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RNA stability regulates human T cell leukemia virus type 1 gene expression in chronically-infected CD4 T cells. Virology 2017; 508:7-17. [PMID: 28478312 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of expression of HTLV-1 gene products from integrated proviruses plays an important role in HTLV-1-associated disease pathogenesis. Previous studies have shown that T cell receptor (TCR)- and phorbol ester (PMA) stimulation of chronically infected CD4 T cells increases the expression of integrated HTLV-1 proviruses in latently infected cells, however the mechanism remains unknown. Analysis of HTLV-1 RNA and protein species following PMA treatment of the latently HTLV-1-infected, FS and SP T cell lines demonstrated rapid induction of tax/rex mRNA. This rapid increase in tax/rex mRNA was associated with markedly enhanced tax/rex mRNA stability while the stability of unspliced or singly spliced HTLV-1 RNAs did not increase. Tax/rex mRNA in the HTLV-1 constitutively expressing cell lines exhibited high basal stability even without PMA treatment. Our data support a model whereby T cell activation leads to increased HTLV-1 gene expression at least in part through increased tax/rex mRNA stability.
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Cell surface markers in HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Viruses 2011; 3:1439-59. [PMID: 21994790 PMCID: PMC3185802 DOI: 10.3390/v3081439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of HTLV-1-transformed CD4+ T lymphocytes largely depends on defined viral effector molecules such as the viral oncoprotein Tax. In this review, we exemplify the expression pattern of characteristic lineage markers, costimulatory receptors and ligands of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, cytokine receptors, and adhesion molecules on HTLV-1-transformed cells. These molecules may provide survival signals for the transformed cells. Expression of characteristic surface markers might therefore contribute to persistence of HTLV-1-transformed lymphocytes and to the development of HTLV-1-associated disease.
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Gulzar N, Shroff A, Buberoglu B, Klonowska D, Kim JE, Copeland KFT. Properties of HTLV-I transformed CD8+ T-cells in response to HIV-1 infection. Virology 2010; 406:302-11. [PMID: 20708209 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection studies of primary CD8(+) T-cells are hampered by difficulty in obtaining a significant number of targets for infection and low levels of productive infection. Further, there exists a paucity of CD8-expressing T-cell lines to address questions pertaining to the study of CD8(+) T-cells in the context of HIV-1 infection. In this study, a set of CD8(+) T-cell clones were originated through HTLV-I transformation in vitro, and the properties of these cells were examined. The clones were susceptible to T-cell tropic strains of the virus and exhibited HIV-1 production 20-fold greater than primary CD4(+) T-cells. Productive infection resulted in a decrease in expression of CD8 and CXCR4 molecules on the surface of the CD8(+) T-cell clones and antibodies to these molecules abrogated viral binding and replication. These transformed cells provide an important tool in the study of CD8(+) T-cells and may provide important insights into the mechanism(s) behind HIV-1 induced CD8(+) T-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gulzar
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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4
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Thomas A, Perzova R, Abbott L, Benz P, Poiesz MJ, Dube S, Loughran T, Ferrer J, Sheremata W, Glaser J, Leon-Ponte M, Poiesz BJ. LGL leukemia and HTLV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:33-40. [PMID: 20047475 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Samples were obtained from 53 large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGLL) patients and 10,000 volunteer blood donors (VBD). Sera were screened in an HTLV-1 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and further analyzed in peptide-specific Western blots (WB). DNAs were analyzed by HTLV-1, -2, -3, and -4-specific PCR. Forty four percent of LGLL patients vs. 0.12 % of VBD had anti-HTLV antibodies via EIA (p < 0.001). WB and PCR revealed that four LGLL patients (7.5%) vs. one VBD patient (0.01%) were infected with HTLV-2 (p < 0.001), suggesting an HTLV-2 etiology in a minority of cases. No LGLL patient was positive for HTLV-1, -3, or -4, whereas only one EIA-positive VBD was positive for HTLV-1 and none for HTLV-3 or -4. The HTLV EIA-positive, PCR-negative LGLL patients' sera reacted to epitopes within HTLV p24 gag and gp21 env. Other then the PTLV/BLV viruses, human endogenous retroviral element HERV K10 was the only sequence homologous to these two HTLV peptides, raising the possibility of cross-reactivity. Although three LGLL patients (5.7%) vs. none of 110 VBD patients tested positive for antibodies to the homologous HERV K10 peptide (p = 0.03), the significance of the anti-HTLV seroreactivity observed in many LGLL patients remains unclear. Interestingly, out of 36 HTLV-1-positive control subjects, 3 (8%) (p = 0.014) were positive for antibodies to HERV K10; all three had myelopathy. Out of 64 HTLV-2-positive control subjects 16 (25%) (p = <0.001) were positive for HERV K10 antibodies, and 4 (6%) of these had myelopathy. Out of 22 subjects with either HTLV-1 or -2 myelopathy, 7 (31.8%) were positive for HERV K10 antibodies, and out of 72 HTLV-infected subjects without myelopathy, 12 (16.7%) were positive for anti-HERV K10 antibodies (p = 0.11). The prevalence of anti-HERV K10 antibodies in these populations and the clinical implications thereof need to be pursued further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Thomas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
| | - Raisa Perzova
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
| | - Lynn Abbott
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
| | - Patricia Benz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
| | - Michael J. Poiesz
- Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 13210
| | - Syamalima Dube
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
| | - Thomas Loughran
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17103
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Comparative Leukemia and Retroviruses Unit, New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348
| | | | - Jordan Glaser
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Staten Island Hospital, New York, New York 10305
| | - Matilde Leon-Ponte
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard J. Poiesz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
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5
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Mitchell MS, Bodine ET, Hill S, Princler G, Lloyd P, Mitsuya H, Matsuoka M, Derse D. Phenotypic and genotypic comparisons of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 reverse transcriptases from infected T-cell lines and patient samples. J Virol 2007; 81:4422-8. [PMID: 17287279 PMCID: PMC1900182 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02660-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that cell-free infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is less efficient than that with other retroviruses, though the specific infectivities of only a limited number of HTLV-1 isolates have been quantified. Earlier work indicated that a post-entry step in the infectious cycle accounted for the poor cell-free infectivity of HTLV-1. To determine whether variations in the pol gene sequence correlated with virus infectivity, we sequenced and phenotypically tested pol genes from a variety of HTLV-1 isolates derived from primary sources, transformed cell lines, and molecular clones. The pol genes and deduced amino acid sequences from 23 proviruses were sequenced and compared with 14 previously published sequences, revealing a limited number of amino acid variations among isolates. The variations appeared to be randomly dispersed among primary isolates and proviruses from cell lines and molecular clones. In addition, there was no correlation between reverse transcriptase sequence and the disease phenotype of the original source of the virus isolate. HTLV-1 pol gene fragments encoding reverse transcriptase were amplified from a variety of isolates and were subcloned into HTLV-1 vectors for both single-cycle infection and spreading-infection assays. Vectors carrying pol genes that matched the consensus sequence had the highest titers, and those with the largest number of variations from the consensus had the lowest titers. The molecular clone from CS-1 cells had four amino acid differences from the consensus sequence and yielded infectious titers that were approximately eight times lower than those of vectors encoding a consensus reverse transcriptase.
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6
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Lin HC, Hickey M, Hsu L, Medina D, Rabson AB. Activation of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 LTR promoter and cellular promoter elements by T cell receptor signaling and HTLV-1 Tax expression. Virology 2005; 339:1-11. [PMID: 15964046 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Revised: 02/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1) gene expression is regulated by both the viral Tax protein and by cellular transcriptional factors. We have previously shown that immune activation stimuli such as phorbol esters (PMA) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) cooperate with HTLV-1 Tax expression to enhance HTLV-1 gene expression in infected T cells through increased activity of the HTLV-1 LTR. We now extend these studies to demonstrate roles for the T cell receptor complex, Lck, and Ras molecules in the coactivation of the HTLV-1 LTR by Tax and T cell activation stimuli. We also observe coactivation of Tax-responsive cellular promoter elements containing NF-kappaB and serum response factor (SRF) binding sites by Tax and T cell activation stimuli. These results suggest a model whereby T cell receptor stimulation and Tax expression coactivate HTLV-1 gene expression and cellular gene expression, enhancing activation of latent HTLV-1 and expression of cellular genes involved in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ching Lin
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Pannuti CV, Jorge MLSG, Biasutti C, Kallás EG, Segurado AAC. Establishment of HTLV-I-infected cell lines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Brazilian patients. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2004; 37:329-32. [PMID: 15334267 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822004000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate epidemiological and pathogenetic features of HTLV-I infection, a cohort of carriers has been followed at the USP Teaching Hospital since 1991. This study describes the establishment of cell lines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of infected subjects. Ex vivo PBMC were cultured with those from a seronegative donor and morphologic evidence of cell transformation was obtained after 90 days with detection of multinucleated cells exhibiting cerebriform nuclei. Integration of HTLV-I proviral DNA and expression of viral antigens was demonstrated in culture by PCR and immunofluorescence. Cell lines were maintained for 240 days, gradually weaned from exogenous IL-2. Immunophenotyping of cell lines on flow cytometry yielded evidence of cell activation. Establishment of HTLV-I-infected cell lines from ex vivo PBMC is feasible and may be useful for studies on lymphocyte phenotypic changes and on mechanisms of HTLV-induced cell proliferation. Moreover they may be used with diagnostic purposes in immunofluorescence tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina V Pannuti
- Virology Laboratory (LIM-52), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Nomura M, Ohashi T, Nishikawa K, Nishitsuji H, Kurihara K, Hasegawa A, Furuta RA, Fujisawa JI, Tanaka Y, Hanabuchi S, Harashima N, Masuda T, Kannagi M. Repression of tax expression is associated both with resistance of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-infected T cells to killing by tax-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and with impaired tumorigenicity in a rat model. J Virol 2004; 78:3827-36. [PMID: 15047798 PMCID: PMC374260 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.8.3827-3836.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Although the viral transactivation factor, Tax, has been known to have apparent transforming ability, the exact function of Tax in ATL development is still not clear. To understand the role of Tax in ATL development, we introduced short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against Tax in a rat HTLV-1-infected T-cell line. Our results demonstrated that expression of siRNA targeting Tax successfully downregulated Tax expression. Repression of Tax expression was associated with resistance of the HTLV-1-infected T cells to Tax-specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte killing. This may be due to the direct effect of decreased Tax expression, because the Tax siRNA did not alter the expression of MHC-I, CD80, or CD86. Furthermore, T cells with Tax downregulation appeared to lose the ability to develop tumors in T-cell-deficient nude rats, in which the parental HTLV-1-infected cells induce ATL-like lymphoproliferative disease. These results indicated the importance of Tax both for activating host immune response against the virus and for maintaining the growth ability of infected cells in vivo. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms how the host immune system can survey and inhibit the growth of HTLV-1-infected cells during the long latent period before the onset of ATL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- Gene Products, tax/genetics
- Gene Products, tax/physiology
- Genes, pX
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Mice
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Mutant Strains
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Nomura
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohashi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. Phone: 81(3)5803-5798. Fax: 81(3)5803-0235. E-mail:
| | - Keiko Nishikawa
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hironori Nishitsuji
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kurihara
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Rika A. Furuta
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Fujisawa
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Shino Hanabuchi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Nanae Harashima
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Takao Masuda
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Mari Kannagi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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Chung HK, Young HA, Goon PKC, Heidecker G, Princler GL, Shimozato O, Taylor GP, Bangham CRM, Derse D. Activation of interleukin-13 expression in T cells from HTLV-1-infected individuals and in chronically infected cell lines. Blood 2003; 102:4130-6. [PMID: 12920029 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-04-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection profoundly alters T-cell gene expression, and the dysregulated synthesis of cytokines could influence the course and pathologic consequences of infection. In the process of screening T-cell lines for T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokine mRNAs, we observed that interleukin-13 (IL-13) mRNA was highly expressed in HTLV-1-infected, IL-2-dependent T-cell lines. IL-9 and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) mRNAs were also expressed at high levels in chronically infected cell lines. IL-5 mRNA was detected in 60% of the HTLV-1-infected cell lines, but mRNAs for IL-4, IL-10, IL-2, and IL-15 were either below detection limits or did not correlate with HTLV-1 infection. Transcriptional activation of the IL-13 promoter by the HTLV-1 Tax trans-regulatory protein was demonstrated in Jurkat T cells transiently transfected with an IL-13 promoter-reporter plasmid. The clinical relevance of these observations was demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry of lymphocytes obtained from HTLV-1-infected patients. These studies revealed that IL-13 production was directly related to the level of Tax expression in the infected CD4+ T cells soon after in vitro culture. As IL-13 plays key roles in tumor immunosurveillance, asthma, and central nervous system inflammation, it may contribute to the pathophysiology of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Chung
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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HTLV-II down-regulates HIV-1 replication in IL-2–stimulated primary PBMC of coinfected individuals through expression of MIP-1α. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v95.9.2760.009k04_2760_2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type II (HTLV-II) in individuals also infected with HIV-1 is poorly understood. To evaluate the reciprocal influence of HTLV-II and HIV-1 infection, primary peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures from coinfected individuals were established in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL-2). In these cultures, the kinetics of HTLV-II replication always preceded those of HIV-1. Noteworthy, the kinetics of HIV-1 production were inversely correlated to the HTLV-II proviral load in vivo and its replication ex vivo. These observations suggested a potential interaction between the 2 retroviruses. In this regard, the levels of IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) were measured in the same coinfected PBMC cultures. Endogenous IL-2 was not produced, whereas IL-6 and TNF- were secreted at levels compatible with their known ability to up-regulate HIV-1 expression. The HIV-suppressive CC-chemokines RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1), and MIP-1β were also determined in IL-2–stimulated PBMC cultures. Of interest, their kinetics and concentrations were inversely related to those of HIV-1 replication. Experiments were performed in which CD8+ T cells or PBMCs from HTLV-II monoinfected individuals were cocultivated with CD4+ T cells from HIV-1 monoinfected individuals separated by a semipermeable membrane in the presence or absence of antichemokine neutralizing antibodies. The results indicate that HTLV-II can interfere with the replicative potential of HIV-1 by up-regulating viral suppressive CC-chemokines and, in particular, MIP-1. This study is the first report indicating that HTLV-II can influence HIV replication, at least in vitro, via up-regulation of HIV-suppressive chemokines.
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11
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Hill SA, Shuh M, Derse D. Comparisons of defective HTLV-I proviruses predict the mode of origin and coding potential of internally deleted genomes. Virology 1999; 263:273-81. [PMID: 10544101 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines infected with a variety of HTLV-I isolates were examined for the presence of defective proviruses that contain deletions spanning the gag, pol, and env genes. Internally deleted proviruses were identified by Southern blotting and by PCR amplification with 5' and 3' primers complementary to gag and tax sequences, respectively. PCR products representing eight defective proviruses from seven different cell lines were subsequently cloned and sequenced. The objectives of this study were twofold: first, we sought to determine whether nucleotide sequences surrounding sites of deletion shared common features that might reveal the mechanisms by which the defective genomes originated. Second, we asked whether deleted proviruses encode Gag fusion proteins with related C-terminal residues derived from open reading frames in the pX region. While most of the defective proviruses had incurred a single, large deletion, two of them displayed a more complex pattern of multiple rearrangements. Alignments of bases flanking the 5' and 3' deletion endpoints within each provirus showed tracts of sequence identity consistent with a mechanism involving aberrant intramolecular strand-transfer events during replication. We suggest that the amount or activity of HTLV-I polymerase in virions may contribute both to the poor infectivity of the virus and to the high deletion frequency. Two of the eight proviruses that were examined encoded a gag gene joined to an extended open reading frame; the other six had very short open reading frames (one to six amino acids) derived from pX or env regions joined to gag that showed no apparent amino acid sequence similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hill
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NCI-FCRDC, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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12
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Lin HC, Dezzutti CS, Lal RB, Rabson AB. Activation of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 tax gene expression in chronically infected T cells. J Virol 1998; 72:6264-70. [PMID: 9621103 PMCID: PMC110459 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.7.6264-6270.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is regulated both by the HTLV-1 Tax transactivator and by cellular transcriptional factors binding to the viral long terminal repeat (LTR), suggesting that cellular signals may play a role in regulating viral expression. Treatment of cells chronically infected with HTLV-1, which express low levels of HTLV-1 RNAs and Tax protein, with phorbol esters (i.e., phorbol12-myristate 13- acetate [PMA]), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), sodium butyrate, or combinations of cytokines resulted in induction of HTLV- 1 gene expression. PMA or PHA treatment following cotransfection of HTLV-1 Tax expression plasmids resulted in synergistic activation of HTLV-1 LTR-directed gene expression, apparently involving tyrosine ki- nase- mediated pathways. These results suggest that cellular activation stimuli may cooperate with HTLV-1 Tax to enhance expression of integrated HTLV-1 genomes and thus may play a role in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Lin
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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13
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Owen SM, Rudolph DL, Dezzutti CS, Shibata N, Naik S, Caughman SW, Lal RB. Transcriptional activation of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54) gene by human T lymphotropic virus types I and II Tax is mediated through a palindromic response element. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:1429-37. [PMID: 9359663 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro infection of T cells with human T lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) resulted in constitutive expression of ICAM-1. Higher levels of ICAM-1 mRNA were expressed in HTLV-transformed cell lines (MT-2, MoT, C8166) when compared with uninfected T cell lines (A301). We demonstrate that this activation is conferred through a site on the ICAM-1 promoter that is activated in trans by the Tax protein of HTLV-I and HTLV-II. Enhanced promoter activity was detected when the ICAM-1 construct (-1162/+1) was transfected into HTLV-I-infected (MT-2), HTLV-II-infected (MoT, AI 1050), or an HTLV-I Tax-only-expressing (C8166) cell line as compared to the uninfected T cell line (A3.01). Cotransfection of the uninfected T cell line A3.01 with the ICAM construct along with Tax-I and Tax-II expression plasmid also resulted in increased promoter activity. Furthermore, experiments with deletion constructs of the ICAM-1 promoter region indicated that a region between -88 and -53 bp relative to the transcription start site is sufficient for Tax-inducible CAT expression. This segment includes an 11-bp palindromic segment (TTTCCGGGAAA) that has homology with the IFN-gamma and IL-6 response element. An 11-bp segment containing this regulatory region proved to be sufficient to confer Tax-I and Tax-II inducibility on a heterologous promoter (TK-CAT). Taken together these findings indicate that constitutive expression of ICAM-1 by HTLV-infected cells is influenced by the viral trans-activator protein Tax. This increased expression of ICAM-1 in response to the Tax protein may play an important role in the lymphoproliferation associated with HTLV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Products, tax/genetics
- Gene Products, tax/physiology
- Genes
- Genes, Regulator/genetics
- Genes, Regulator/physiology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 2/genetics
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/physiology
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Owen
- Retrovirus Diseases Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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14
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Lin HC, Bodkin M, Lal RB, Rabson AB. Selective infection of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected cells by chimeric human immunodeficiency viruses containing HTLV-1 tax response elements in the long terminal repeat. J Virol 1995; 69:7216-25. [PMID: 7474143 PMCID: PMC189643 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.11.7216-7225.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat (HIV LTR) enhancer/promoter sequences contribute to the replication ability of HIV in different T-cell lines; mutation of these sequences can alter HIV tropism. We have utilized site-specific mutagenesis to generate variants of HIV that exhibit specific tropism for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax-expressing CD4+ T cells. The wild-type HIV LTR NF-kappa B and Sp1 sites in an infectious molecular clone of HIV type 1 were replaced with sequences derived from the 21-bp Tax response elements (TRE) from the HTLV-1 LTR to generate TRE-containing chimeric HIVs (TRE-HIVs). The TRE-HIVs exhibit selective replication and cell killing in HTLV-infected human CD4+ T cells, but not in HTLV-negative T cells. Transient transfections suggested that Tax-TRE interactions could account for the observed replication specificity. The TRE-containing HIV LTRs were synergistically activated by the HIV Tat and HTLV-1 Tax transactivators. These results demonstrate that it is possible to specifically target HIV replication and cytotoxicity to HTLV-1+, CD4+ human T cells, on the basis of Tax-TRE interactions, and provide a model for the development of specific, cytotoxic, retroviral gene therapy vectors for HTLV-1-infected cells based on alterations of the LTR transcriptional regulatory elements. They also suggest that HIV Tat can cooperate with heterologous transcriptional activators, such as Tax, which act through upstream binding sites without directly binding to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA
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15
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Rowe T, Dezzutti C, Guenthner PC, Lam L, Hodge T, Lairmore MD, Lal RB, Folks TM. Characterization of a HTLV-I-infected cell line derived from a patient with adult T-cell leukemia with stable co-expression of CD4 and CD8. Leuk Res 1995; 19:621-8. [PMID: 7564472 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(95)00030-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A long-term T-cell line, termed SP+, was developed from a human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected patient with adult T-cell leukemia that is dependent on exogenous IL-2 for growth. The SP+ expresses a full complimentation of HTLV-I-specific viral proteins, and contains replication competent viral particles. Restriction enzyme digestion followed by Southern blot analysis demonstrated the presence of a single integrated proviral copy and limiting dilution analysis confirmed the clonality of the cell line. Interestingly, phenotypically, the SP+ cell line is CD2+, CD3+ and coexpresses CD4 and CD8, yet lacks TCR alpha beta and TCR tau delta expression. Further ontogenetic characterization of the SP+ cell line demonstrated the lack of thymic T-cell precursor markers, including absence of cell surface expression of CD1, intracellular thymic terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) enzyme, as well as message expression for V(D)J recombinase activating gene-1 (RAG-1). Furthermore, the SP+ cell did express the message for the CD3 delta chain. Taken together, these data suggest that the SP+ cell line resulted from HTLV-I infection of a mature CD4+/CDB+ lymphocyte. This cell line can be potentially useful as a model, both for regulation of cellular functions by HTLV-I and for immunologic functions of mature dual CD4/CD8 positive T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rowe
- Retrovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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16
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Dezzutti CS, Rudolph DL, Lal RB. Infection with human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II results in alterations of cellular receptors, including the up-modulation of T-cell counterreceptors CD40, CD54, and CD80 (B7-1). CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1995; 2:349-55. [PMID: 7545080 PMCID: PMC170158 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.2.3.349-355.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To examine the phenotypic alterations associated with human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I and -II) infection, long-term cell lines (n = 12 HTLV-I cell lines; n = 11 HTLV-II cell lines; n = 6 virus-negative cell lines) were analyzed for the cell surface expression of various lineage markers (i.e., myeloid, progenitor, and leukocyte), integrin receptors, and receptor-counterreceptor (R-CR) pairs responsible for cellular activation. As expected, all cell lines expressed the markers characterizing the leukocyte lineage (CD43, CD44, and CD53). Of the progenitor-myeloid markers examined (CD9, CD13, CD33, CD34, and CD63), only the percent expression of CD9 was significantly increased on HTLV-I and -II-infected cell lines as compared with that on virus-negative cell lines. Analysis of the beta 1 integrin subfamily (CD29, CD49b, CD49d, CD49e, and CD49f) showed no significant change, except that CD49e was significantly decreased on the HTLV-infected cell lines. For the beta 2 integrin subfamily, the cell surface density was increased for CD18 and CD11a, while the CD11c molecule was expressed exclusively on the HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-infected cell lines. Analysis of several R-CR pairs (CD2-CD58, CD45RO-CD22, CD5-CD72, CD11a-CD54, gp39-CD40, and CD28-CD80) demonstrated that comparable levels of expression of the Rs (CD2, CD45RO, CD5, and CD28) and of some of the CRs (CD58, CD22, and CD72) were in all cell lines; however, CD54, CD40, and CD80 were expressed constitutively on the HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-infected cell lines. Functionally, the expression of these R-CR pairs did not appear to affect the autologous proliferation since monoclonal antibodies to these R-CR pairs were not able to inhibit proliferation of the infected cell lines. Taken together, our results indicate that HTLV-I and -II can modulate the expression of several T-cell activation molecules and CRs normally expressed on alternate cell types.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- Biomarkers/analysis
- CD40 Antigens
- Cell Line/virology
- HTLV-I Infections/immunology
- HTLV-II Infections/immunology
- Humans
- Integrins/immunology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Leukocytes/virology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Dezzutti
- Retrovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Kitamura K, Besansky NJ, Rudolph D, Nutman TB, Folks TM, Lal RB. Unintegrated two-long terminal repeat circular human T lymphotropic virus DNA accumulation during chronic HTLV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993; 9:1167-72. [PMID: 8312058 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1993.9.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of unintegrated human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) DNA was analyzed in long-term T cell lines infected with HTLV type I (HTLV-I) or type II (HTLV-II). By using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay, amplified products of expected size were obtained in all of the HTLV-I-infected (n = 7) and HTLV-II-infected (n = 8) cell lines. The signal intensities of the hybridizing band varied greatly among the cell lines and did not correlate with HTLV p24gag antigen production. Further analysis of HTLV-I-infected clones demonstrated considerable variability in the unintegrated DNA accumulation, suggesting that either the epigenetic status of the host cell or some environmental factor determines the occurrence of unintegrated DNA. The presence of lower levels of unintegrated DNA in most of the HTLV-infected, long-term cell lines presumably results in persistent noncytopathic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kitamura
- Retrovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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