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Rzodkiewicz LD, Turcotte MM. Two duckweed species exhibit variable tolerance to microcystin-LR exposure across genotypic lineages. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 131:102548. [PMID: 38212081 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins produced by harmful cyanobacteria blooms can damage freshwater ecosystems and threaten human health. Floating macrophytes may be used as a means of biocontrol by limiting light and resources available to cyanobacteria. However, genetic variation in macrophyte sensitivity to cyanotoxins could influence their suitability as biocontrol agents. We investigated the influence of such intraspecific variation on the response of two rapidly growing duckweed species, Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza, often used in nutrient and metal bioremediation. We assessed two biomarkers related to productivity (biomass and chlorophyll A production) and two related to fitness measures (population size and growth rate). Fifteen genetic lineages of each species were grown in media containing common cyanotoxin microcystin-LR at ecologically relevant concentrations or control media for a period of twelve days. Genotype identity had a strong impact on all biomarker responses. Microcystin concentration slightly increased the final population sizes of both macrophyte species with a marginal effect on growth rate of L. minor and the chlorophyll A production of S. polyrhiza, but overall these species were very tolerant of microcystin. The strong tolerance supports the potential use of these plants as bioremediators of cyanobacterial blooms. However, differential impact of microcystin exposure discovered in single lineage models among genotypes indicates a potential for cyanotoxins to act as selective forces, necessitating attention to genotype selection for bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey D Rzodkiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
| | - Martin M Turcotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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2
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Burraco P, Orizaola G. Ionizing radiation and melanism in Chornobyl tree frogs. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1469-1479. [PMID: 36187188 PMCID: PMC9488684 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human actions are altering ecosystems worldwide. Among human-released pollutants, ionizing radiation arises as a rare but potentially devastating threat to natural systems. The Chornobyl accident (1986) represents the largest release of radioactive material to the environment. Our aim was to examine how exposure to radiation from the Chornobyl accident influences dorsal skin coloration of Eastern tree frog (Hyla orientalis) males sampled across a wide gradient of radioactive contamination in northern Ukraine. We assessed the relationship between skin frog coloration (which can act as a protective mechanism against ionizing radiation), radiation conditions and oxidative stress levels. Skin coloration was darker in localities closest to areas with high radiation levels at the time of the accident, whereas current radiation levels seemed not to influence skin coloration in Chornobyl tree frogs. Tree frogs living within the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone had a remarkably darker dorsal skin coloration than frogs from outside the Zone. The maintenance of dark skin coloration was not linked to physiological costs in terms of frog body condition or oxidative status, and we did not detect short-term changes in frog coloration. Dark coloration is known to protect against different sources of radiation by neutralizing free radicals and reducing DNA damage, and, particularly melanin pigmentation has been proposed as a buffering mechanism against ionizing radiation. Our results suggest that exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation, likely at the time of the accident, may have been selected for darker coloration in Chornobyl tree frogs. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms and evolutionary consequences of the patterns found here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Burraco
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology CentreUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Doñana Biological Station (CSIC)SevilleSpain
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Germán Orizaola
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology CentreUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- IMIB‐Biodiversity Research Institute (Univ. Oviedo‐CSIC‐Princip. Asturias)University of OviedoMieresAsturiasSpain
- Zoology Unit, Department of Biology of Organisms and SystemsUniversity of OviedoOviedoAsturiasSpain
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3
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Effects of Soil Amelioration and Vegetation Introduction on the Restoration of Abandoned Coal Mine Spoils in South Korea. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to ecologically restore coal mine spoils, tolerant species were selected through vegetation surveys on the abandoned coal mine spoils and natural forests established on the poor environment similarly to there. In addition, tolerant species were selected through cultivation experiments in the laboratory. Many C4 plants were included among the tolerant species selected through cultivation experiments. Soil was ameliorated by applying commercial organic fertilizer that can improve both physical and chemical properties of soil at the same time. Vegetation introduced for restoration was prepared by combining plant species tolerant to the degraded environment of coal mine spoils and the reference information. The treatment with a soil ameliorator improved the chemical properties of soil, such as the pH and nutrient contents, and promoted the growth of sample plants significantly. However, additional improvements were required compared with the chemical properties of healthy forest soil. The sites restored by ameliorating soil and introducing tolerant species showed a more similar species composition to the reference sites compared with the afforested and non-restored sites in both lowland and upland areas. However, such restoration did not play a significant role in increasing species diversity or excluding exotic plants. In this respect, more active restoration is recommended.
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Grulke NE, Heath RL. Ozone effects on plants in natural ecosystems. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22 Suppl 1:12-37. [PMID: 30730096 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3 ) is an important stressor in natural ecosystems, with well-documented impacts on soils, biota and ecological processes. The effects of O3 on individual plants and processes scale up through the ecosystem through effects on carbon, nutrient and hydrologic dynamics. Ozone effects on individual species and their associated microflora and fauna cascade through the ecosystem to the landscape level. Systematic injury surveys demonstrate that foliar injury occurs on sensitive species throughout the globe. However, deleterious impacts on plant carbon, water and nutrient balance can also occur without visible injury. Because sensitivity to O3 may follow coarse physiognomic plant classes (in general, herbaceous crops are more sensitive than deciduous woody plants, grasses and conifers), the task still remains to use stomatal O3 uptake to assess class and species' sensitivity. Investigations of the radial growth of mature trees, in combination with data from many controlled studies with seedlings, suggest that ambient O3 reduces growth of mature trees in some locations. Models based on tree physiology and forest stand dynamics suggest that modest effects of O3 on growth may accumulate over time, other stresses (prolonged drought, excess nitrogen deposition) may exacerbate the direct effects of O3 on tree growth, and competitive interactions among species may be altered. Ozone exposure over decades may be altering the species composition of forests currently, and as fossil fuel combustion products generate more O3 than deteriorates in the atmosphere, into the future as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Grulke
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, Western Wildlands Environmental Threats Assessment Center, US Forest Service, Bend, OR, USA
| | - R L Heath
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Hao X, Li T, Yu H, Zhang X, Zheng Z, Chen G, Zhang S, Zhao L, Pu Y. Cd accumulation and subcellular distribution in two ecotypes of Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb as affected by Cd treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:7461-7469. [PMID: 25874426 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Cadmium (Cd) accumulation capacity and subcellular distribution in the mining ecotype (ME) and non-mining ecotype (NME) of Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb were investigated in pot experiments. The results showed that average Cd contents in shoots of the two ecotypes of K. brevifolia were higher than those in roots, whereas Cd concentrations in roots were greater than those in shoots. Also, shoot Cd contents in NME of K. brevifolia were 1.65-45.45 times greater than those in ME when the plants were grown at 5, 25, 50, and 100 mg Cd kg(-1) soil. Moreover, Cd contents in the roots in NME were 1.75-45.45 times higher than those in ME. Subcellular distribution of Cd demonstrated that the majority of Cd in the two ecotypes of K. brevifolia was distributed in the cell walls and soluble fraction, and a small percentage of Cd existed in organelle fraction. In addition, proportions of Cd distributed in shoots and roots cell walls of NME were greater than those in ME. It could be assumed that compared with ME, NME of K. brevifolia has better Cd accumulation capacity, and the subcellular distribution of Cd might be one of the mechanisms to explain such phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hao
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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6
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Geras'kin S, Evseeva T, Oudalova A. Effects of long-term chronic exposure to radionuclides in plant populations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2013; 121:22-32. [PMID: 22483340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The results of field studies carried out on different plant species (winter rye and wheat, spring barley, oats, Scots pine, wild vetch, crested hairgrass) in various radioecological situations (nuclear weapon testing, the Chernobyl accident, uranium and radium processing) to investigate the effects of long-term chronic exposure to radionuclides are discussed. Plant populations growing in areas with relatively low levels of pollution are characterized by an increased level of both cytogenetic disturbances and genetic diversity. Although ionizing radiation causes primary damage at the molecular level, there are emergent effects at the level of populations, non-predictable from the knowledge of elementary mechanisms of cellular effects formation. Accumulation of cellular alterations may afterward influence biological parameters important for populations such as health and reproduction. Presented data provide evidence that in plant populations inhabiting heavily contaminated territories cytogenetic damage could be accompanied by a decrease in reproductive capacity. However, in less contaminated sites, because of the scarcity of data available, a steady relationship between cytogenetic effects and reproductive capacity was not revealed. Under radioactive contamination of the plant's environment, a population's resistance to exposure may increase. However, there are radioecological situations where an enhanced radioresistance has not evolved or has not persisted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Geras'kin
- Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology, Kievskoe shosse, 109 km, 249020 Obninsk, Russia.
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7
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Parsons PA. The metabolic cost of multiple environmental stresses: Implications for climatic change and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2012; 5:315-7. [PMID: 21232382 DOI: 10.1016/0169-5347(90)90089-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of resistance to environmental stress may involve genetic change associated with reduced metabolic energy expenditure. Under the stressful conditions likely at the limits of species' geographical ranges, physiological constraints may mean that the amount of energy required to counteract stress precludes survival. Metabolic limitations would therefore prevent spread into climatically more extreme habitats. This means that postulated future climatic changes are likely to cause species extinctions, especially in species-rich rain forests. Metabolic cost arguments suggest that this situation may be more extreme if there are interactions with other stresses. Conservation genetics should therefore incorporate an analysis of stress-response traits, emphasizing populations from species boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Parsons
- Peter Parsons is at the Dept of Zoology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Neufeld HS, Peoples SJ, Davison AW, Chappelka AH, Somers GL, Thomley JE, Booker FL. Ambient ozone effects on gas exchange and total non-structural carbohydrate levels in cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) growing in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 160:74-81. [PMID: 22035928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ozone-sensitive and -tolerant individuals of cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) were compared for their gas exchange characteristics and total non-structural carbohydrates at Purchase Knob, a high elevation site in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance decreased with increased foliar stipple. Sensitive plants had lower photosynthetic rates for all leaves, except the very youngest and oldest when compared to tolerant plants. Stomatal conductance decreased with increasing leaf age, but no ozone-sensitivity differences were found. Lower leaves had less starch than upper ones, while leaves on sensitive plants had less than those on tolerant plants. These results show that ambient levels of ozone in Great Smoky Mountains National Park can adversely affect gas exchange, water use efficiency and leaf starch content in sensitive coneflower plants. Persistence of sensitive genotypes in the Park may be due to physiological recovery in low ozone years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Neufeld
- Department of Biology, 572 Rivers St., Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
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9
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Geras'kin S, Oudalova A, Dikareva N, Spiridonov S, Hinton T, Chernonog E, Garnier-Laplace J. Effects of radioactive contamination on Scots pines in the remote period after the Chernobyl accident. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:1195-208. [PMID: 21451948 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A 6 year study of Scots pine populations inhabiting sites in the Bryansk region of Russia radioactively contaminated as a result of the Chernobyl accident is presented. In six study sites, (137)Cs activity concentrations and heavy metal content in soils, as well as (137)Cs, (90)Sr and heavy metal concentrations in cones were measured. Doses absorbed in reproduction organs of pine trees were calculated using a dosimetric model. The maximum annual dose absorbed at the most contaminated site was about 130 mGy. Occurrence of aberrant cells scored in the root meristem of germinated seeds collected from pine trees growing on radioactively contaminated territories for over 20 years significantly exceeded the reference levels during all 6 years of the study. The data suggest that cytogenetic effects occur in Scots pine populations due to the radioactive contamination. However, no consistent differences in reproductive ability were detected between the impacted and reference populations as measured by the frequency of abortive seeds. Even though the Scots pine populations have occupied radioactively contaminated territories for two decades, there were no clear indications of adaptation to the radiation, when measured by the number of aberrant cells in root meristems of seeds exposed to an additional acute dose of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Geras'kin
- Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology, Kievskoe shosse, 109 km, 249032, Obninsk, Russia.
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10
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Medina MH, Correa JA, Barata C. Micro-evolution due to pollution: possible consequences for ecosystem responses to toxic stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:2105-14. [PMID: 17267012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polluting events can change community structure and ecosystem functioning. Selection of genetically inherited tolerance on exposed populations, here referred as micro-evolution due to pollution, has been recognized as one of the causes of these changes. However, there is a gap between studies addressing this process and those assessing effects at higher levels of biological organization. In this review we attempt to address these evolutionary considerations into the ecological risk assessment (ERA) of polluting events and to trigger the discussion about the consequences of this process for the ecosystem response to toxic stress. We provide clear evidence that pollution drives micro-evolutionary processes in several species. When this process occurs, populations inhabiting environments that become polluted may persist. However, due to the existence of ecological costs derived from the loss of genetic variability, negative pleiotropy with fitness traits and/or from physiological alterations, micro-evolution due to pollution may alter different properties of the affected populations. Despite the existence of empirical evidence showing that safety margins currently applied in the ERA process may account for pollution-induced genetic changes in tolerance, information regarding long-term ecological consequences at higher levels of biological organization due to ecological costs is not explicitly considered in these procedures. In relation to this, we present four testable hypotheses considering that micro-evolution due to pollution acts upon the variability of functional response traits of the exposed populations and generates changes on their functional effect traits, therefore, modifying the way species exploit their ecological niches and participate in the overall ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías H Medina
- CIEN Austral-Centro de Investigación en Nutrición, Tecnología de Alimentos y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Puerto Montt, Región de Los Lagos, Chile.
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11
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Geras’kin SA, Vasil’ev DV, Dikarev VG, Udalova AA, Evseeva TI, Dikareva NS, Zimin VL. Bioindication-based Estimation of Technogenic Impact on Pinus sylvestris L. Populations in the Vicinity of a Radioactive Waste Storage Facility. RUSS J ECOL+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11184-005-0069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Geras'kin SA, Kim JK, Oudalova AA, Vasiliyev DV, Dikareva NS, Zimin VL, Dikarev VG. Bio-monitoring the genotoxicity of populations of Scots pine in the vicinity of a radioactive waste storage facility. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2005; 583:55-66. [PMID: 15866466 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Results of a long-term (1997-2002) study of the Scots pine populations growing in the vicinity of the radioactive waste storage facility ('Radon' LWPE) are presented. Cytogenetic disturbances in reproductive (seeds) and vegetative (needles) tissues sampled from Scots pine populations were studied to examine whether Scots pine trees have experienced environmental stress in areas with relatively low levels of pollution. The data clearly indicate the presence of mutagenic contaminants in the environment of the pine trees. An increased number of mitotic abnormalities, especially multipolar mitoses was found in the pine tree populations submitted to man-made exposure, which suggests that the cytogenetic damage is mainly caused by chemical contamination. A higher radioresistance of the Scots pine seeds from the impacted populations was shown by use of acute gamma-irradiation. During the observation period 1997-2002, pine trees exposed to anthropogenic pollution showed a steady increase of cytogenetic alterations in the root meristem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A Geras'kin
- Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology, Kievskoe shosse, 109 km, 249030 Obninsk, Russia.
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13
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Kozlov MV. Pollution resistance of mountain birch, Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii, near the copper-nickel smelter: natural selection or phenotypic acclimation? CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 59:189-97. [PMID: 15722090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2004] [Revised: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mountain birch, Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii (Orlova) Hamet-Ahti, is one of the very few woody plants surviving in the heavily polluted industrial barrens of the Kola Peninsula, north-western Russia. The present study was designed to find out whether long-lasting pollution impact caused selection of resistant birch genotypes, and to investigate possible trade-offs between pollution resistance and performance by exploring growth of birch seedlings in the different environments. In the reciprocal planting experiments, progenies of birches from polluted sites performed slightly better in the polluted environment (in terms of survival, leaf number, and leaf size) than progenies of birches from clean sites; and vice versa, in the clean environment progenies of birches from polluted sites performed slightly worse than progenies of birches from clean sites. However, this pattern was detected only in some of statistical tests, while the majority of comparisons showed no genotype or genotype by environment effects. Although some of the results indicate that long-lasting pollution impact may have increased pollution resistance of the affected populations by elimination of sensitive genotypes (survival selection), this conclusion should be considered tentative. The resistance did not reach the level sufficient to assure re-colonisation of polluted habitats: progenies of all trees completely died on the contaminated soils by the end of the first growth season. Therefore persistence of mountain birch populations near the strong polluters may be transient, being explained not only by higher resistance of the survivors, but also by phenotypic acclimatisation of mature trees to gradual increase in pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Kozlov
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Kozlov MV, Zvereva EL. Reproduction of mountain birch along a strong pollution gradient near Monchegorsk, Northwestern Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2004; 132:443-451. [PMID: 15325460 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We explored effects of severe pollution on sexual reproduction of mountain birch, Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii, by counting catkins on sample branches and weighing both somatic and generative structures of both short and long shoots from birches growing at 21 sites around large nickel-copper smelter at Monchegorsk, Northwestern Russia. Proportion of reproducing trees, production of catkins, shoot and catkin weight, as well as the relative difference in weight of somatic structures of generative and vegetative shoots, were generally independent of pollution load; in 2003 birches growing in industrial barrens produced more catkins than birches growing in unpolluted forests. Thus, we found no support for the hypothesis that reproductive allocation should decrease with decrease in environmental capacity. Absence of adverse effects might indicate that long-lasting pollution impact already eliminated the most sensitive individuals from the affected birch populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Kozlov
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland.
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15
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Karnosky D, Percy K, Mankovska B, Prichard T, Noormets A, Dickson R, Jepsen E, Isebrands J. Ozone affects the fitness of trembling aspen. AIR POLLUTION, GLOBAL CHANGE AND FORESTS IN THE NEW MILLENIUM 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-8177(03)03008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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16
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Calzada I, Mesanza J, Casado H, Castillo FJ. Biochemical changes in needles of Pinus radiata D. Don trees in relationship to long-term ozone exposure indices. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2001; 114:325-335. [PMID: 11584631 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(00)00242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ambient concentrations of ozone in Europe are high enough to cause negative effects on vegetation. Therefore, many efforts have been made to determine exposure indices and critical levels for protection of vegetation. In this context, the choice of a suitable attribute to determine the pollutant effect is of paramount importance. Until now, much of the work has been done with attributes such as biomass or growth. In the present work correlation factors have been established between biochemical parameters (peroxidase activity, ascorbate and sulfhydryl contents) of Pinus radiata trees and exposure indices of ozone. Our results show that peroxidase cannot be used as an indicator of effects of long-term exposure to ozone but still remains as an excellent indicator of short-term ozone fluctuations in the field. Ascorbate may act as an intermediate indicator responding to both short fluctuations and long-term exposures to ozone. Finally, sulfhydryl may be used as a long-term indicator in relation to the AOT (average over threshold) exposure index. Our results also point to the fact that Pinus radiata may be affected by ozone at AOT values lower than 10 ppm.h as already observed with other tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Calzada
- Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo. 450, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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17
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Forest Responses to Changing Climate: Lessons from the Past and Uncertainty for the Future. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-1256-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
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Dahlsten DL, Rowney DL, Kickert RN. Effects of oxidant air pollutants on western pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) populations in southern California. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1997; 96:415-423. [PMID: 15093407 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(97)00040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/1996] [Accepted: 03/04/1997] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The attack rates, brood survival, and emergence rates of the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, and incidence of entomophagus associates, were compared between photochemical oxidant damaged, and apparently healthy, ponderosa pine trees, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws in the San Bernardino Forest in Southern California. The results from this study suggest that oxidant-damaged trees attacked by western pine beetle produced about the same total brood with lower initial attacks when compared with healthier trees, whereas the numbers of predators and parasitoids were higher in the healthier trees. This higher productivity trend for western pine beetle is most evident in trees attacked by the first beetle generation. Trees attacked by the second generation, both damaged and healthy, produced much less western pine beetle brood than generation 1 attacked trees, regardless of oxidant damage. The implication of these results is that, in stands with a higher proportion of oxidant damaged trees, a given population of western pine beetle could kill more trees, and increase at a greater rate, than in a stand with a lower proportion of damaged trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Dahlsten
- Center for Biological Control, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, USA
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Watmough SA, Dickinson NM. Dispersal and mobility of heavy metals in relation to tree survival in an aerially contaminated woodland soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1995; 90:135-142. [PMID: 15091478 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(94)00104-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/1994] [Accepted: 02/09/1995] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nearly a century of metal deposition adjacent to a metal refinery in Prescot, north-west England has led to highly elevated metal levels in soils at a dominantly Acer pseudoplatanus woodland, but with incongruously and perplexingly few detrimental effects on trees. Dispersal and speciation of Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb and Ni in soil was found to be extremely variable, but spatial patterns of metals were inter-related and also related to soil pH and soil organic matter. These soil variables were all generally higher in soil directly beneath trees than in soil between trees, and were particularly high beneath the spreading canopy of Aesculus hippocastanum. It is argued that this heterogeneous dispersal and availability of metals in soils may explain the survival of mature trees and the successful establishment of seedlings within the woodland. Differing speciation and mobility has allowed high disappearance rates of metals since recent closure of the refinery, which may result in soil recovery at a faster rate than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Watmough
- School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, UK, L3 3AF
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Glynn PW. Coral Mortality and Disturbances to Coral Reefs in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 1982–83 EL NINO—SOUTHERNOSCILLATION 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0422-9894(08)70033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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West NE. Structure and Function of Microphytic Soil Crusts in Wildland Ecosystems of Arid to Semi-arid Regions. ADV ECOL RES 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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