponed and shortened diauxic shift, and higher biomass yields. Several intracellular changes were associated with the deletion of hexokinase II. The hxk2 mutant had a higher mitochondrial H(+)-ATPase activity and a lower pyruvate decarboxylase activity, which coincided with an intracellular accumulation of pyruvate in the hxk2 mutant. The concentrations of adenine nucleotides, glucose-6-phosphate, and fructose-6-phosphate are comparable in the wild type and the hxk2 mutant. In contrast, the concentration of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, an allosteric activator of pyruvate kinase, is clearly lower in the hxk2 mutant than in the wild type. The results suggest a redirection of carbon flux in the hxk2 mutant to the production of biomass as a consequence of reduced glucose repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Diderich
- Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, 1018 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Schügerl K. Development of bioreaction engineering. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2001; 70:41-76. [PMID: 11092128 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-44965-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to summarizing the early investigations in bioreaction engineering, the present short review covers the development of the field in the last 50 years. A brief overview of the progress of the fundamentals is presented in the first part of this article and the key issues of bioreaction engineering are advanced in its second part.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schügerl
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, University of Hannover, Germany.
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Sonnleitner B. Instrumentation of biotechnological processes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999; 66:1-64. [PMID: 10592525 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-48773-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Modern bioprocesses are monitored by on-line sensing devices mounted either in situ or externally. In addition to sensor probes, more and more analytical subsystems are being exploited to monitor the state of a bioprocess on-line and in real time. Some of these subsystems deliver signals that are useful for documentation only, other, less delayed systems generate signals useful for closed loop process control. Various conventional and non-conventional monitoring instruments are evaluated; their usefulness, benefits and associated pitfalls are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sonnleitner
- University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to obtain high-titer and large quantities of retroviral vector production in a 'closed' system would have profound implications in clinical and experimental gene therapy. METHODS We studied the cell growth and vector production of three retroviral packaging cell lines in a variety of conditions using hollow-fiber bioreactors designed as an 'artificial capillary system' (ACS) and enhanced with the application of a hermetically sealing device for sterile welding of connecting plastic tubings. Vector titer, fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration, volume and the duration of productivity were assessed to optimize vector production. RESULTS In this pilot study, we observed that retroviral vector production (frozen-and-thawed) from cultures containing as low as 2.5% FBS yielded titers up to 2.2 x 10(7) cfu/ml, 14.4-fold higher than titers obtained from control dish cultures. Up to 3 liters of vector supernatant were generated during a 2-month large-scale production run. There was a potential to double this volume of higher-titer supernatant by increasing the frequency of harvest. It seemed that a lower metabolic rate (i.e. lactate production) in the packaging cell culture was associated with higher vector producing ability. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated the feasibility of producing retroviral vector with enhanced titers and clinically useful quantities in a 'closed' ACS. Thus a new approach for large-scale retroviral vector production is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pan
- Gene Therapy Program, Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Williams P, Keshavarz-Moore E, Dunnill P. Production of cadmium sulphide microcrystallites in batch cultivation by Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Biotechnol 1996; 48:259-67. [PMID: 8862002 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(96)01520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium sulphate was added to separate batch cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe during different growth phases to determine the effect on cadmium sulphide microcrystallite production. Exit gas analysis was used to determine the impact on metabolism. Addition during the early-exponential growth phase resulted in an immediate intracellular uptake of cadmium, followed by rapid efflux from the cells, permanent reduction in cell metabolism and a lower intracellular inorganic sulphide content. This response was not suitable for cadmium sulphide microcrystallite production. Stationary phase cultures did not induce cadmium sulphide microcrystallite production. However, the addition of cadmium sulphate to a culture during the mid-exponential growth phase increased the intracellular cadmium and inorganic sulphide concentrations for approximately 8 h before reaching a saturation level for the cell. This resulted in a significant level of cadmium sulphide microcrystallite production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Williams
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University College, London, UK.
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Davey HM, Davey CL, Woodward AM, Edmonds AN, Lee AW, Kell DB. Oscillatory, stochastic and chaotic growth rate fluctuations in permittistatically controlled yeast cultures. Biosystems 1996; 39:43-61. [PMID: 8735387 DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(95)01577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a continuous culture system related to the turbidostat, but using a feedback system based on biomass estimation from the dielectric permittivity of the cell suspension rather than its optical density. It is shown that this system provides an excellent method of maintaining a constant biomass level within a fermentor. The computer-controlled system was able to effect the essentially continuous registration of growth rate by monitoring the rate of medium addition via the time-dependent activity of the pump. At some biomass setpoints for aerobically grown cultures of baker's yeast substantial time-dependent fluctuations in the growth rate of the culture were thereby observed. At some biomass setpoints, however, or under anaerobic conditions, or when using a non-Crabtree yeast, the growth rate was constant, indicating that the fluctuations were inherent to the biological system and not simply a property of the fermentor and control system. A variety of time series analyses (Fourier transformations, Hurst and Lyapunov exponents, the determination of embedding dimension, and non-linear time series predictions based on the methodology of Sugihara and May) were used to demonstrate, for the first time, that as well as stochastic and periodic components these fluctuations exhibited deterministic chaos. 'Trivial predictors' were unable to give accurate predictions of the growth rate in these cultures. The growth rate fluctuations were studied further by means of offline measurements of changes in percentage viability, bud count, and in the external ethanol and glucose concentrations; these data and other evidence suggested that the growth rate fluctuations were closely linked to the primary respiro-fermentative metabolism of this organism. The identification of chaotic growth rates in cell cultures suggests that there may be novel methods for controlling the growth of such cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Davey
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK
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Detection of Distorted Pattern using Dynamic Time Warping Algorithm and Application for Supervision of Bioprocesses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-6670(17)45408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Siimes T, Linko P, von Numers C, Nakajima M, Endo I. Real-time fuzzy-knowledge-based control of Baker's yeast production. Biotechnol Bioeng 1995; 45:135-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260450207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhang XC, Visala A, Halme A, Linko P. Functional state modeling and fuzzy control of fed-batch aerobic baker's yeast process. J Biotechnol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(94)90196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
During the past year, several papers describing the potential of new sensor devices for application in real bioprocesses have been published. Biosensors, optical sensors, and immunosensors are all gaining in importance. At present, the development of correct/adequate interfacing of biosensors to bioprocesses is the major limitation on progress. On the basis of new analytical data, a more precise modeling and control of fermentations can now be performed. Recent research efforts attest to the increasing importance of this area in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Scheper
- Institut für Biochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
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Locher G, Hahnemann U, Sonnleitner B, Fiechter A. Automatic bioprocess control. 5. Biologically and technically caused effects during cultivation. J Biotechnol 1993; 29:75-89. [PMID: 7763709 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(93)90041-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Experimental programs are the basis for the development of new processes as well as for basic biological research. Hence, an unbiased approach is essential, otherwise the interpretation of results will be misleading. The complex chemical composition of cultivation media in combination with the impedded measuring under monoseptic conditions are ideal circumstances for misinterpretations and unsuited experimental approaches. In this article, practical examples for such pitfalls are given. They are undervalued in mass transfer and mixing effects, error propagation during RQ determination and possible influence of the medium preparation on the time evolution of the growth process. Further, the difficulty of sound interpretation is demonstrated by a batch cultivation carried out under sinusoidal changes of the stirrer speed. Summary conclusions close this series about equipment, methodology and benefits of bioprocess automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Locher
- Institute of Biotechnology, ETH Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
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