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Baka RD, Kuleš J, Beletić A, Farkaš V, Rešetar Maslov D, Ljubić BB, Rubić I, Mrljak V, McLaughlin M, Eckersall D, Polizopoulou Z. Quantitative serum proteome analysis using tandem mass tags in dogs with epilepsy. J Proteomics 2024; 290:105034. [PMID: 37879566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
This study included four groups of dogs (group A: healthy controls, group B: idiopathic epilepsy receiving antiepileptic medication (AEM), group C: idiopathic epilepsy without AEM, group D: structural epilepsy). Comparative quantitative proteomic analysis of serum samples among the groups was the main target of the study. Samples were analyzed by a quantitative Tandem-Mass-Tags approach on the Q-Exactive-Plus Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass-spectrometer. Identification and relative quantification were performed in Proteome Discoverer. Data were analyzed using R. Gene ontology terms were analyzed based on Canis lupus familiaris database. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD041129. Eighty-one proteins with different relative adundance were identified in the four groups and 25 were master proteins (p < 0.05). Clusterin (CLU), and apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) had higher abundance in the three groups of dogs (groups B, C, D) compared to controls. Amine oxidase (AOC3) was higher in abundance in group B compared to groups C and D, and lower in group A. Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) had higher abundance in groups C compared to group A. ADIPOQ and fibronectin (FN1) had higher abundance in group B compared to group C and D. Peroxidase activity assay was used to quantify HP abundance change, validating and correlating with proteomic analysis (r = 0.8796). SIGNIFICANCE: The proteomic analysis of serum samples from epileptic dogs indicated potential markers of epilepsy (CLU), proteins that may contribute to nerve tissue regeneration (APOA1), and contributing factors to epileptogenesis (AOC3). AEM could alter extracellular matrix proteins (FN1). Illness (epilepsy) severity could influence ADIPOQ abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania D Baka
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Josipa Kuleš
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anđelo Beletić
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Farkaš
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dina Rešetar Maslov
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Blanka Beer Ljubić
- Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Rubić
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marκ McLaughlin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences,University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - David Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences,University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Zoe Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Li Y, Jin M, Yin X, Zhou B, Ni H. Effects of leptin treatment immediately after neonatal seizures on serum clusterin and VEGF levels and brain oxidative stress-related proteins and neurobehavioral phenotypes. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 138:109016. [PMID: 36473302 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.109016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The developing infant brain has a different response mechanism and repair potential for injury than the adult brain. There is an urgent need for new anticonvulsants to effectively control neonatal seizures while minimizing the drug's toxic damage to the developing brain. Leptin protects neuronal plasma membrane integrity, while it has clinical advantages in terms of anticonvulsant properties as well. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of immediate leptin treatment on the serum concentration of clusterin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), neuronal plasma membrane integrity-related proteins, and the neurobehavioral phenotypes following neonatal seizures. Leptin was injected i.p at a dose of 4 mg/kg 1 hour after daily 30 minutes prolonged seizures for consecutive 10 days. The serum biomarkers (clusterin and VEGF), and brain protein expression of ATF-4/GRP78/autophagy axis were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot in the acute phase (24 hours after the last seizures), respectively. Behavioral and histopathological phenotypes and seizure threshold were conducted from P23 to P34, respectively. There were rapid elevation of serum VEGF and clusterin as well as upregulated protein expression of ATF-4, GRP78, Beclin-1, and LC3 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus following a neonatal seizure, which was restored by immediate treatment with leptin after seizures. In addition, leptin improved seizure-induced impaired neuropsychological, and cognitive functioning. Furthermore, leptin succeeded in ameliorating markers of neuronal excitability, including seizure threshold and hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting. In conclusion, this study verified that immediate treatment with leptin after neonatal seizures restored both rapid elevation of serum clusterin as well as upregulated protein expression of ATF-4/GRP78/autophagy axis in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, which contributes to the recovery of neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Li
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Meifang Jin
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Taixing People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Baojian Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Taixing People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Ng SS, Park JE, Meng W, Chen CP, Kalaria RN, McCarthy NE, Sze SK. Pulsed SILAM Reveals In Vivo Dynamics of Murine Brain Protein Translation. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:13528-13540. [PMID: 32566817 PMCID: PMC7301365 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Identification of proteins that are synthesized de novo in response to specific microenvironmental cues is critical for understanding molecular mechanisms that underpin vital physiological processes and pathologies. Here, we report that a brief period of SILAM (Stable Isotope Labeling of Mammals) diet enables the determination of biological functions corresponding to actively translating proteins in the mouse brain. Our results demonstrate that the synapse, dendrite, and myelin sheath are highly active neuronal structures that display rapid protein synthesis, producing key mediators of chemical signaling as well as nutrient sensing, lipid metabolism, and amyloid precursor protein processing/stability. Together, these findings confirm that protein metabolic activity varies significantly between brain functional units in vivo. Our data indicate that pulsed SILAM approaches can unravel complex protein expression dynamics in the murine brain and identify active synthetic pathways and associated functions that are likely impaired in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ser Sue Ng
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Jung Eun Park
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Wei Meng
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Christopher P. Chen
- Memory,
Aging and Cognition Centre, National University
Health System, 1E Kent
Ridge Road, 119228 Singapore
- Department
of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Blk MD3, 16 Medical Drive, 117600 Singapore
| | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Institute
of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE4 5PL, U.K.
| | - Neil E. McCarthy
- Centre
for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Bart’s and The London
School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen
Mary University of London, 4 Newark St, London E1
2AT, U.K.
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
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Herring SK, Moon HJ, Rawal P, Chhibber A, Zhao L. Brain clusterin protein isoforms and mitochondrial localization. eLife 2019; 8:48255. [PMID: 31738162 PMCID: PMC6860991 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU), or apolipoprotein J (ApoJ), is the third most predominant genetic risk factor associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). In this study, we use multiple rodent and human brain tissue and neural cell models to demonstrate that CLU is expressed as multiple isoforms that have distinct cellular or subcellular localizations in the brain. Of particular significance, we identify a non-glycosylated 45 kDa CLU isoform (mitoCLU) that is localized to the mitochondrial matrix and expressed in both rodent and human neurons and astrocytes. In addition, we show that rodent mitoCLU is translated from a non-canonical CUG (Leu) start site in Exon 3, a site that coincides with an AUG (Met) in human CLU. Last, we reveal that mitoCLU is present at the gene and protein level in the currently available CLU–/– mouse model. Collectively, these data provide foundational knowledge that is integral in elucidating the relationship between CLU and the development of LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Herring
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, United States
| | - Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, United States
| | - Punam Rawal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, United States
| | - Anindit Chhibber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, United States
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, United States
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Xian W, Tao H, Zhao J, Fu J, Zhong W, Chen Y, Zhou H, Li K, Pan S. Association Between Clusterin Gene Polymorphisms and Epilepsy in a Han Chinese Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:692-697. [PMID: 28972394 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Xian
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Tao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianghao Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiawu Fu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Wangtao Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yusen Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Haihong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Keshen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Neurology & Neurosurgery Division, Stroke Center, The Clinical Medicine Research Institute & The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suyue Pan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Time-Dependent Decrease of Clusterin as a Potential Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zinkie S, Gentil BJ, Minotti S, Durham HD. Expression of the protein chaperone, clusterin, in spinal cord cells constitutively and following cellular stress, and upregulation by treatment with Hsp90 inhibitor. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:745-58. [PMID: 23595219 PMCID: PMC3789872 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Clusterin, a protein chaperone found at high levels in physiological fluids, is expressed in nervous tissue and upregulated in several neurological diseases. To assess relevance to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other motor neuron disorders, clusterin expression was evaluated using long-term dissociated cultures of murine spinal cord and SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice, a model of familial ALS. Motor neurons and astrocytes constitutively expressed nuclear and cytoplasmic forms of clusterin, and secreted clusterin accumulated in culture media. Although clusterin can be stress inducible, heat shock failed to increase levels in these neural cell compartments despite robust upregulation of stress-inducible Hsp70 (HspA1) in non-neuronal cells. In common with HSPs, clusterin was upregulated by treatment with the Hsp90 inhibitor, geldanamycin, and thus could contribute to the neuroprotection previously identified for such compounds in disease models. Clusterin expression was not altered in cultured motor neurons expressing SOD1(G93A) by gene transfer or in presymptomatic SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice; however, clusterin immunolabeling was weakly increased in lumbar spinal cord of overtly symptomatic mice. More striking, mutant SOD1 inclusions, a pathological hallmark, were strongly labeled by anti-clusterin. Since secreted, as well as intracellular, mutant SOD1 contributes to toxicity, the extracellular chaperoning property of clusterin could be important for folding and clearance of SOD1 and other misfolded proteins in the extracellular space. Evaluation of chaperone-based therapies should include evaluation of clusterin as well as HSPs, using experimental models that replicate the control mechanisms operant in the cells and tissue of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Zinkie
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, QC Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Benoit J. Gentil
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, QC Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Sandra Minotti
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, QC Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Heather D. Durham
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, QC Canada H3A 2B4
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Development- and activity-dependent expression of clusterin in the mouse olfactory bulb. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:550-9. [PMID: 23831077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clusterin, a protein involved in many biological processes, is expressed broadly in the central nervous system, but its functions remain largely unknown. As preparations for elucidating some possible functions, we examined the spatiotemporal expression patterns of clusterin in the mouse olfactory bulb at different developmental stages and under different neuronal activity levels. Our results revealed a dynamic expression of the protein during development. Clusterin signal was seemingly diffuse during the early stages of development, shifted to the cell somas later and then predominantly to the axons of projection neurons in the adult stage, with a transition point at approximately postnatal day 18. The effects of olfactory deficits on the clusterin expression level in an anosmic mouse model were neuron-specific: the signals increased remarkably from faint to strong in olfactory sensory neurons, reduced considerably from moderate/strong to faint in the centrifugal projection neurons, decreased moderately from moderate to faint in the local bulbar projection neurons, and remained intense in long-distance bulbar projection neurons. These results showed that clusterin expression is modulated dynamically during development and by sensory activity. These findings deepen our understanding of this broadly expressed protein.
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Retrospective Case-Control Study of Apolipoprotein J/Clusterin Protein Expression in Early Liveborn Neonatal Deaths with and without Pontosubicular Necrosis. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2012:479359. [PMID: 22848862 PMCID: PMC3403500 DOI: 10.1155/2012/479359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aims. Our objective was to examine Apo J protein expression in a total of 27 early liveborn neonatal deaths (less than 7 days of age) selected from the Scottish Perinatal Study (gestation of 25–42 weeks) comparing a group with histological pontosubicular necrosis (PSN) (n = 12) to a control group lacking PSN (n = 15). Methods. Using immunohistochemistry we evaluated postmortem pons and hippocampus from patients with PSN versus controls. Results. In the group with PSN, 11/12 (92%) cases showed positive Apo J neurones in the hippocampus/pons compared with 6/15 (40%) cases without PSN (P = 0.014, odds ratio 27.5, 95% confidence interval 2.881–262.48, using exact logistic regression)—independent of gestation, presence or absence of clinical asphyxia, duration of labour, or postnatal age. Clinical asphyxia was present in 10/15 (67%) without PSN compared with 11/12 (92%) with PSN. Neuronal Apo J positivity was present in 15/21 (71%) of clinically asphyxiated cases compared with 2/6 (33%) of the cases with no evidence of clinical asphyxia (P = 0.154, odds ratio 5, 95% confidence interval 0.71 to 34.94). Conclusions. Apo J neuronal protein expression is significantly increased in cases with PSN compared to cases without PSN—independent of gestation, presence of clinical asphyxia, duration of labour, or postnatal age.
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Clusterin interaction with Bcl-xL is associated with seizure-induced neuronal death. Epilepsy Res 2011; 99:240-51. [PMID: 22197644 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus causes significant damage to the brain, and cellular injury due to prolonged seizures may cause the pathogenesis of epilepsy or cognitive deficits. Clusterin mediates several cell signaling pathways, including cell death or survival pathways in the brain. A nuclear form of clusterin protein has been suggested to have pro-apoptotic properties. Bcl-x(L) functions as a dominant-negative modulator of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. However, the relationship between clusterin and Bcl-x(L) in cell death signaling in the brain remains unknown. Therefore, we examined whether clusterin interacts with Bcl-x(L) after seizures or whether this interaction is related to neuronal death. We found increased levels of nuclear clusterin and cleaved caspase-3 in CA3 neurons after prolonged seizures induced by systemic kainic acid, along with extensive hippocampal cell death, as evidenced by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and anti-active caspase-3 staining. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation and double immunofluorescence analyses revealed that clusterin interacted with Bcl-x(L) in dying CA3 neurons while the levels of Bcl-x(L), Bad or Bax remained constant. These findings provide evidence that nuclear clusterin signals cell death at least via an interaction with Bcl-x(L) in the hippocampus after seizures, suggesting that targeting nuclear clusterin may be a promising novel strategy to protect against seizure-induced neuronal injury.
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Elliott DA, Weickert CS, Garner B. Apolipoproteins in the brain: implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 51:555-573. [PMID: 21423873 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the most lipid-rich organ in the body and, owing to the impermeable nature of the blood-brain barrier, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism within this organ is distinct from the rest of the body. Apolipoproteins play a well-established role in the transport and metabolism of lipids within the CNS; however, evidence is emerging that they also fulfill a number of functions that extend beyond lipid transport and are critical for healthy brain function. The importance of apolipoproteins in brain physiology is highlighted by genetic studies, where apolipoprotein gene polymorphisms have been identified as risk factors for several neurological diseases. Furthermore, the expression of brain apolipoproteins is significantly altered in several brain disorders. The purpose of this article is to provide an up-to-date assessment of the major apolipoproteins found in the brain (ApoE, ApoJ, ApoD and ApoA-I), covering their proposed roles and the factors influencing their level of expression. Particular emphasis is placed on associations with neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Elliott
- Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
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12
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Gibson JH, Slobedman B, K N H, Williamson SL, Minchenko D, El-Osta A, Stern JL, Christodoulou J. Downstream targets of methyl CpG binding protein 2 and their abnormal expression in the frontal cortex of the human Rett syndrome brain. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:53. [PMID: 20420693 PMCID: PMC2881102 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Rett Syndrome (RTT) brain displays regional histopathology and volumetric reduction, with frontal cortex showing such abnormalities, whereas the occipital cortex is relatively less affected. Results Using microarrays and quantitative PCR, the mRNA expression profiles of these two neuroanatomical regions were compared in postmortem brain tissue from RTT patients and normal controls. A subset of genes was differentially expressed in the frontal cortex of RTT brains, some of which are known to be associated with neurological disorders (clusterin and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) or are involved in synaptic vesicle cycling (dynamin 1). RNAi-mediated knockdown of MeCP2 in vitro, followed by further expression analysis demonstrated that the same direction of abnormal expression was recapitulated with MeCP2 knockdown, which for cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 was associated with a functional respiratory chain defect. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis showed that MeCP2 associated with the promoter regions of some of these genes suggesting that loss of MeCP2 function may be responsible for their overexpression. Conclusions This study has shed more light on the subset of aberrantly expressed genes that result from MECP2 mutations. The mitochondrion has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of RTT, however it has not been at the forefront of RTT research interest since the discovery of MECP2 mutations. The functional consequence of the underexpression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 indicates that this is an area that should be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne H Gibson
- Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
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Nuutinen T, Suuronen T, Kauppinen A, Salminen A. Clusterin: a forgotten player in Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:89-104. [PMID: 19651157 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin, also known as apolipoprotein J, is a versatile chaperone molecule which contains several amphipathic and coiled-coil alpha-helices, typical characteristics of small heat shock proteins. In addition, clusterin has three large intrinsic disordered regions, so-called molten globule domains, which can stabilize stressed protein structures. Twenty years ago, it was demonstrated that the expression of clusterin was clearly increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Later it was observed that clusterin can bind amyloid-beta peptides and prevent their fibrillization. Clusterin is also involved in the clearance of amyloid-beta peptides and fibrils by binding to megalin receptors and enhancing their endocytosis within glial cells. Clusterin is a complement inhibitor and can suppress complement activation observed in AD. Clusterin is also present in lipoprotein particles and regulates cholesterol and lipid metabolism of brain which is disturbed in AD. Clusterin is a stress-induced chaperone which is normally secreted but in conditions of cellular stress, it can be transported to cytoplasm where it can bind to Bax protein and inhibit neuronal apoptosis. Clusterin can also bind to Smad2/3 proteins and potentiate the neuroprotective TGFbeta signaling. An alternative splicing can produce a variant isoform of clusterin which can be translocated to nuclei where it induces apoptosis. The role of nuclear clusterin in AD needs to be elucidated. We will review here the extensive literature linking clusterin to AD and examine the recent progress in clusterin research with the respect to AD pathology. Though clusterin can be viewed as a multipotent guardian of brain, it is unable to prevent the progressive neuropathology in chronic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapio Nuutinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Kazl C, Foote LT, Kim MJ, Koh S. Early-life experience alters response of developing brain to seizures. Brain Res 2009; 1285:174-81. [PMID: 19501578 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged seizures during childhood are associated with behavior problems, memory impairment and school failure. No effective treatment currently exists after seizures to mitigate neuronal injury and long-term neurological sequelae for children with epilepsy. We studied the therapeutic efficacy of early-life environment on seizure-induced behavioral deficits, neuronal injury and the inflammatory reaction using the kainic acid (KA) seizure model. Two rearing conditions, maternal separation for 3 h daily versus maternal care in an enriched environment, were followed by single housing for the former (Deprived) and group housing in an enriched environment for the latter (Enriched). To examine the influence of differential rearing on the behavioral effects of early-life seizures, KA was injected on P21. On P28, marked reduction in exploratory behavior was noted after seizures only in the Deprived group. To investigate seizure-induced hippocampal injury, a separate group of rats were injected with KA on P35 since consistent seizure-induced neuronal injury is observed only in mature rats. Brains of rats sacrificed on P37 displayed a significant reduction in DNA fragmentation and microglial activation in Enriched compared to Deprived animals. Our results suggest that a nurturing early environment can enhance the ability of the developing brain to recover from seizures and provide a buffer against their damaging effects. While the nurturing environment was neuroprotective, the combination of deprived rearing and the insult of early-life seizures resulted in significant behavioral deficits, an increase in neuronal injury and activation of microglia in young rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Kazl
- Department of Neurology, Children's Memorial Hospital, Children's Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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15
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Yang H, Cheng XP, Li JW, Yao Q, Ju G. De-differentiation response of cultured astrocytes to injury induced by scratch or conditioned culture medium of scratch-insulted astrocytes. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 29:455-73. [PMID: 19130217 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-008-9337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our previous reports indicated that astrocytes (ASTs) in injured adult rat spinal cord underwent a process of de-differentiation, and may acquire the potential of neural stem cells (NSCs). However, the AST de-differentiation and transitional rejuvenation process following injury is still largely unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine whether injured in vitro ASTs can re-enter the multipotential-like stem cell pool and regain NSC characteristics, and to further understand the mechanism of AST de-differentiation. We used an in vitro scratch-wound model to evoke astrocytic response to mechanical injury. GFAP and nestin double-labeled indirect immunofluorescence were carried out to characterize these scratched cells at various periods. Western-blot analysis was used to determine the changes of GFAP and nestin expression following injury. Furthermore, the rate of proliferation was determined by immunocytochemical detection of BrdU incorporating cells. These scratch-wound ASTs were cultured with stem cells medium to explore their ability to generate neurospheres and examine the self-renewal and multi-potency of such neurospheres. Moreover, scratched AST culture supernatant as conditioned cultured medium (ACM) was used to investigate if some diffusible factors derived from injured ASTs could induce de-differentiation of AST. The results showed: (1) the nestin positivity first appeared in GFAP-positive cells at the edge of the scratch, subsequently, disseminated into un-insulted zone. The expression of nestin in AST was increased with longer culture, while that of GFAP was decreased. Furthermore, these nestin-immunoreactive ASTs could generate neurospheres, which showed self-renewal and could be differentiated into neurons, ASTs and oligodendrocytes. (2) Scratched ASTs culture supernatant can induce astrocytic proliferation and de-differentiation. These results reveal that the in vitro injured ASTs can de-differentiate into nestin-positive stem/precursor cells, the process of de-differentiation may arise from direct injury or some diffusible factors released from injured ASTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
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16
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Abstract
Clusterin (apolipoprotein J), a highly conserved amphiphatic glycoprotein and chaperone, has been implicated in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. As a secreted protein, clusterin has been shown to act extracellularly where it is involved in lipid transportation and clearance of cellular debris. Intracellularly, clusterin may regulate signal transduction and is upregulated after cell stress. After neural injury, clusterin may be involved in nerve cell survival and postinjury neuroplasticity. In this study, we investigated the role of extracellular clusterin on neuronal network complexity in vitro. Quantitative analysis of clustrin-treated neuronal cultures showed significantly higher network complexity. These findings suggest that in addition to previously demonstrated neuroprotective roles, clusterin may also be involved in neuronal process formation, elongation, and plasticity.
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17
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Hakkoum D, Imhof A, Vallet PG, Boze H, Moulin G, Charnay Y, Stoppini L, Aronow B, Bouras C, Giannakopoulos P. Clusterin increases post-ischemic damages in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1791-803. [PMID: 18554319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin or apolipoprotein J is a heterodimeric glycoprotein which is known to be increased during tissue involution in response to hormonal changes or injury and under circumstances leading to apoptosis. Previous studies in wild-type (WT) and clusterin-null (Clu-/-) mice indicated a protective role of clusterin over-expression in astrocytes lasting up to 90 days post-ischemia. However, in in vitro and in vivo models of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, clusterin exacerbates necrotic cell death. We developed recombinant forms of clusterin and examined their effect on propidium iodide uptake, neuronal and synaptic markers as well as electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal slice cultures from Clu-/- and WT mice subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). WT mice displayed a marked up-regulation of clusterin associated with electrophysiological deficits and dramatic increase of propidium iodide uptake 5 days post-OGD. Immunocytochemical and western blot analyses revealed a substantial decrease of neuronal nuclei and synaptophysin immunoreactivity that predominated in WT mice. These findings contrasted with the relative post-OGD resistance of Clu-/- mice. The addition of biologically active recombinant forms of human clusterin for 24 h post-OGD led to the abolishment of the ischemic tolerance in Clu-/- slices. This deleterious effect of clusterin was reverted by the concomitant administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist, d-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate. The present data indicate that in an in vitro model of ischemia characterized by the predominance of NMDA-mediated cell death, clusterin exerts a negative effect on the structural integrity and functionality of hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hakkoum
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Charnay Y, Imhof A, Vallet PG, Hakkoum D, Lathuiliere A, Poku N, Aronow B, Kovari E, Bouras C, Giannakopoulos P. Clusterin expression during fetal and postnatal CNS development in mouse. Neuroscience 2008; 155:714-24. [PMID: 18620027 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Clusterin (or apolipoprotein J) is a widely distributed multifunctional glycoprotein involved in CNS plasticity and post-traumatic remodeling. Using biochemical and morphological approaches, we investigated the clusterin ontogeny in the CNS of wild-type (WT) mice and explored developmental consequences of clusterin gene knock-out in clusterin null (Clu-/-) mice. A punctiform expression of clusterin mRNA was detected through the hypothalamic region, neocortex and hippocampus at embryonic stages E14/E15. From embryonic stage E16 to the first week of the postnatal life, the vast majority of CNS neurons expressed low levels of clusterin mRNA. In contrast, a very strong hybridizing signal mainly localized in pontobulbar and spinal cord motor nuclei was observed from the end of the first postnatal week to adulthood. Astrocytes expressing clusterin mRNA were often detected through the hippocampus and neocortex in neonatal mice. Real-time polymerase chain amplification and clusterin-immunoreactivity dot-blot analyses indicated that clusterin levels paralleled mRNA expression. Comparative analyses between WT and Clu-/- mice during postnatal development showed no significant differences in brain weight, neuronal, synaptic and astrocyte markers as well myelin basic protein expression. However, quantitative estimation of large motor neuron populations in the facial nucleus revealed a significant deficit in motor cells (-16%) in Clu-/- compared with WT mice. Our data suggest that clusterin expression is already present in fetal life mainly in subcortical structures. Although the lack of this protein does not significantly alter basic aspects of the CNS development, it may have a negative impact on neuronal development in certain motor nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Charnay
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, 2, Ch du petit-Bel-Air, CH-1225 Chene-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland.
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19
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Somera-Molina KC, Robin B, Somera CA, Anderson C, Stine C, Koh S, Behanna HA, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM, Wainwright MS. Glial Activation Links Early-Life Seizures and Long-Term Neurologic Dysfunction: Evidence Using a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Proinflammatory Cytokine Upregulation. Epilepsia 2007; 48:1785-1800. [PMID: 17521344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early-life seizures increase vulnerability to subsequent neurologic insult. We tested the hypothesis that early-life seizures increase susceptibility to later neurologic injury by causing chronic glial activation. To determine the mechanisms by which glial activation may modulate neurologic injury, we examined both acute changes in proinflammatory cytokines and long-term changes in astrocyte and microglial activation and astrocyte glutamate transporters in a "two-hit" model of kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures. METHODS Postnatal day (P) 15 male rats were administered KA or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). On P45 animals either received a second treatment of KA or PBS. On P55, control (PBS-PBS), early-life seizure (KA-PBS), adult seizure (PBS-KA), and "two-hit" (KA-KA) groups were examined for astrocyte and microglial activation, alteration in glutamate transporters, and expression of the glial protein, clusterin. RESULTS P15 seizures resulted in an acute increase in hippocampal levels of IL-1beta and S100B, followed by behavioral impairment and long-term increases in GFAP and S100B. Animals in the "two-hit" group showed greater microglial activation, neurologic injury, and susceptibility to seizures compared to the adult seizure group. Glutamate transporters increased following seizures but did not differ between these two groups. Treatment with Minozac, a small molecule inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokine upregulation, following early-life seizures prevented both the long-term increase in activated glia and the associated behavioral impairment. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that glial activation following early-life seizures results in increased susceptibility to seizures in adulthood, in part through priming microglia and enhanced microglial activation. Glial activation may be a novel therapeutic target in pediatric epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Somera-Molina
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Beverley Robin
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Cherie Ann Somera
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Anderson
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Christy Stine
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Sookyong Koh
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Heather A Behanna
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Mark S Wainwright
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
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20
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Morita H, Suzuki K, Mori N, Yasuhara O. Occurrence of complement protein C3 in dying pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampus after systemic administration of kainic acid. Neurosci Lett 2006; 409:35-40. [PMID: 17014960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the roles of complement in kainic acid (KA)-induced neuronal damages, the immunohistochemical localization of the complement protein C3 was examined in rat hippocampus after systemic KA injection. The immunoreactivity for C3 was found in glial cells in control rats, and such glial cells were increased in number after KA injection. Our confocal study showed that C3-positive glial cells were microglia. Three to seven days after KA, C3 immunoreactivity appeared in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons. Double staining for C3 combined with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling showed that occurrence of C3 immunoreactivity in neurons coincided well with that of DNA fragmentation. Western blot analysis and RT-PCR experiments suggested local synthesis of C3 by brain cells. Our results suggest that C3 contributes greatly to neuronal death after systemic KA administration, and that microglia and neurons are the local source of C3 in KA-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Morita
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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21
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Imhof A, Charnay Y, Vallet PG, Aronow B, Kovari E, French LE, Bouras C, Giannakopoulos P. Sustained astrocytic clusterin expression improves remodeling after brain ischemia. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 22:274-83. [PMID: 16473512 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clusterin is a glycoprotein highly expressed in response to tissue injury. Using clusterin-deficient (Clu-/-) mice, we investigated the role of clusterin after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). In wild-type (WT) mice, clusterin mRNA displayed a sustained increase in the peri-infarct area from 14 to 30 days post-MCAO. Clusterin transcript was still present up to 90 days post-ischemia in astrocytes surrounding the core infarct. Western blot analysis also revealed an increase of clusterin in the ischemic hemisphere of WT mice, which culminates up to 30 days post-MCAO. Concomitantly, a worse structural restoration and higher number of GFAP-reactive astrocytes in the vicinity of the infarct scar were observed in Clu-/- as compared to WT mice. These findings go beyond previous data supporting a neuroprotective role of clusterin in early ischemic events in that they demonstrate that this glycoprotein plays a central role in the remodeling of ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Imhof
- Department of Psychiatry, HUG, Belle-Idée, 2, ch. du Petit-Bel-Air, 1225 Chêne-Bourg Geneva Switzerland
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22
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Noh HS, Kim DW, Kang SS, Cho GJ, Choi WS. Ketogenic diet prevents clusterin accumulation induced by kainic acid in the hippocampus of male ICR mice. Brain Res 2005; 1042:114-8. [PMID: 15823260 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of ketogenic diet (KD) on clusterin accumulation in the kainic acid (KA)-induced seizure model. Two days after KA administration, strong clusterin-like immunoreactivity (IR) was detected in the hippocampus in the normal diet (ND)-fed mice. But in the KD-fed mice, few clusterin-like IR was detected. These results indicate that KD has neuroprotective effects throughout diminishing nuclear clusterin accumulation that is involved in caspase-3 independent cell death mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Sook Noh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Kyungnam 660-751, South Korea
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23
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Young D, During MJ. Using the immune system to target epilepsy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 548:134-44. [PMID: 15250592 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-6376-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Young
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Shapiro LA, Marks A, Whitaker-Azmitia PM. Increased clusterin expression in old but not young adult S100B transgenic mice: evidence of neuropathological aging in a model of Down Syndrome. Brain Res 2004; 1010:17-21. [PMID: 15126113 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein, localized to astroglial cells, which has a variety of neurotrophic functions, including roles in serotonergic neuronal growth, synaptogenesis dendritic branching and apoptosis. In humans, the gene for S100B is found on chromosome 21, within what is considered the obligate region for Down Syndrome (DS) and levels of S100B are increased in brain of both DS and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). We have been characterizing a transgenic mouse overexpressing this protein and have previously found evidence of pathological changes in brains of the mice. In the current study, we have examined the expression of clusterin, a protein expressed in aging neurons, in the mice at two ages. Our findings show increased clusterin expression in the aged S100B mice compared to their CD-1 controls, a finding we have interpreted as further evidence of pathological brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Shapiro
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2500, USA
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25
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Debure L, Vayssiere JL, Rincheval V, Loison F, Le Drean Y, Michel D. Intracellular clusterin causes juxtanuclear aggregate formation and mitochondrial alteration. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:3109-21. [PMID: 12799419 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clusterin is a puzzling protein upregulated in many diseased tissues, presented as either a survival or a death protein. The role of clusterin might depend on the final maturation and localization of the protein, which can be secreted or reside inside cells, either after in situ synthesis or uptake of extracellular clusterin. We studied the biological effects of intracellular clusterin and observed that clusterin forms containing the alpha-chain region strongly accumulated in an ubiquitinated form in juxtanuclear aggregates meeting the main criterions of aggresomes and leading to profound alterations of the mitochondrial network. The viability of cells transfected by intracellular forms of clusterin was improved by overexpression of Bcl-2, and caspase inhibition was capable of rescuing cells expressing clusterin, which presented an altered mitochondrial permeability. We propose that, although it might be an inherently pro-survival and anti-apoptotic protein expressed by cells under stress in an attempt to protect themselves, clusterin can become highly cytotoxic when accumulated in the intracellular compartment. This activity might reconcile the opposite purported influences of clusterin on cell survival and explain how clusterin can be causally involved in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Debure
- Information et Programmation Cellulaire, UMR6026 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 13, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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26
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Wiggins AK, Shen PJ, Gundlach AL. Delayed, but prolonged increases in astrocytic clusterin (ApoJ) mRNA expression following acute cortical spreading depression in the rat: evidence for a role of clusterin in ischemic tolerance. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 114:20-30. [PMID: 12782389 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(03)00124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin is a sulfated glycoprotein produced by neurons and by resting and activated astrocytes that has several putative functions, including protective responses to brain injury. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a powerful yet largely benign stimulus that acutely is capable of providing long-lasting ischemic tolerance. The current study investigated possible alterations in expression of clusterin mRNA in the cerebral cortex of the rat at various times after unilateral CSD. Using semiquantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry, significant increases (30-100%; P< or =0.05) in clusterin mRNA were detected in layers I-III and IV-VI of the ipsilateral cortex at 1, 2, 7 and 14 (layers I-III only) days after CSD. Transcript levels in the ipsilateral cortex were again equivalent to contralateral (control) levels at 28 days after CSD. These molecular anatomical studies also revealed that both neurons and nonneuronal cells (presumed reactive astrocytes) increased their expression of clusterin mRNA following CSD. Notably the time-course of increases in clusterin mRNA after CSD (1-14 days) overlaps that during which CSD reportedly provides neuroprotection against subsequent cerebral ischemia. These findings along with other evidence suggest that increased clusterin production and secretion, particularly by astrocytes, could be neuroprotective-perhaps via one or more of its putative actions that include inhibition of complement activation and cytolysis, effects on chemotaxis and apoptosis, and actions as an anti-stress protein chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Wiggins
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine and Department of Medicine, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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27
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Leskov KS, Criswell T, Antonio S, Li J, Yang CR, Kinsella TJ, Boothman DA. When X-ray-inducible proteins meet DNA double strand break repair. Semin Radiat Oncol 2001; 11:352-72. [PMID: 11677660 DOI: 10.1053/srao.2001.26912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellular responses to ionizing radiation (IR) include (a) activation of signal transduction enzymes; (b) stimulation of DNA repair, most notably DNA double strand break (DSB) repair by homologous or nonhomologous recombinatorial pathways; (c) activation of transcription factors and subsequent IR-inducible transcript and protein changes; (d) cell cycle checkpoint delays in G(1), S, and G(2) required for repair or for programmed cell death of severely damaged cells; (e) activation of zymogens needed for programmed cell death (although IR is a poor inducer of such responses in epithelial cells); and (f) stimulation of IR-inducible proteins that may mediate bystander effects influencing signal transduction, DNA repair, angiogenesis, the immune response, late responses to IR, and possibly adaptive survival responses. The overall response to IR depends on the cell's inherent genetic background, as well as its ability to biochemically and genetically respond to IR-induced damage. To improve the anti-tumor efficacy of IR, our knowledge of these pleiotropic responses must improve. The most important process for the survival of a tumor cell following IR is the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Using yeast two-hybrid analyses along with other molecular and cellular biology techniques, we cloned transcripts/proteins that are involved in, or presumably affect, nonhomologous DNA double strand break end-joining (NHEJ) repair mediated by the DNA-PK complex. Using Ku70 as bait, we isolated a number of Ku-binding proteins (KUBs). We identified the first X-ray-inducible transcript/protein (xip8, Clusterin (CLU)) that associates with DNA-PK. A nuclear form of CLU (nCLU) prevented DNA-PK-mediated end joining, and stimulated cell death in response to IR or when overexpressed in the absence of IR. Structure-function analyses using molecular and cellular (including green fluorescence-tagged protein trafficking) biology techniques showed that nCLU appears to be an inactive protein residing in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Following IR injury, nCLU levels increase and an as yet undefined posttranslational modification appears to alter the protein, exposing nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) and coiled-coil domains. The modified protein translocates to the nucleus and triggers cell death, presumably through its interaction specifically with Ku70. Understanding nCLU responses, as well as the functions of the KUBs, will be important for understanding DSB repair. Knowledge of DSB repair may be used to improve the antitumor efficacy of IR, as well as other chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Leskov
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53792, USA
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28
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Han BH, DeMattos RB, Dugan LL, Kim-Han JS, Brendza RP, Fryer JD, Kierson M, Cirrito J, Quick K, Harmony JA, Aronow BJ, Holtzman DM. Clusterin contributes to caspase-3-independent brain injury following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Nat Med 2001; 7:338-43. [PMID: 11231633 DOI: 10.1038/85487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Clusterin, also known as apolipoprotein J, is a ubiquitously expressed molecule thought to influence a variety of processes including cell death. In the brain, it accumulates in dying neurons following seizures and hypoxic-ischemic (H-I) injury. Despite this, in vivo evidence that clusterin directly influences cell death is lacking. Following neonatal H-I brain injury in mice (a model of cerebral palsy), there was evidence of apoptotic changes (neuronal caspase-3 activation), as well as accumulation of clusterin in dying neurons. Clusterin-deficient mice had 50% less brain injury following neonatal H-I. Surprisingly, the absence of clusterin had no effect on caspase-3 activation, and clusterin accumulation and caspase-3 activation did not colocalize to the same cells. Studies with cultured cortical neurons demonstrated that exogenous purified astrocyte-secreted clusterin exacerbated oxygen/glucose-deprivation-induced necrotic death. These results indicate that clusterin may be a new therapeutic target to modulate non-caspase-dependent neuronal death following acute brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Han
- Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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29
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During MJ, Symes CW, Lawlor PA, Lin J, Dunning J, Fitzsimons HL, Poulsen D, Leone P, Xu R, Dicker BL, Lipski J, Young D. An oral vaccine against NMDAR1 with efficacy in experimental stroke and epilepsy. Science 2000; 287:1453-60. [PMID: 10688787 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5457.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The brain is generally considered immunoprivileged, although increasing examples of immunological responses to brain antigens, neuronal expression of major histocompatibility class I genes, and neurological autoimmunity have been recognized. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) vaccine generated autoantibodies that targeted a specific brain protein, the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. After peroral administration of the AAV vaccine, transgene expression persisted for at least 5 months and was associated with a robust humoral response in the absence of a significant cell-mediated response. This single-dose vaccine was associated with strong anti-epileptic and neuroprotective activity in rats for both a kainate-induced seizure model and also a middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model at 1 to 5 months following vaccination. Thus, a vaccination strategy targeting brain proteins is feasible and may have therapeutic potential for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J During
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Auckland School of Medicine, Auckland, New Zealand.
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30
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Liu L, Svensson M, Aldskogius H. Clusterin upregulation following rubrospinal tract lesion in the adult rat. Exp Neurol 1999; 157:69-76. [PMID: 10222109 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the expression of the multifunctional protein clusterin in the axotomized red nucleus, at the lesion site in the lateral funiculus of C3, as well as along the Wallerian degeneration in the lateral funiculus of T1. There was a marked increase in clusterin-immunoreactivity (IR) and clusterin mRNA in red nucleus nerve cell bodies. An early, transient occurrence of large, heavily clusterin-IR globules were found in axons in the spinal cord at the lesion site in C3 as well as a marked upregulation of mRNA for clusterin, presumably associated with reactive astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from 1 to 4 weeks postoperatively. Clusterin-IR and its mRNA were markedly increased in the zone of Wallerian degeneration at T1, where some strongly expressing cells were identified as oligodendrocytes. Taken together with previous changes in clusterin expression following peripheral nerve and dorsal root injury, we suggest that this protein is involved in regenerative as well as degenerative neural responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Young D, Lawlor PA, Leone P, Dragunow M, During MJ. Environmental enrichment inhibits spontaneous apoptosis, prevents seizures and is neuroprotective. Nat Med 1999; 5:448-53. [PMID: 10202938 DOI: 10.1038/7449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian brain has a high degree of plasticity, with dentate granule cell neurogenesis and glial proliferation stimulated by an enriched environment combining both complex inanimate and social stimulation. Moreover, rodents exposed to an enriched environment both before and after a cerebral insult show improved cognitive performance. One of the most robust associations of environmental enrichment is improved learning and memory in the Morris water maze, a spatial task that mainly involves the hippocampus. Furthermore, clinical evidence showing an association between higher educational attainment and reduced risk of Alzheimer and Parkinson-related dementia indicates that a stimulating environment has positive effects on cerebral health that may provide some resilience to cerebral insults. Here we show that in addition to its effects on neurogenesis, an enriched environment reduces spontaneous apoptotic cell death in the rat hippocampus by 45%. Moreover, these environmental conditions protect against kainate-induced seizures and excitotoxic injury. The enriched environment induces expression of glial-derived neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and increases phosphorylation of the transcription factor cyclic-AMP response element binding protein, indicating that the influence of the environment on spontaneous apoptosis and cerebral resistance to insults may be mediated through transcription factor activation and induction of growth factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Young
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Auckland School of Medicine, New Zealand
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32
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Walton M, Connor B, Lawlor P, Young D, Sirimanne E, Gluckman P, Cole G, Dragunow M. Neuronal death and survival in two models of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1999; 29:137-68. [PMID: 10209230 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two unilateral hypoxic-ischemia (HI) models (moderate and severe) in immature rat brain have been used to investigate the role of various transcription factors and related proteins in delayed neuronal death and survival. The moderate HI model results in an apoptotic-like neuronal death in selectively vulnerable regions of the brain while the more severe HI injury consistently produces widespread necrosis resulting in infarction, with some necrosis resistant cell populations showing evidence of an apoptotic type death. In susceptible regions undergoing an apoptotic-like death there was not only a prolonged induction of the immediate early genes, c-jun, c-fos and nur77, but also of possible target genes amyloid precursor protein (APP751) and CPP32. In contrast, increased levels of BDNF, phosphorylated CREB and PGHS-2 were found in cells resistant to the moderate HI insult suggesting that these proteins either alone or in combination may be of importance in the process of neuroprotection. An additional feature of both the moderate and severe brain insults was the rapid activation and/or proliferation of glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) in and around the site of damage. The glial response following HI was associated with an upregulation of both the CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha (microglia only) and NFkappaB transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walton
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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33
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Lidström AM, Bogdanovic N, Hesse C, Volkman I, Davidsson P, Blennow K. Clusterin (apolipoprotein J) protein levels are increased in hippocampus and in frontal cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 1998; 154:511-21. [PMID: 9878186 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1998.6892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the multifunctional protein clusterin (apolipoprotein J, SGP-2, SP-40,40) in brain tissue using quantitative Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The material included postmortem brains from 19 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 6 with vascular dementia (VAD), and 7 age-matched control subjects. Intense clusterin staining was found in the soma of both neuronal and astroglial cells. In addition, positive staining was found in a portion of senile plaques (SP) in AD brains. Quantitative analysis showed that clusterin levels were significantly increased in AD, both in frontal cortex (150% of the control value, P = 0.002) and in the hippocampus (179% of the control value, P < 0.001), while normal clusterin levels were found in cerebellum (104% of the control value). No significant changes were found in VAD. Within the AD group, there was a significant negative correlation between clusterin levels in hippocampus and severity of dementia (r = -0.40), while no such correlation was found in frontal cortex (r = 0.12). No significant correlations were found between clusterin levels and the number of SP or neurofibrillary tangles. No significant differences in clusterin levels were found in any brain region between AD patients possessing different numbers of the ApoE4 allele. The increased clusterin levels in AD brain, together with the absence of a correlation between SP counts and clusterin levels, and the finding that clusterin is only found in a smaller portion of SP do not suggest a link between clusterin and beta-amyloid dependence. Instead we hypothesize that the increase is part of a regional response in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lidström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, M olndal, Sweden
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34
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Ridet JL, Malhotra SK, Privat A, Gage FH. Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological function. Trends Neurosci 1997; 20:570-7. [PMID: 9416670 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1327] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, the reactive gliosis that occurs after an injury to the CNS has been considered one of the major impediments to axonal regeneration. Nevertheless, recent studies have suggested that in certain conditions, reactive astrocytes may provide a permissive substratum to support axonal regrowth. The important criteria, allowing for the distinction between permissive and non-permissive gliosis, are the ultrastructural 3D organization of the scar and more importantly the recognition molecules expressed by reactive astrocytes. Reactive astrocytes express surface molecules and produce various neurotrophic factors and cytokines. The latter in turn might modulate the production of recognition molecules by reactive astrocytes, allowing them to support post-lesional axonal regrowth. Although numerous recent articles have focused on cytokines and cell adhesion molecules, scant attention has been paid to reactive astrocytes. Reactive astrocytes should be considered a key element, like neurons, of a dynamic environment, thus forming with neurons a functional unit involved in homeostasis, plasticity and neurotransmission. Attempts are in progress to identify molecular markers for reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ridet
- INSERM U. 336, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
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35
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Michel D, Trembleau A, Moyse E, Brun G. Optimization of PCR/lambda exonuclease-mediated synthesis of sense and antisense DNA probes for in situ hybridization. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1997; 29:685-93. [PMID: 9413742 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026456816464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In situ hybridization experiments are stringently dependent on the quality of the probes, which should be single-stranded when efficient comparison of signals obtained with antisense and control sense probes are needed. In this report, we describe an optimized synthesis of radioactive single-stranded DNA probes, without vector cloning and requiring a unique polymerization step. The sequence region selected as probe is amplified by polymerase chain reaction in the presence of radiolabelled nucleotides. The sense and antisense probes are then yielded by the action of the lambda bacteriophage exonuclease, which can specifically eliminate one out of the two strands of the amplified fragments. In this way, sense and antisense probes with identical length and specific activity can be generated by selecting the primer to be phosphorylated. We have verified the efficiency of our probes for in situ hybridization of the clusterin transcripts within the peripheral olfactory system, after surgical lesion of its synaptic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michel
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, ENS de Lyon, France
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36
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Butterworth NJ, Dragunow M. Medial septal cholinergic neurons express c-Jun but do not undergo DNA fragmentation after fornix-fimbria transections. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 43:1-12. [PMID: 9037513 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(96)00143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the expression of inducible transcription factors (ITFs) and the fate of medial septal (MS) cholinergic neurons following fornix fimbria (FF) transection c-Jun, but not c-Fos or Krox 24 was induced in nerve growth factor receptor-immunoreactive (NGFr-ir), parvalbumin-negative MS neurons by 48 h and still highly expressed 2 months after transection. JunD was expressed only at 48 h after transection. Levels of choline acetyl transferase immunoreactivity (ChAT-ir) and NGFr-ir decreased substantially 7 and 14 days respectively following FF transection and remained depressed for up to 2 months. We also investigated other measures of nerve cell death and found that there was a time-dependent loss of cresyl violet staining, but no evidence of DNA fragmentation, acidophilia or clusterin expression in the MS region. There was however, good evidence of microglial activation and astrocyte hypertrophy in the MS. These results suggest that axotomized c-Jun-positive septohippocampal neurons lose their cholinergic phenotype but do not die for up to 2 months after FF transection. The function of c-Jun in axotomized MS neurons remains a mystery, but c-Jun expression alone is clearly not sufficient to elicit death of these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Butterworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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37
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May PC, Clemens JA, Panetta JA, Smalstig EB, Stephenson D, Fuson KS. Induction of sulfated glycoprotein-2 (clusterin) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) RNA expression following transient global ischemia is differentially attenuated by LY231617. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 42:145-8. [PMID: 8915593 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(96)00155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2) is a secreted glycoprotein that along with GFAP has emerged as a prominent molecular marker of neurodegeneration. In the present study, we have evaluated further the relationship between SGP-2, GFAP and neurodegeneration, by examining the effects of LY231617, a potent antioxidant, on expression of SGP-2 and GFAP following four vessel occlusion (4VO). GFAP and SGP-2 RNA levels increased several fold in hippocampus and caudate nucleus in response to 30 min of 4VO. LY231617 treatment markedly attenuated the induction of GFAP RNA in both hippocampus and caudate nucleus, consistent with the significant neuroprotection observed histologically. In contrast, LY231617 treatment blunted SGP-2 RNA expression only in the hippocampus; SGP-2 RNA expression in caudate nucleus was similar to vehicle-treated 4VO, despite the marked attenuation of neuronal damage in both areas by LY231617. These data suggest region-specific differential regulation of SGP-2 and GFAP RNA induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C May
- Lilly Research Laboratories, CNS Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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38
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Darlington CL, Lawlor P, Smith PF, Dragunow M. Temporal relationship between the expression of fos, jun and krox-24 in the guinea pig vestibular nuclei during the development of vestibular compensation for unilateral vestibular deafferentation. Brain Res 1996; 735:173-6. [PMID: 8905184 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Immediately following unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD), expression of the c-fos protein increased in both vestibular nucleus complexes (VNCs). By 10 h post-UVD, c-fos proteins were more evident in the bilateral medial vestibular nuclei (MVN), but their expression had decreased in the bilateral superior vestibular nuclei (SVN) and lateral vestibular nuclei (LVN) compared to immediately post-UVD. At 50 h post-UVD, c-fos protein expression was still evident in the bilateral VNC, but had decreased relative to immediately post-UVD. Immediately post-UVD, c-jun protein expression increased in the bilateral VNC, but was more noticeable at 10 h post-UVD. By 50 h post-UVD, c-jun protein expression had decreased markedly throughout the bilateral VNC. The krox-24 protein could not be seen anywhere in the immediate post-UVD condition. However, it was expressed at a low level in the bilateral MVN at 10 h post-UVD; by 50 h post-UVD, this expression had decreased. No evidence of apoptosis was observed following UVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Darlington
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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39
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Walton M, Young D, Sirimanne E, Dodd J, Christie D, Williams C, Gluckman P, Dragunow M. Induction of clusterin in the immature brain following a hypoxic-ischemic injury. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 39:137-52. [PMID: 8804722 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(96)00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A unilateral hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult in the 21 day old rat has been used to assess the role of clusterin in nerve cell death. Both clusterin mRNA and protein levels were measured at various time points after moderate (15 min) and severe (60 min) HI insult using in situ hybridisation and immunocytochemistry respectively. The severe HI insult lead primarily to necrotic neuronal death and showed very little if any clusterin mRNA and protein induction on the ligated side of the brain. However, following the moderate HI insult there was a dramatic time-dependent accumulation of clusterin protein in neurons of the CA1-CA2 pyramidal cell layers in the hippocampus and cortical layers 3-5, regions undergoing delayed neuronal death. Clusterin mRNA expression, in contrast to neuronal protein accumulation, appeared to be glial in origin (probably astrocytes) with increases in mRNA in and around the hippocampal fissure and only a weak signal over the CA1-CA2 pyramidal cell layer. These results support the hypothesis that the clusterin protein is synthesised in the astrocytes, secreted and then taken up by dying neurons. Clusterin immunoreactivity and in situ DNA end-labelling performed on the same sections revealed that clusterin was accumulating in neurons destined to die by programmed cell death. However the relative time-courses of DNA fragmentation and clusterin immunoreactivity suggest that clusterin production was a result of the selective delayed neuronal death rather than being involved in the biochemical cascade of events that cause it.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walton
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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40
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Dragunow M, Preston K. The role of inducible transcription factors in apoptotic nerve cell death. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1995; 21:1-28. [PMID: 8547952 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(95)00003-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that certain types of nerve cell death in the brain occur by an apoptotic mechanism. Researchers have demonstrated that moderate hypoxic-ischemic (HI) episodes and status epilepticus (SE) can cause DNA fragmentation as well as other morphological features of apoptosis in neurons destined to die, whereas more severe HI episodes lead to neuronal necrosis and infarction. Although somewhat controversial, some studies have demonstrated that protein synthesis inhibition prevents HI-and SE-induced nerve cell death in the brain, suggesting that apoptotic nerve cell death in the adult brain is de novo protein synthesis-dependent (i.e., programmed). The identity of the proteins involved in HI-and SE-induced apoptosis in the adult brain is unclear, although based upon studies in cell culture, a number of potential cell death and anti-apoptosis genes have been identified. In addition, a number of studies have demonstrated that inducible transcription factors (ITFs) are expressed for prolonged periods in neurons undergoing apoptotic death following HI and SE. These results suggest that prolonged expression of ITFs (in particular c-jun) may form part of the biological cascade that induces apoptosis in adult neurons. These various studies are critically discussed and in particular the role of inducible transcription factors in neuronal apoptosis is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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