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Glassman PM, Villa CH, Ukidve A, Zhao Z, Smith P, Mitragotri S, Russell AJ, Brenner JS, Muzykantov VR. Vascular Drug Delivery Using Carrier Red Blood Cells: Focus on RBC Surface Loading and Pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E440. [PMID: 32397513 PMCID: PMC7284780 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBC) have great potential as drug delivery systems, capable of producing unprecedented changes in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity. Despite this great potential and nearly 50 years of research, it is only recently that RBC-mediated drug delivery has begun to move out of the academic lab and into industrial drug development. RBC loading with drugs can be performed in several ways-either via encapsulation within the RBC or surface coupling, and either ex vivo or in vivo-depending on the intended application. In this review, we briefly summarize currently used technologies for RBC loading/coupling with an eye on how pharmacokinetics is impacted. Additionally, we provide a detailed description of key ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination) changes that would be expected for RBC-associated drugs and address unique features of RBC pharmacokinetics. As thorough understanding of pharmacokinetics is critical in successful translation to the clinic, we expect that this review will provide a jumping off point for further investigations into this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Glassman
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.H.V.); (J.S.B.)
| | - Carlos H. Villa
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.H.V.); (J.S.B.)
| | - Anvay Ukidve
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (A.U.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.)
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (A.U.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.)
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paige Smith
- Disruptive Health Technology Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (P.S.); (A.J.R.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (A.U.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.)
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Disruptive Health Technology Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (P.S.); (A.J.R.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jacob S. Brenner
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.H.V.); (J.S.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir R. Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.H.V.); (J.S.B.)
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Pierigè F, Bigini N, Rossi L, Magnani M. Reengineering red blood cells for cellular therapeutics and diagnostics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 9. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pierigè
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Noemi Bigini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Luigia Rossi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
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Millán CG, Castañeda AZ, López FG, Marinero MLS, Lanao JM, Arévalo M. Encapsulation and in vitro evaluation of amikacin-loaded erythrocytes. Drug Deliv 2006; 12:409-16. [PMID: 16253957 DOI: 10.1080/10717540590968909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our present work was to establish the effect of the osmolality of the hypotonic buffer on the encapsulated amount and the in vitro properties of Amikacin-loaded erythrocytes. Amikacin was encapsulated in rat erythrocytes using a hypotonic dialysis method with hypotonic buffers of different osmolalities with mean values around 90 and 150 mOsm/kg. Morphological examination of the ghost erythrocytes was accomplished using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The osmotic fragility of normal and loaded erythrocytes was tested using hypotonic solutions. Evaluation of the hematological parameters of the control and loaded erythrocytes was carried out using a hematology system analyzer. Amikacin release from loaded erythrocytes was tested in autologous plasma at 37 degrees C over a 24-h period. The quantification of Amikacin in loaded erythrocytes and in autologous plasma was performed using an HPLC technique. A higher osmotic fragility of loaded erythrocytes was observed using a low osmolality buffer. Some hematological parameters showed statistically significant differences between the loaded erythrocytes obtained using two buffers of different osmolalities with respect to untreated erythrocytes. According to our results, Amikacin carrier erythrocytes obtained by hypotonic dialysis using a low osmolality buffer (90 mOsm/kg) should afford a good encapsulation yield, appropriate morphological properties, and sustained release in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gutiérrez Millán
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Millán CG, Marinero MLS, Castañeda AZ, Lanao JM. Drug, enzyme and peptide delivery using erythrocytes as carriers. J Control Release 2004; 95:27-49. [PMID: 15013230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes are potential biocompatible vectors for different bioactive substances, including drugs. These can be used successfully as biological carriers of drugs, enzymes and peptides. There are currently diverse methods that permit drug encapsulation in erythrocytes with an appropriate yield. The methods most commonly employed are based on a high-haematocrit dialysis procedure, mainly hypo-osmotic dialysis. Erythrocytes loaded with drugs and other substances allow for different release rates to be obtained. Encapsulation in erythrocytes significantly changes the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs in both animals and humans, enhancing liver and spleen uptake and targeting the reticulo-endothelial system (RES). Amongst other applications, erythrocytes have been used for drug-targeting the RES with aminoglycoside antibiotics; the selective transport to certain organs and tissues of certain antineoplastic drugs, such as methotrexate, doxorubicine, etoposide, carboplatin, etc.; the encapsulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, systemic corticosteroids, the encapsulation of new prodrugs with increased duration of action, etc. Erythrocytes are also attractive systems in the sense of their potential ability to deliver proteins and therapeutic peptides. Thus, erythrocytes have been used for the transport of enzymes destined for the correction of metabolic alterations as l-asparaginase, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) among others. Erythrocytes have been used successfully as carriers of anti-HIV peptides, such as AZT, nucleoside analogues, antisense oligonucleotides, antineoplastic peptides, erythropoietin, interleukin 3, etc. Amongst other applications, mention may be made of paramagnetic erythrocytes, encapsulation of MRI contrast agents or the study of the metabolism of the red cell. Although erythrocytes have been applied with different uses in human medicine, their deployment is still very limited due to difficulties involving storage, its exposure to contamination and the absence of a validated industrial procedure for its preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gutiérrez Millán
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Spain
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