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Bhattacharya J, Nitnavare RB, Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Reddy PS. Cytoplasmic male sterility-based hybrids: mechanistic insights. PLANTA 2024; 260:100. [PMID: 39302508 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04532-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION A comprehensive understanding of the nucleocytoplasmic interactions that occur between genes related to the restoration of fertility and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) provides insight into the development of hybrids of important crop species. Modern biotechnological techniques allow this to be achieved in an efficient and quick manner. Heterosis is paramount for increasing the yield and quality of a crop. The development of hybrids for achieving heterosis has been well-studied and proven to be robust and efficient. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been explored extensively in the production of hybrids. The underlying mechanisms of CMS include the role of cytotoxic proteins, PCD of tapetal cells, and improper RNA editing of restoration factors. On the other hand, the restoration of fertility is caused by the presence of restorer-of-fertility (Rf) genes or restorer genes, which inhibit the effects of sterility-causing genes. The interaction between mitochondria and the nuclear genome is crucial for several regulatory pathways, as observed in the CMS-Rf system and occurs at the genomic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. These CMS-Rf mechanisms have been validated in several crop systems. This review aims to summarize the nucleo-mitochondrial interaction mechanism of the CMS-Rf system. It also sheds light on biotechnological interventions, such as genetic engineering and genome editing, to achieve CMS-based hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joorie Bhattacharya
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502324, India
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Rahul B Nitnavare
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Pooja Bhatnagar-Mathur
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502324, India.
- Plant Breeding & Genetics Laboratory of United Nation, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Palakolanu Sudhakar Reddy
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502324, India.
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2
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Liu Y, Sun H, Ye R, Du J, Zhang H, Zhou A, Qiao K, Wang J. Potential candidate genes and pathways related to cytoplasmic male sterility in Dianthus spiculifolius as revealed by transcriptome analysis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1503-1516. [PMID: 37452219 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We introduced the candidate gene DsHSP70 into Arabidopsis thaliana, resulting in male gametophyte sterility and abnormal degeneration of sepals and petals. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a useful tool for hybrid production. However, the regulatory mechanism of CMS in Dianthus spiculifolius remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether male-sterile line of D. spiculifolius has a malformed tapetum and fails to produce normal fertile pollen. RNA sequencing technology was used to compare the gene expression patterns of the D. spiculifolius male-sterile line and its male fertility maintainer line during anther development. A total of 12,365 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, among which 1765 were commonly expressed in the S1, S2 and S3 stages. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses indicated that these DEGs were mainly involved in oxidation-reduction processes, signal transduction and programmed cell death. Additionally, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) showed that three modules may be related to male sterility. A putative regulatory pathway for the male sterility traits was constructed based on the reproductive development network. After introducing the candidate DsHSP70 gene into Arabidopsis thaliana, we found that overexpressing plants showed anther abortion and shorter filaments, and accompanied by abnormal degeneration of sepals and petals. In summary, our results identified potential candidate genes and pathways related to CMS in D. spiculifolius, providing new insights for further research on the mechanism of male sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhu Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Han Sun
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Rong Ye
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jinxue Du
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haizhen Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Aimin Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Kun Qiao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jingang Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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3
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Conjunctive Analyses of BSA-Seq and BSR-Seq Unveil the Msβ-GAL and MsJMT as Key Candidate Genes for Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137172. [PMID: 35806189 PMCID: PMC9266382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowing the molecular mechanism of male sterility in alfalfa is important to utilize the heterosis more effectively. However, the molecular mechanisms of male sterility in alfalfa are still unclear. In this study, the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR) were performed with F2 separation progeny to study the molecular mechanism of male sterility in alfalfa. The BSA-seq analysis was located in a candidate region on chromosome 5 containing 626 candidate genes which were associated with male sterility in alfalfa, while the BSR-seq analysis filtered seven candidate DEGs related to male sterility, and these candidate genes including EF-Tu, β-GAL, CESA, PHGDH, and JMT. The conjunctive analyses of BSR and BSA methods revealed that the genes of Msβ-GAL and MsJMT are the common detected candidate genes involved in male sterility in alfalfa. Our research provides a theory basis for further study of the molecular mechanism of male sterility in alfalfa and significant information for the genetic breeding of Medicago sativa.
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4
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Munguía-Rosas MA, Jácome-Flores ME. Reproductive isolation between wild and domesticated chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) in sympatry. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:932-938. [PMID: 32500956 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive isolation is a necessary condition for plant domestication in their domestication centre where crops co-occur with their wild progenitors. However, the identification of reproductive barriers and their relative contribution to reproductive isolation have been overlooked in plants under domestication. We assessed pre- and post-pollination reproductive barriers and their relative contribution to reproductive isolation between wild and domesticated chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) in its domestication centre. We found that wild and domesticated chaya both exhibit a high degree of reproductive isolation. However, the reproductive isolation barriers exhibited some asymmetry: while pre-pollination barriers (differential pollen production and pollinator specificity) were only detected in wild plants, post-pollination barriers (pollen-pistil incompatibility and/or failure to set fruit) were observed in both wild and domesticated plants. We conclude that complete reproductive isolation has evolved in sympatry in co-occurring domesticated and wild chaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Munguía-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Ecología Terrestre, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Merida, Mexico
| | - M E Jácome-Flores
- Centro del Cambio Global y la Sustentabilidad A.C., Villahermosa, Mexico
- CONACyT, Mexico, Mexico
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5
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Baránková S, Pascual-Díaz JP, Sultana N, Alonso-Lifante MP, Balant M, Barros K, D'Ambrosio U, Malinská H, Peska V, Pérez Lorenzo I, Kovařík A, Vyskot B, Janoušek B, Garcia S. Sex-chrom, a database on plant sex chromosomes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1594-1604. [PMID: 32357248 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Baránková
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Joan Pere Pascual-Díaz
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nusrat Sultana
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life and Earth Sciences, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Maria Pilar Alonso-Lifante
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manica Balant
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Karina Barros
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ugo D'Ambrosio
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hana Malinská
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, 400 96, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Vratislav Peska
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iván Pérez Lorenzo
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Aleš Kovařík
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Vyskot
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Janoušek
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sònia Garcia
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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6
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Graff A. POPULATION SEX STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS IN GYNODIOECIOUS
SIDALCEA MALVIFLORA MALVIFLORA
(MALVACEAE). Evolution 2017; 53:1714-1722. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/1998] [Accepted: 06/08/1999] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Graff
- Biology Department, Evolutionary and Population Biology Program Washington University 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1137 St. Louis Missouri 63130
- Missouri Botanical Garden P.O. Box 299 St. Louis Missouri 63166
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7
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McCauley DE, Brock MT. FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT FITNESS IN SILENE VULGARIS, A GYNODIOECIOUS PLANT. Evolution 2017; 52:30-36. [PMID: 28568165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb05135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/1997] [Accepted: 10/21/1997] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In gynodioecious plants the selective processes that determine the relative number of female and hermaphroditic individuals are often frequency dependent. Frequency-dependent fitness can occur in the two sexes through a variety of mechanisms, especially given pollen limitation and inbreeding depression when hermaphrodites are rare. Frequency dependence in several components of the fitness of female and hermaphroditic Silene vulgaris was tested in experiments in which the relative numbers of the two sexes was varied among 12 artificial populations. In females, the proportion of flowers that set fruit covaried positively among populations with the frequency of hermaphrodites in two separate experiments, whereas the number of flowers/plant covaried negatively in one case. In hermaphrodites, the number of seeds/fruit covaried positively with the frequency of hermaphrodites, whereas the fitness of hermaphrodites estimated through pollen transfer covaried negatively. The results are discussed as they relate to the selective maintenance of gynodioecy in S. vulgaris and in light of a recent model of the effect of population structure on selection in gynodioecious systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E McCauley
- Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235
| | - Marcus T Brock
- Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235
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8
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McCauley DE. THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF A GYNODIOECIOUS PLANT: NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC GENES. Evolution 2017; 52:255-260. [PMID: 28568151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb05159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/1997] [Accepted: 09/12/1997] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sex expression in gynodioecious plants is often determined by an interaction between biparentally and maternally inherited genes. Their relative rates of gene flow should be considered when modeling the evolution of the sex ratio in structured populations. In order to understand patterns of gene flow in Silene vulgaris, a gynodioecious plant, genetic structure was estimated from biparentally inherited genetic markers (allozymes) and a maternally inherited marker (chloroplast DNA) using Wright's Fst . Based on data from 16 local populations, chloroplast DNA showed considerably more genetic structure than did allozymes (Fst values of 0.62 and 0.22, respectively). This suggests that the rate of gene flow is about three times greater for nuclear genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E McCauley
- Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235
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9
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Galloway LF, Fenster CB. THE EFFECT OF NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC GENES ON FITNESS AND LOCAL ADAPTATION IN AN ANNUAL LEGUME,
CHAMAECRISTA FASCICULATA. Evolution 2017; 53:1734-1743. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/1998] [Accepted: 05/12/1999] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura F. Galloway
- Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22903‐2477
| | - Charles B. Fenster
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742
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10
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Doubleday LAD, Adler LS. Sex-biased oviposition by a nursery pollinator on a gynodioecious host plant: Implications for breeding system evolution and evolution of mutualism. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4694-4703. [PMID: 28690799 PMCID: PMC5496538 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioecy, a breeding system where individual plants are exclusively male or female, has evolved repeatedly. Extensive theory describes when dioecy should arise from hermaphroditism, frequently through gynodioecy, where females and hermaphrodites coexist, and when gynodioecy should be stable. Both pollinators and herbivores often prefer the pollen‐bearing sex, with sex‐specific fitness effects that can affect breeding system evolution. Nursery pollination, where adult insects pollinate flowers but their larvae feed on plant reproductive tissues, is a model for understanding mutualism evolution but could also yield insights into plant breeding system evolution. We studied a recently established nursery pollination interaction between native Hadena ectypa moths and introduced gynodioecious Silene vulgaris plants in North America to assess whether oviposition was biased toward females or hermaphrodites, which traits were associated with oviposition, and the effect of oviposition on host plant fitness. Oviposition was hermaphrodite‐biased and associated with deeper flowers and more stems. Sexual dimorphism in flower depth, a trait also associated with oviposition on the native host plant (Silene stellata), explained the hermaphrodite bias. Egg‐receiving plants experienced more fruit predation than plants that received no eggs, but relatively few fruits were lost, and egg receipt did not significantly alter total fruit production at the plant level. Oviposition did not enhance pollination; egg‐receiving flowers usually failed to expand and produce seeds. Together, our results suggest that H. ectypa oviposition does not exert a large fitness cost on host plants, sex‐biased interactions can emerge from preferences developed on a hermaphroditic host species, and new nursery pollination interactions can arise as negative or neutral rather than as mutualistic for the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A D Doubleday
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA.,Graduate Program in Entomology University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
| | - Lynn S Adler
- Biology Department University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
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11
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Martin H, Touzet P, Dufay M, Godé C, Schmitt E, Lahiani E, Delph LF, Van Rossum F. Lineages of Silene nutans developed rapid, strong, asymmetric postzygotic reproductive isolation in allopatry. Evolution 2017; 71:1519-1531. [PMID: 28384386 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive isolation can rise either as a consequence of genomic divergence in allopatry or as a byproduct of divergent selection in parapatry. To determine whether reproductive isolation in gynodioecious Silene nutans results from allopatric divergence or from ecological adaptation following secondary contact, we investigated the pattern of postzygotic reproductive isolation and hybridization in natural populations using two phylogeographic lineages, western (W1) and eastern (E1). Experimental crosses between the lineages identified strong, asymmetric postzygotic isolation between the W1 and the E1 lineages, independent of geographic overlap. The proportion of ovules fertilized, seeds aborted, and seeds germinated revealed relatively little effect on the fitness of hybrids. In contrast, hybrid mortality was high and asymmetric: while half of the hybrid seedlings with western lineage mothers died, nearly all hybrid seedlings with E1 mothers died. This asymmetric mortality mirrored the proportion of chlorotic seedlings, and is congruent with cytonuclear incompatibility. We found no evidence of hybridization between the lineages in regions of co-occurrence using nuclear and plastid markers. Together, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that strong postzygotic reproductive isolation involving cytonuclear incompatibilities arose in allopatry. We argue that the dynamics of cytonuclear gynodioecy could facilitate the evolution of reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Martin
- Unité Évolution, Écologie, Paléontologie, UMR CNRS 8198, Université de Lille 1-Sciences et Technologies, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Pascal Touzet
- Unité Évolution, Écologie, Paléontologie, UMR CNRS 8198, Université de Lille 1-Sciences et Technologies, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Mathilde Dufay
- Unité Évolution, Écologie, Paléontologie, UMR CNRS 8198, Université de Lille 1-Sciences et Technologies, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Cécile Godé
- Unité Évolution, Écologie, Paléontologie, UMR CNRS 8198, Université de Lille 1-Sciences et Technologies, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Eric Schmitt
- Unité Évolution, Écologie, Paléontologie, UMR CNRS 8198, Université de Lille 1-Sciences et Technologies, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Emna Lahiani
- Unité Évolution, Écologie, Paléontologie, UMR CNRS 8198, Université de Lille 1-Sciences et Technologies, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Lynda F Delph
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | - Fabienne Van Rossum
- Meise Botanic Garden (formerly National Botanic Garden of Belgium), Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860, Meise, Belgium.,Écologie végétale et Biogéochimie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP244, Boulevard du Triomphe, BE-1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, rue A. Lavallée 1, BE-1080, Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Vernet P, Lepercq P, Billiard S, Bourceaux A, Lepart J, Dommée B, Saumitou-Laprade P. Evidence for the long-term maintenance of a rare self-incompatibility system in Oleaceae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:1408-17. [PMID: 26833140 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A rare homomorphic diallelic self-incompatibility (DSI) system discovered in Phillyrea angustifolia (family Oleaceae, subtribe Oleinae) can promote the transition from hermaphroditism to androdioecy. If widespread and stable in Oleaceae, DSI may explain the exceptionally high rate of androdioecious species reported in this plant family. Here, we set out to determine whether DSI occurs in another Oleaceae lineage. We tested for DSI in subtribe Fraxininae, a lineage that diverged from subtribe Oleinae c. 40 million yr ago. We explored the compatibility relationships in Fraxinus ornus using 81 hermaphrodites and 25 males from one natural stand and two naturalized populations using intra- and interspecific stigma tests performed on F. ornus and P. angustifolia testers. We uncovered a DSI system with hermaphrodites belonging to one of two self-incompatibility (SI) groups and males compatible with both groups, making for a truly androdioecious reproductive system. The two human-founded populations contained only one of the two SI groups. Our results provide evidence for the evolutionary persistence of DSI. We discuss how its stability over time may have affected transitions to other sexual systems, such as dioecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vernet
- Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies, CNRS, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, F59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Pierre Lepercq
- Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies, CNRS, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, F59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Sylvain Billiard
- Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies, CNRS, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, F59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Angélique Bourceaux
- Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies, CNRS, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, F59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jacques Lepart
- CEFE-UMR 5175 du CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Bertrand Dommée
- CEFE-UMR 5175 du CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Saumitou-Laprade
- Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies, CNRS, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, F59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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13
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Suzuki TA, Nachman MW. Speciation and reduced hybrid female fertility in house mice. Evolution 2015; 69:2468-81. [PMID: 26299202 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, intrinsic postzygotic isolation has been well studied in males but has been less studied in females, despite the fact that female gametogenesis and pregnancy provide arenas for hybrid sterility or inviability that are absent in males. Here, we asked whether inviability or sterility is observed in female hybrids of Mus musculus domesticus and M. m. musculus, taxa which hybridize in nature and for which male sterility has been well characterized. We looked for parent-of-origin growth phenotypes by measuring adult body weights in F1 hybrids. We evaluated hybrid female fertility by crossing F1 females to a tester male and comparing multiple reproductive parameters between intrasubspecific controls and intersubspecific hybrids. Hybrid females showed no evidence of parent-of-origin overgrowth or undergrowth, providing no evidence for reduced viability. However, hybrid females had smaller litter sizes, reduced embryo survival, fewer ovulations, and fewer small follicles relative to controls. Significant variation in reproductive parameters was seen among different hybrid genotypes, suggesting that hybrid incompatibilities are polymorphic within subspecies. Differences in reproductive phenotypes in reciprocal genotypes were observed and are consistent with cyto-nuclear incompatibilities or incompatibilities involving genomic imprinting. These findings highlight the potential importance of reduced hybrid female fertility in the early stages of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi A Suzuki
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721. .,Current Address: Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720.
| | - Michael W Nachman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721.,Current Address: Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
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14
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Wang Z, Wilson A, Xu J. Mitochondrial DNA inheritance in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus gattii. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 75:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Dufay M, Champelovier P, Käfer J, Henry JP, Mousset S, Marais GAB. An angiosperm-wide analysis of the gynodioecy-dioecy pathway. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:539-48. [PMID: 25091207 PMCID: PMC4204665 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS About 6 % of an estimated total of 240 000 species of angiosperms are dioecious. The main precursors of this sexual system are thought to be monoecy and gynodioecy. A previous angiosperm-wide study revealed that many dioecious species have evolved through the monoecy pathway; some case studies and a large body of theoretical research also provide evidence in support of the gynodioecy pathway. If plants have evolved through the gynodioecy pathway, gynodioecious and dioecious species should co-occur in the same genera. However, to date, no large-scale analysis has been conducted to determine the prevalence of the gynodioecy pathway in angiosperms. In this study, this gap in knowledge was addressed by performing an angiosperm-wide survey in order to test for co-occurrence as evidence of the gynodioecy pathway. METHODS Data from different sources were compiled to obtain (to our knowledge) the largest dataset on gynodioecy available, with 275 genera that include at least one gynodioecious species. This dataset was combined with a dioecy dataset from the literature, and a study was made of how often dioecious and gynodioecious species could be found in the same genera using a contingency table framework. KEY RESULTS It was found that, overall, angiosperm genera with both gynodioecious and dioecious species occur more frequently than expected, in agreement with the gynodioecy pathway. Importantly, this trend holds when studying different classes separately (or sub-classes, orders and families), suggesting that the gynodioecy pathway is not restricted to a few taxa but may instead be widespread in angiosperms. CONCLUSIONS This work complements that previously carried out on the monoecy pathway and suggests that gynodioecy is also a common pathway in angiosperms. The results also identify angiosperm families where some (or all) dioecious species may have evolved from gynodioecious precursors. These families could be the targets of future small-scale studies on transitions to dioecy taking phylogeny explicitly into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dufay
- Université de Lille 1, Laboratoire Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Villeneuve d'Ascq, F-59655 Cedex, France
| | - P Champelovier
- Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Cedex, France
| | - J Käfer
- Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Cedex, France
| | - J P Henry
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Département de Systématique et Évolution Botanique, CP39, 12, rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - S Mousset
- Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Cedex, France
| | - G A B Marais
- Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Cedex, France
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Bachtrog D, Mank JE, Peichel CL, Kirkpatrick M, Otto SP, Ashman TL, Hahn MW, Kitano J, Mayrose I, Ming R, Perrin N, Ross L, Valenzuela N, Vamosi JC. Sex determination: why so many ways of doing it? PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001899. [PMID: 24983465 PMCID: PMC4077654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is an ancient feature of life on earth, and the familiar X and Y chromosomes in humans and other model species have led to the impression that sex determination mechanisms are old and conserved. In fact, males and females are determined by diverse mechanisms that evolve rapidly in many taxa. Yet this diversity in primary sex-determining signals is coupled with conserved molecular pathways that trigger male or female development. Conflicting selection on different parts of the genome and on the two sexes may drive many of these transitions, but few systems with rapid turnover of sex determination mechanisms have been rigorously studied. Here we survey our current understanding of how and why sex determination evolves in animals and plants and identify important gaps in our knowledge that present exciting research opportunities to characterize the evolutionary forces and molecular pathways underlying the evolution of sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Bachtrog
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Judith E. Mank
- University College London, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine L. Peichel
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mark Kirkpatrick
- University of Texas, Department of Integrative Biology, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah P. Otto
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Hahn
- Indiana University, Department of Biology, Bloomington Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jun Kitano
- National Institute of Genetics, Ecological Genetics Laboratory, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Itay Mayrose
- Tel Aviv University, Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ray Ming
- University of Illinois, Department of Plant Biology, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Perrin
- University of Lausanne, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Ross
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Iowa State University, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jana C. Vamosi
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Normark BB, Ross L. Genetic conflict, kin and the origins of novel genetic systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130364. [PMID: 24686935 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic conflict may have played an important role in the evolution of novel genetic systems. The ancestral system of eumendelian genetics is highly symmetrical. Those derived from it (e.g. thelytokous parthenogenesis, haplodiploidy and parent-specific allele expression) are more asymmetrical in the genetic role played by maternal versus paternal alleles. These asymmetries may have arisen from maternal-paternal genetic conflict, or cytonuclear conflict, or from an interaction between them. Asymmetric genetic systems are much more common in terrestrial and freshwater taxa than in marine taxa. We suggest three reasons for this, based on the relative inhospitability of terrestrial environments to three types of organism: (i) pathogens-departure from the marine realm meant escape from many pathogens and parasites, reducing the need for sexual reproduction; (ii) symbionts-symbionts are no more important in the terrestrial realm than the marine realm but are more likely to be obligately intracellular and vertically transmitted, making them more likely to disrupt their host's genetic systems; (iii) Gametes and embryos-because neither gametes nor embryos can be shed into air as easily as into seawater, the mother's body is a more important environment for both types of organisms in the terrestrial realm than in the marine realm. This environment of asymmetric kinship (with neighbours more closely related by maternal alleles than by paternal alleles) may have helped to drive asymmetries in expression and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Normark
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, , Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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18
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Li Y, Liu T, Duan W, Song X, Shi G, Zhang J, Deng X, Zhang S, Hou X. Instability in mitochondrial membranes in Polima cytoplasmic male sterility of Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 14:441-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Disentangling the effects of mating systems and mutation rates on cytoplasmic [correction of cytoplamic] diversity in gynodioecious Silene nutans and dioecious Silene otites. Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 111:157-64. [PMID: 23591518 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many flowering plant species exhibit a variety of distinct sexual morphs, the two most common cases being the co-occurrence of females and males (dioecy) or the co-occurrence of hermaphrodites and females (gynodioecy). In this study, we compared DNA sequence variability of the three genomes (nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplastic) of a gynodioecious species, Silene nutans, with that of a closely related dioecious species, Silene otites. In the light of theoretical models, we expect cytoplasmic diversity to differ between the two species due to the selective dynamics that acts on cytoplasmic genomes in gynodioecious species: under an epidemic scenario, the gynodioecious species is expected to exhibit lower cytoplasmic diversity than the dioecious species, while the opposite is expected in the case of balancing selection maintaining sterility cytoplasms in the gynodioecious species. We found no difference between the species for nuclear gene diversity, but, for the cytoplasmic loci, the gynodioecious S. nutans had more haplotypes, and higher nucleotide diversity, than the dioecious relative, S. otites, even though the latter has a relatively high rate of mitochondrial synonymous substitutions, and therefore presumably a higher mutation rate. Therefore, as the mitochondrial mutation rate cannot account for the higher cytoplasmic diversity found in S. nutans, our findings support the hypothesis that gynodioecy in S. nutans has been maintained by balancing selection rather than by epidemic-like dynamics.
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Divergence in Defence against Herbivores between Males and Females of Dioecious Plant Species. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2012; 2012:897157. [PMID: 23320247 PMCID: PMC3540699 DOI: 10.1155/2012/897157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Defensive traits may evolve differently between sexes in dioecious plant species. Our current understanding of this process hinges on a partial view of the evolution of resistance traits that may result in male-biased herbivory in dioecious populations. Here, we present a critical summary of the current state of the knowledge of herbivory in dioecious species and propose alternative evolutionary scenarios that have been neglected. These scenarios consider the potential evolutionary and functional determinants of sexual dimorphism in patterns of resource allocation to reproduction, growth, and defence. We review the evidence upon which two previous reviews of sex-biased herbivory have concluded that male-biased herbivory is a rule for dioecious species, and we caution readers about a series of shortcomings of many of these studies. Lastly, we propose a minimal standard protocol that should be followed in any studies that intend to elucidate the (co)evolution of interactions between dioecious plants and their herbivores.
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De Cauwer I, Arnaud JF, Klein EK, Dufay M. Disentangling the causes of heterogeneity in male fecundity in gynodioecious Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:676-687. [PMID: 22691102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Variation among individuals in reproductive success is advocated as a major process driving evolution of sexual polymorphisms in plants, such as gynodioecy where females and hermaphrodites coexist. In gynodioecious Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima, sex determination involves cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) genes and nuclear restorers of male fertility. Both restored CMS and non-CMS hermaphrodites co-occur. Genotype-specific differences in male fitness are theoretically expected to explain the maintenance of cytonuclear polymorphism. Using genotypic information on seedlings and flowering plants within two metapopulations, we investigated whether male fecundity was influenced by ecological, phenotypic and genetic factors, while taking into account the shape and scale of pollen dispersal. Along with spatially restricted pollen flow, we showed that male fecundity was affected by flowering synchrony, investment in reproduction, pollen production and cytoplasmic identity of potential fathers. Siring success of non-CMS hermaphrodites was higher than that of restored CMS hermaphrodites. However, the magnitude of the difference in fecundity depended on the likelihood of carrying restorer alleles for non-CMS hermaphrodites. Our results suggest the occurrence of a cost of silent restorers, a condition supported by scarce empirical evidence, but theoretically required to maintain a stable sexual polymorphism in gynodioecious species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I De Cauwer
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Bâtiment SN2, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
- Present address: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - J-F Arnaud
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Bâtiment SN2, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - E K Klein
- INRA, UR 546, Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - M Dufay
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Bâtiment SN2, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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22
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Till-Bottraud I, Gouyon PH, Ressayre A, Godelle B. Gametophytic vs. sporophytic control of pollen aperture number: a generational conflict. Theor Popul Biol 2012; 82:147-57. [PMID: 22796134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In flowering plants, the haploid phase is reduced to the pollen grain and embryo sac. These reproductive tissues (gametophytes) are actually distinct individuals that have a different genome from the plant (sporophyte), and are more or less independent. The morphology of pollen grains, particularly the openings permitting pollen tube germination (apertures), is crucial for determining the outcome of pollen competition. Many species of flowering plants simultaneously produce pollen grains with different aperture numbers in a single individual (heteromorphism). In this paper, we show that the heteromorphic pollen aperture pattern depends on the genetic control of pollen morphogenesis. This points out a conflict of interest between genes expressed in the sporophyte and genes expressed in the gametophyte. More generally, such a conflict should exist whenever heteromorphism is an ESS resulting from a bet-hedging strategy. For pollen aperture, heteromorphism has been observed in about 40% of angiosperm species, suggesting that conflicting situations are the rule. In this context, the sporo-gametophytic conflict could be one of the factors that led to the reduction of the haploid phase in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Till-Bottraud
- Université de Grenoble 1, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR 5553, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex, France.
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23
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Zhang H, Guillaume F, Engelstädter J. THE DYNAMICS OF MITOCHONDRIAL MUTATIONS CAUSING MALE INFERTILITY IN SPATIALLY STRUCTURED POPULATIONS. Evolution 2012; 66:3179-88. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Dufay M, Billard E. How much better are females? The occurrence of female advantage, its proximal causes and its variation within and among gynodioecious species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:505-19. [PMID: 21459860 PMCID: PMC3278283 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gynodioecy is a reproductive system of interest for evolutionary biologists, as it poses the question of how females can be maintained while competing with hermaphrodites that possess both male and female functions. One necessary condition for the maintenance of this polymorphism is the occurrence of a female advantage, i.e. a better seed production or quality by females compared with hermaphrodites. Theoretically, its magnitude can be low when sterility mutations are cytoplasmic, while a 2-fold advantage is needed in the case of nuclear sterility. Such a difference is often thought to be due to reduced inbreeding depression in obligatory outcrossed females. Finally, variation in sex ratio and female advantage occur among populations of some gynodioecious species, though the prevalence of such variation is unknown. SCOPE By reviewing and analysing the data published on 48 gynodioecious species, we examined three important issues about female advantage. (1) Are reduced selfing and inbreeding depression likely to be the major cause of female advantage? (2) What is the magnitude of female advantage and does it fit theoretical predictions? (3) Does the occurrence or the magnitude of female advantage vary among populations within species and why? CONCLUSIONS It was found that a female advantage occurred in 40 species, with a magnitude comprised between 1 and 2 in the majority of cases. In many species, reduced selfing may not be a necessary cause of this advantage. Finally, female advantage varied among populations in some species, but both positive and negative correlations were found with female frequency. The role of reduced selfing in females for the evolution of gynodioecy, as well as the various processes that affect sex ratios and female advantage in populations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Dufay
- Laboratoire GEPV FRE-CNRS 3268, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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25
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Gardner A, Ross L. The evolution of hermaphroditism by an infectious male-derived cell lineage: an inclusive-fitness analysis. Am Nat 2011; 178:191-201. [PMID: 21750383 DOI: 10.1086/660823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
There has been much recent interest in the role for genetic conflicts to drive the evolution of genetic systems. Here we consider the evolution of hermaphroditism in the scale insect tribe Iceryini and the suggestion that this has been driven by conflict between a female and an infectious male tissue derived from her father. We perform an inclusive-fitness analysis to show that, owing to genetic relatedness between father and daughter, there is scope for collaboration as well as conflict over the establishment of the infectious tissue. We also consider the evolutionary interests of a maternally inherited bacterial symbiont that has been implicated in mediating the tissue's establishment. More generally, our analysis reveals that genetic conflicts can drive the evolution of hermaphroditism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Gardner
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
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26
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De Cauwer I, Arnaud JF, Courseaux A, Dufay M. Sex-specific fitness variation in gynodioecious Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima: do empirical observations fit theoretical predictions? J Evol Biol 2011; 24:2456-72. [PMID: 21955089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In gynodioecious species, in which hermaphroditic and female plants co-occur, the maintenance of sexual polymorphism relies on the genetic determination of sex and on the relative fitness of the different phenotypes. Flower production, components of male fitness (pollen quantity and pollen quality) and female fitness (fruit and seed set) were measured in gynodioecious Beta vulgaris spp. maritima, in which sex is determined by interactions between cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) genes and nuclear restorers of male fertility. The results suggested that (i) female had a marginal advantage over hermaphrodites in terms of flower production only, (ii) restored CMS hermaphrodites (carrying both CMS genes and nuclear restorers) suffered a slight decrease in fruit production compared to non-CMS hermaphrodites and (iii) restored CMS hermaphrodites were poor pollen producers compared to non-CMS hermaphrodites, probably as a consequence of complex determination of restoration. These observations potentially have important consequences for the conditions of maintenance of sexual polymorphism in B. vulgaris and are discussed in the light of existing theory on evolutionary dynamics of gynodioecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I De Cauwer
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, FRE CNRS 3268, Bâtiment SN2, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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27
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Kobayashi Y, Achaz G, Telschow A. Effect of parasitic sex-ratio distorters on host gene frequencies in a mainland-island context. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:1695-705. [PMID: 21605214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It was previously argued that infection by parasitic sex-ratio distorters can enhance both random genetic drift and genetic influx from outside the population. However, these two enhancement effects have been studied independently. Here, we study the equilibrium frequencies of alleles (neutral and selected) in a mainland-island scenario where both genetic drift and genetic influx are enhanced due to infection by a cytoplasmic feminizing element. Interestingly, our model reveals that at neutral loci, the two effects almost exactly cancel each other out, such that infection has only a very minor effect on the equilibrium frequency distributions of alleles. At selected loci, in contrast, the two effects are unbalanced and infection has conspicuous effects. Despite the cryptic effects of infection at neutral loci, we demonstrate that temporally spaced data can be used to evaluate the effect of infection on genetic drift and that on gene flow separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kobayashi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
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Tan Y, Li S, Xie H, Duan S, Wang T, Zhu Y. Genetical and molecular analysis reveals a cooperating relationship between cytoplasmic male sterility- and fertility restoration-related genes in Oryza species. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2011; 122:9-19. [PMID: 20714705 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the characterization of genes associated with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and fertility restoration (Rf) has been well documented, the evolutionary relationship between nuclear Rf and CMS factors in mitochondria in Oryza species is still less understood. Here, 41 accessions from 7 Oryza species with AA genome were employed for analyzing the evolutionary relationships between the CMS factors and Rf candidates on chromosome 10. The phylogenetic tree based on restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of CMS-associated mitochondrial genes showed that these 41 Oryza accessions fell into 3 distinct groups. Another phylogenetic tree based on PCR profiles of the nuclear Rf candidates on chromosome 10 was also established, and three groups were distinctively grouped. The accessions in each subgroup/group of the two phylogenetic trees are well parallel to each other. Furthermore, the 41 investigated accessions were test-crossed with Honglian (gametophytic type) and Wild-abortive (sporophytic type) CMS, and 5 groups were classified according to their restoring ability. The accessions in the same subgroup of the two phylogenetic trees shared similar fertility restoring pattern. Therefore, we conclude that the CMS-associated mitotypes are compatible to the Rf candidate-related nucleotypes, CMS and Rf have a parallel evolutionary relation in the Oryza species.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanPing Tan
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Ross L, Shuker DM, Pen I. The evolution and suppression of male suicide under paternal genome elimination. Evolution 2010; 65:554-63. [PMID: 21029080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Different genetic systems can be both the cause and the consequence of genetic conflict over the transmission of genes, obscuring their evolutionary origin. For instance, with paternal genome elimination (PGE), found in some insects and mites, both sexes develop from fertilized eggs, but in males the paternally derived chromosomes are either lost (embryonic PGE) or deactivated (germline PGE) during embryogenesis and not transmitted to the next generation. Evolution of germline PGE requires two transitions: (1) elimination of the paternal genome during spermatogenesis; (2) deactivation of the paternal genome early in development. Hypotheses for the evolution of PGE have mainly focused on the first transition. However, maternal genes seem to be responsible for the deactivation and here we investigate if maternal suppression could have evolved in response to paternally expressed male suicide genes. We show that sibling competition can cause such genes to spread quickly and that inbreeding is necessary to prevent fixation of male suicide, and subsequent population extinction. Once male-suicide has evolved, maternally expressed suppressor genes can invade in the population. Our results highlight the rich opportunity for genetic conflict in asymmetric genetic systems and the counterintuitive phenotypes that can evolve as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ross
- Theoretical Biology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
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30
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KOBAYASHI Y, TELSCHOW A. Cytoplasmic feminizing elements in a two-population model: infection dynamics, gene flow modification, and the spread of autosomal suppressors. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:2558-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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De Cauwer I, Arnaud JF, Schmitt E, Dufay M. Pollen limitation of female reproductive success at fine spatial scale in a gynodioecious and wind-pollinated species, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:2636-47. [PMID: 21040067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In sexually polymorphic plants, the spatial distribution of sexes is usually not random. Local variation in phenotype frequencies is expected to affect individual fitness of the different phenotypes. For gynodioecious species, with co-occurrence of hermaphrodites and females, if sexual phenotypes are structured in space and pollen flow is spatially restricted, local pollen availability should vary among patches. Female fitness may thus be low when hermaphrodites are locally rare. To test this hypothesis, we analysed how the reproductive output of females varied among patches within two natural study sites of the gynodioecious wind-pollinated Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. Plants growing in female-biased areas and experiencing pollen limitation were found to have low fruit and seed sets but did not reallocate resources towards better offspring. Our results show that fine-scale processes influence individual fitness and the evolution of sex ratio in sexually polymorphic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- I De Cauwer
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, FRE CNRS 3268, Bâtiment, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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Saumitou-Laprade P, Vernet P, Vassiliadis C, Hoareau Y, de Magny G, Dommée B, Lepart J. A Self-Incompatibility System Explains High Male Frequencies in an Androdioecious Plant. Science 2010; 327:1648-50. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1186687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Saumitou-Laprade
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8016, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille–Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq CEDEX, France
| | - Philippe Vernet
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8016, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille–Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq CEDEX, France
| | - Christine Vassiliadis
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8016, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille–Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq CEDEX, France
| | - Yves Hoareau
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8016, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille–Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq CEDEX, France
| | - Guillaume de Magny
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8016, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille–Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq CEDEX, France
| | - Bertrand Dommée
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE)–UMR 5175 du CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX, France
| | - Jacques Lepart
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE)–UMR 5175 du CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX, France
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DE Cauwer I, Dufay M, Cuguen J, Arnaud JF. Effects of fine-scale genetic structure on male mating success in gynodioecious Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:1540-58. [PMID: 20345690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant mating systems are known to influence population genetic structure because pollen and seed dispersal are often spatially restricted. However, the reciprocal outcomes of population structure on the dynamics of polymorphic mating systems have received little attention. In gynodioecious sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima), three sexual types co-occur: females carrying a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) gene, hermaphrodites carrying a non-CMS cytoplasm and restored hermaphrodites that carry CMS genes and nuclear restorer alleles. This study investigated the effects of fine-scale genetic structure on male reproductive success of the two hermaphroditic forms. Our study population was strongly structured and characterized by contrasting local sex-ratios. Pollen flow was constrained over short distances and depended on local plant density. Interestingly, restored hermaphrodites sired significantly more seedlings than non-CMS hermaphrodites, despite the previous observation that the former produce pollen of lower quality than the latter. This result was explained by the higher frequency of females in the local vicinity of restored (CMS) hermaphrodites as compared to non-CMS hermaphrodites. Population structure thus strongly influences individual fitness and may locally counteract the expected effects of selection, suggesting that understanding fine scale population processes is central to predicting the evolution of gender polymorphism in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle DE Cauwer
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8016, Bâtiment SN2, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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Dufay M, Pannell JR. THE EFFECT OF POLLEN VERSUS SEED FLOW ON THE MAINTENANCE OF NUCLEAR-CYTOPLASMIC GYNODIOECY. Evolution 2010; 64:772-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Galtier N, Nabholz B, Glémin S, Hurst GDD. Mitochondrial DNA as a marker of molecular diversity: a reappraisal. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:4541-50. [PMID: 19821901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Galtier
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier 2, C.N.R.S. UMR 5554, Place E. Bataillon, CC 64, 34195 Montpellier, France.
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Abstract
Gynodioecy is a breeding system characterized by the co-occurrence of hermaphrodite and female individuals, generally as the result of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. The question remains whether the genetic factors controlling gynodioecy are maintained in species over long evolutionary timescales by balancing selection or are continually arising and being replaced in epidemic sweeps. If balancing selection maintains these factors, then neutral cytoplasmic diversity should be greater in gynodioecious than hermaphroditic species. In contrast, epidemic sweeps of factors controlling gynodioecy should decrease cytoplasmic diversity in gynodioecious relative to hermaphroditic species. We took a comparative approach in which we sequenced two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome oxidase (cox1), for multiple populations of several hermaphroditic, gynodioecious, and dioecious species in the genus Silene. Breeding system was predictive of polymorphism. Gynodioecious species harbor many old haplotypes while hermaphroditic and dioecious species have little to no nucleotide diversity. The genealogical structure of neither gene departed from neutral expectations. Taken together, our results suggest that balancing selection acts on cytoplasmic male-sterility factors in several gynodioecious species in the genus.
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McCauley DE, Olson MS. Do recent findings in plant mitochondrial molecular and population genetics have implications for the study of gynodioecy and cytonuclear conflict? Evolution 2008; 62:1013-25. [PMID: 18315572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The coexistence of females and hermaphrodites in plant populations, or gynodioecy, is a puzzle recognized by Darwin. Correns identified cytoplasmic inheritance of one component of sex expression, now known as cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Lewis established cytonuclear inheritance of gynodioecy as an example of genetic conflict. Although biologists have since developed an understanding of the mechanisms allowing the joint maintenance of CMS and nuclear male fertility restorer genes, puzzles remain concerning the inheritance of sex expression and mechanisms governing the origination of CMS. Much of the theory of gynodioecy rests on the assumption of maternal inheritance of the mitochondrial genome. Here we review recent studies of the genetics of plant mitochondria, and their implications for the evolution and transmission of CMS. New studies of intragenomic recombination provide a plausible origin for the chimeric ORFs that characterize CMS. Moreover, evidence suggests that nonmaternal inheritance of mitochondria may be more common than once believed. These findings may have consequences for the maintenance of cytonuclear polymorphism, mitochondrial recombination, generation of gynomonoecious phenotypes, and interpretation of experimental crosses. Finally we point out that CMS can alter the nature of the cytonuclear conflict that may have originally selected for uniparental inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E McCauley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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Within-season adjustment of sex expression in females and hermaphrodites of the clonal gynodioecious herb Glechoma longituba (Lamiaceae). Ecol Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-007-0451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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DUFAŸ M, VAUDEY V, DE CAUWER I, TOUZET P, CUGUEN J, ARNAUD JF. Variation in pollen production and pollen viability in natural populations of gynodioeciousBeta vulgarisssp.maritima: evidence for a cost of restoration of male function? J Evol Biol 2007; 21:202-212. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Galloway LF, Fenster CB. NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTRASPECIFIC DIVERGENCE IN AN ANNUAL LEGUME. Evolution 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Ivanov MK, Dymshits GM. Cytoplasmic male sterility and restoration of pollen fertility in higher plants. RUSS J GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795407040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu R, Asmussen MA. Cytonuclear dynamics in selfing populations under selection. Theor Popul Biol 2007; 71:445-53. [PMID: 17467019 PMCID: PMC2083281 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We develop a mathematical model to delimit the role of natural selection in maintaining nuclear and cytoplasmic polymorphisms in selfing populations. We provide explicit time-dependent solutions for joint cytonuclear frequencies under any combination of constant fertility, viability, and gametic selection and exact analytical conditions for the maintenance of polymorphisms under joint cytonuclear selection. The equilibrium structure is determined by the relative magnitude of echo fitnesses, defined as the rate at which individuals survive and produce offspring with their own genotype. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic polymorphisms can be maintained under biologically meaningful conditions, although the majority of the parameter combinations will lead to fixation. The theoretical framework developed here should be very useful in formally dissecting the form and strength of selection on cytonuclear genotypes in populations with negligible levels of outcrossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Abstract
Knowledge of mitochondrial gene evolution in angiosperms has taken a dramatic shift within the past decade, from universal slow rates of nucleotide change to a growing realization of high variation in rates among lineages. Additionally, evidence of paternal inheritance of plant mitochondria and recombination among mitochondrial genomes within heteroplasmic individuals has led to speculation about the potential for independent evolution of organellar genes. We report intraspecific mitochondrial and chloroplast sequence variation in a cosmopolitan sample of 42 Silene vulgaris individuals. There was remarkably high variation in two mitochondrial genes (atp1, atp9) and additional variation within a third gene (cob). Tests for patterns of nonneutral evolution were significant for atp1 and atp9, indicative of the maintenance of balanced polymorphisms. Two chloroplast genes (matK, ndhF) possessed less, but still high, variation and no divergence from neutral expectations. Phylogenetic patterns of organelle genes in both the chloroplast and mitochondria were incongruent, indicating the potential for independent evolutionary trajectories. Evidence indicated reassociation among cytoplasmic genomes and recombination between mitochondrial genes and within atp1, implying transient heteroplasmy in ancestral lineages. Although the mechanisms for long-term maintenance of mitochondrial polymorphism are currently unknown, frequency-dependent selection on linked cytoplasmic male sterility genes is a potential candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Houliston
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA
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46
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Abstract
Fine scale spatial structure (FSSS) of cytoplasmic genes in plants is thought to be generated via founder events and can be amplified when seeds germinate close to their mother. In gynodioecious species these processes are expected to generate FSSS in sex ratio because maternally inherited cytoplasmic male sterility genes partially influence sex expression. Here we document a striking example of FSSS in both mitochondrial genetic markers and sex in roadside populations of Silene vulgaris. We show that in one population FSSS of sexes influences relative fruit production of females compared to hermaphrodites. Furthermore, FSSS in sex ratio is expected to persist into future generations because offspring sex ratios from females are female-biased whereas offspring sex ratios from hermaphrodites are hermaphrodite-biased. Earlier studies indicated that pollen limitation is the most likely mechanism underlying negative frequency dependent fitness of females. Our results support the theoretical predictions that FSSS in sex ratio can reduce female fitness by decreasing the frequency at which females experience hermaphrodites. We argue that the influence of FSSS on female fitness is complementary to the influence of larger scale population structure on female fitness, and that population structure at both scales will act to decrease female frequencies in gynodioecious species. Better comprehension of the spatial structure of genders and genes controlling sex expression at a local scale is required for future progress toward understanding sex ratio evolution in gynodioecious plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Olson
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska at Fairbanks, Fairbanks AK 99775-7000, USA.
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Glaettli M, Pescatore L, Goudet J. Proximity-dependent pollen performance in Silene vulgaris. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2006; 98:431-7. [PMID: 16735408 PMCID: PMC2803469 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pollen and seed dispersal in herbaceous insect-pollinated plants are often restricted, inducing strong population structure. To what extent this influences mating within and among patches is poorly understood. This study investigates the influence of population structure on pollen performance using controlled pollinations and genetic markers. METHODS Population structure was investigated in a patchily distributed population of gynodioecious Silene vulgaris in Switzerland using polymorphic microsatellite markers. Experimental pollinations were performed on 21 hermaphrodite recipients using pollen donors at three spatial scales: (a) self-pollination; (b) within-patch cross-pollinations; and (c) between-patch cross-pollinations. Pollen performance was then compared with respect to crossing distance. KEY RESULTS The population of S. vulgaris was characterized by a high degree of genetic sub-structure, with neighbouring plants more related to one another than to distant individuals. Inbreeding probably results from both selfing and biparental inbreeding. Pollen performance increased with distance between mates. Between-patch pollen performed significantly better than both self- and within-patch pollen donors. However, no significant difference was detected between self- and within-patch pollen donors. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that population structure in animal-pollinated plants is likely to influence mating patterns by favouring cross-pollinations between unrelated plants. However, the extent to which this mechanism could be effective as a pre-zygotic barrier preventing inbred mating depends on the patterns of pollinator foraging and their influence on pollen dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Glaettli
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2.
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DEL-CARLO SYLENE, BUZATO SILVANA. Male sterility and reproductive output in distylous Erythroxylum suberosum (Erythroxylaceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fénart S, Touzet P, Arnaud JF, Cuguen J. Emergence of gynodioecy in wild beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima L.): a genealogical approach using chloroplastic nucleotide sequences. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:1391-8. [PMID: 16777728 PMCID: PMC1560298 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynodioecy is a breeding system where both hermaphroditic and female individuals coexist within plant populations. This dimorphism is the result of a genomic interaction between maternally inherited cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) genes and bi-parentally inherited nuclear male fertility restorers. As opposed to other gynodioecious species, where every cytoplasm seems to be associated with male sterility, wild beet Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima exhibits a minority of sterilizing cytoplasms among numerous non-sterilizing ones. Many studies on population genetics have explored the molecular diversity of different CMS cytoplasms, but questions remain concerning their evolutionary dynamics. In this paper we report one of the first investigations on phylogenetic relationships between CMS and non-CMS lineages. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships between 35 individuals exhibiting different mitochondrial haplotypes. Relying on the high linkage disequilibrium between chloroplastic and mitochondrial genomes, we chose to analyse the nucleotide sequence diversity of three chloroplastic fragments (trnK intron, trnD-trnT and trnL-trnF intergenic spacers). Nucleotide diversity appeared to be low, suggesting a recent bottleneck during the evolutionary history of B. vulgaris ssp. maritima. Statistical parsimony analyses revealed a star-like genealogy and showed that sterilizing haplotypes all belong to different lineages derived from an ancestral non-sterilizing cytoplasm. These results suggest a rapid evolution of male sterility in this taxon. The emergence of gynodioecy in wild beet is confronted with theoretical expectations, describing either gynodioecy dynamics as the maintenance of CMS factors through balancing selection or as a constant turnover of new CMSs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Touzet
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8016, Université des Sciences et Technologies de LilleBâtiment SN2, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Abstract
In addition to their nuclear genome, the vast majority of eukaryotes harbour cytoplasmic genomes, e.g. in mitochondria or chloroplasts. In the majority of cases, these cytoplasmic genomes are transmitted maternally only, leading to selective pressures divergent from those that act on nuclear genes. In particular, cytoplasmic genes, which reduce the fitness of males that carry them, but have no fitness effect in females, are believed to be selectively neutral. Here, we go a step further and argue that in outbreeding populations (i.e. populations with inbreeding avoidance), 'spiteful' cytoplasmic elements that reduce the number of offspring produced by males are in fact selected for. We study this process by means of a stochastic model, analysing both the probability of spread and the impact that such a spiteful cytotype can have on population dynamics. Our results demonstrate that the probability of spread of the spiteful cytotype can be several times higher in outbreeding than in panmictic populations. Spread and fixation of the spiteful cytotype can lead to different qualitative effects on the population dynamics, including extinction, decreased or increased stable population size. We discuss our results in respect to cytoplasmically induced male infertility and cytoplasmic incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Engelstädter
- Department of Biology, UCL Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK.
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