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Zhang ZH, Liu LP, Fang Y, Wang XC, Wang W, Chan YS, Wang L, Li H, Li YQ, Zhang FX. A New Vestibular Stimulation Mode for Motion Sickness With Emphatic Analysis of Pica. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:882695. [PMID: 35600993 PMCID: PMC9115577 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.882695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion sickness (MS) was frequently introduced for rodents in research work through passive motion that disturbed vestibular signals in the presence of visual and aleatory, proprioceptive inputs. Inducement of MS in this way causes conflicting signals that activate intermixed neural circuits representing multimodal stimulation. From reductionism, a lab setup to elicit rat MS via vestibular stimulation was configured in the present study for MS study in connection with dissection of the central vestibular component causally underlying MS. The individual animal was blinded to light with a custom-made restrainer, and positioned at an inclination of 30° for otolith organs to receive unusual actions by gravitoinertial vector. Following a 2-h double-axis (earth–vertical) rotation involving angular acceleration/deceleration, a suit of behaviors characterizing the MS was observed to be significantly changed including pica (eating non-nutritive substance like kaolin), conditioned taste avoidance and locomotion (p < 0.05). Notably, for the statistical hypothesis testing, the utility of net increased amount of kaolin consumption as independent variables in data processing was expounded. In addition, Fos-immunostained neurons in vestibular nucleus complex were significantly increased in number, suggesting the rotation-induced MS was closely related to the vestibular activation. In conclusion, our work indicated that the present setup could effectively elicit the MS by disturbing vestibular signals in rat in the context of well-controlled proprioceptive inputs and lack of visual afference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Li-Peng Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao-Cheng Wang
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi’an Biomedicine College, Xi’an, China
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Li,
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Yun-Qing Li,
| | - Fu-Xing Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Fu-Xing Zhang,
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A Once-Daily High Dose of Intraperitoneal Ascorbate Improves Vestibulo-ocular Reflex Compensation After Unilateral Labyrinthectomy in the Mouse. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2022; 23:27-34. [PMID: 34981264 PMCID: PMC8782995 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-021-00831-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate potentiates the response of nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptors containing α9 and α10 subunits found predominantly in the efferent systems of the inner ear, such as the efferent vestibular system (EVS). Prior mouse studies have shown that an attenuated EVS results in reduced vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain (=eye_velocity/head_velocity) plasticity in intact (VOR adaptation) and surgically-lesioned (VOR compensation) mice. We sought to determine whether ascorbate-treatment could improve VOR recovery after vestibular organ injury, possibly through potentiation of the EVS pathway. We tested 10 cba129 mice, 5 received ascorbate-treatment and 5 did not, but otherwise experienced the same conditions. Ascorbate-treatment comprised a once-daily intraperitoneal injection of L-form reduced ascorbate (4 g/kg) in 0.2 ml saline starting 1 week before, and ending 4 weeks after, unilateral labyrinthectomy surgery. These were deliberately high doses to determine the ascorbate effects on recovery. Baseline, acute, and chronic sinusoidal VOR gains (frequency and velocity ranges: 0.2-10 Hz, 20-100 deg/s) were measured 3-5 days before, 3-5 days after, and 28-31 days after labyrinthectomy. Mice treated with ascorbate had acute ipsilesional VOR gains 12 % higher compared to control mice (+45.2 ± 14.9 % from baseline versus +33.7 ± 15.4 %, P < 0.001). Similarly, chronic ipsilesional and contralesional VOR gains were respectively 16 % (+74.3 ± 16.3 % from baseline versus +58.1 ± 15.8 %, P < 0.001) and 13 % (+78.6 ± 16.0 % versus +65.6 ± 10.9 %, P < 0.001) higher compared to control mice. These data suggest ascorbate-treatment had a prophylactic effect reducing acute loss, and helped recovery during acute to chronic stages of compensation. One possible mechanism is that an ascorbate-enhanced EVS drives an increase in the number and sensitivity of irregular-discharging primary vestibular afferents, important for VOR plasticity.
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Fukui H, Mizuguchi H, Kitamura Y, Takeda N. Patho-Pharmacological Research of Anti-allergic Natural Products Targeting Antihistamine-Sensitive and -Insensitive Allergic Mechanisms. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 59:77-90. [PMID: 34647283 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H1 receptor (H1R) has a special up-regulation mechanism by the stimulation of H1R, mediated by protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ) signaling and H1R gene expression, resulting increase in H1R signaling. Increase in H1R mRNA in nasal mucosa was induced after the provocation of nasal hypersensitivity model rats and suppressed by the pre-treatment of antihistamines. Improvement of nasal symptoms and suppression of H1R mRNA expression in nasal mucosa were also observed by the pre-treatment of antihistamines in pollinosis patients. Elucidation of a correlation between symptoms and H1R mRNA level suggests that H1R gene is an allergic disease (AD)-susceptibility gene, targeted by antihistamines. Similar to antihistamines, pre-treatment of Kujin extract, an anti-allergic Kampo medicine improved nasal symptoms and suppressed H1R mRNA expression in nasal hypersensitivity model rats. (-)-Maackiain targeting heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) was isolated as an inhibitor of PKCδ signaling-mediated H1R gene expression from Kujin extract. In addition to H1R-mediated activation of H1R gene expression as the first mechanism, nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT)-mediated IL-9 gene expression is suggested to participate to allergic symptoms as the second mechanism insensitive to antihistamines. Pyrogallol and proanthocyanidin suppressing IL-9 gene expression were discovered from Awa-tea and lotus root knots, respectively. Combination therapy using medicines suppressing both H1R gene expression and IL-9 gene expression is promising for outstanding alleviation of AD. Multifactorial diseases involving H1R gene expression may be treated by the combination therapy with antihistamine and complementary drugs, and diseases involving PKCδ signaling may be treated by drugs targeting Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Noriaki Takeda
- Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
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Deshetty UM, Tamatam A, Patil MM. Menthol, a bioactive constituent of Mentha, attenuates motion sickness in mice model: Involvement of dopaminergic system. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13863. [PMID: 34245039 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Motion sickness (MS) occurs due to contradicting vestibular and visual inputs to the brain causing nausea and vomiting. Antidopaminergic drugs being effective in reducing MS create a path for effective therapy against MS by regulating dopamine levels. We aimed to evaluate the role of the striatum and brainstem dopamine and dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) in MS and the efficacy of menthol (MNT) to modulate dopamine and DRD2 in vitro and in vivo for possible amelioration of MS. Evaluation of efficacy of MNT to inhibit dopamine release from PC12 cells and anti-MS efficacy in BALB/c mice model was performed. Dopamine, DRD2 expression in PC12 cells, mice striatum, and brainstem were detected using HPLC-ECD, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis, respectively. DRD2 expression increased in calcium ionophore-treated PC12 cells compared with control cells. Pretreatment with 50 μg/ml menthol decreased dopamine and DRD2 expression. Similarly, dopamine and DRD2 levels in mice striatum and brainstem of MS group (rotation induced) increased significantly compared with control group NC (no rotation). Pretreatment with menthol at 50 mg/kg concentration (rotation induced) showed decreased dopamine and DRD2 expression, thus indicating ameliorative effect on MS. Hence, we suggest that increased striatum and brainstem dopamine and DRD2 levels might lead to MS symptoms, and menthol could be used as a potent herbal alternative medicine for MS. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Antidopaminergic drugs being effective in reducing motion sickness (MS) creates a path for effective therapy against MS by regulating dopamine levels. Increased striatum and brainstem dopamine and Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) levels might lead to the MS symptoms induced by rotation stimulation in mice model. Menthol showed a prophylactic effect on rotation-induced MS by reducing striatal and brainstem dopamine levels, DRD2 mRNA, and protein expression. Menthol could be used as an herbal alternative to antidopaminergics to minimize the associated adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Deshetty
- Nutrition, Biochemistry & Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - Anand Tamatam
- Nutrition, Biochemistry & Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
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Ilaiyaraja N, Singsit D, Patil MM, Priyadharshini S, Rashmi V, Khanum F. Motion sickness-relieving effects of Tamzin, a herbal formulation: In vitro and in vivo studies. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Blanco-Sánchez B, Clément A, Phillips JB, Westerfield M. Zebrafish models of human eye and inner ear diseases. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 138:415-467. [PMID: 28129854 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Eye and inner ear diseases are the most common sensory impairments that greatly impact quality of life. Zebrafish have been intensively employed to understand the fundamental mechanisms underlying eye and inner ear development. The zebrafish visual and vestibulo-acoustic systems are very similar to these in humans, and although not yet mature, they are functional by 5days post-fertilization (dpf). In this chapter, we show how the zebrafish has significantly contributed to the field of biomedical research and how researchers, by establishing disease models and meticulously characterizing their phenotypes, have taken the first steps toward therapies. We review here models for (1) eye diseases, (2) ear diseases, and (3) syndromes affecting eye and/or ear. The use of new genome editing technologies and high-throughput screening systems should increase considerably the speed at which knowledge from zebrafish disease models is acquired, opening avenues for better diagnostics, treatments, and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Clément
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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Weerts AP, Putcha L, Hoag SW, Hallgren E, Van Ombergen A, Van de Heyning PH, Wuyts FL. Intranasal scopolamine affects the semicircular canals centrally and peripherally. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:213-8. [PMID: 25953832 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00149.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Space motion sickness (SMS), a condition caused by an intravestibular conflict, remains an important obstacle that astronauts encounter during the first days in space. Promethazine is currently the standard treatment of SMS, but scopolamine is used by some astronauts to prevent SMS. However, the oral and transdermal routes of administration of scopolamine are known to have substantial drawbacks. Intranasal administration of scopolamine ensures a fast absorption and rapid onset of therapeutic effect, which might prove to be suitable for use during spaceflights. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intranasally administered scopolamine (0.4 mg) on the semicircular canals (SCCs) and the otoliths. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed on 19 healthy male subjects. The function of the horizontal SCC and the vestibulo-ocular reflex, as well as the saccular function and utricular function, were evaluated. Scopolamine turned out to affect mainly the SCCs centrally and peripherally but also the utricles to a lesser extent. Centrally, the most probable site of action is the medial vestibular nucleus, where the highest density of muscarinic receptors has been demonstrated and afferent fibers from the SCCs and utricles synapse. Furthermore, our results suggest the presence of muscarinic receptors in the peripheral vestibular system on which scopolamine has a suppressive effect. Given the depressant actions on the SCCs, it is suggested that the pharmacodynamic effect of scopolamine may be attributed to the obliteration of intravestibular conflict that arises during (S)MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie P Weerts
- Antwerp University Research Centre for Equilibrium and Aerospace, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lakshmi Putcha
- Biomedical Operations and Research Branch, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Stephen W Hoag
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emma Hallgren
- Antwerp University Research Centre for Equilibrium and Aerospace, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angelique Van Ombergen
- Antwerp University Research Centre for Equilibrium and Aerospace, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul H Van de Heyning
- Antwerp University Research Centre for Equilibrium and Aerospace, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Biomedical Operations and Research Branch, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas; and School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Floris L Wuyts
- Antwerp University Research Centre for Equilibrium and Aerospace, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;
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Histamine H1 receptors are expressed in mouse and frog semicircular canal sensory epithelia. Neuroreport 2008; 19:425-9. [PMID: 18287940 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282f76151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Histamine-related drugs are commonly used in the treatment of vertigo and related vestibular disorders. Their site and mechanism of action, however, are still poorly understood. To increase our knowledge of the histaminergic system in the vestibular organs, we have investigated the expression of H1 and H3 histamine receptors in the frog and mouse semicircular canal sensory epithelia. Analysis was performed by mRNA reverse transcriptase-PCR, immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry experiments. Our data show that both frog and mouse vestibular epithelia express H1 receptors. Conversely no clear evidence for H3 receptors expression was found.
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Lychakov DV, Aristakesian EA, Oganesyan GA. Effect of swinging on EEG of rats of juvenile age in the wakefulness state. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209300705009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Hain
- Departments of Neurology, Otolaryngology, and Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Northwestern University, 645 North Michigan, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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&NA;. Treatment of vertigo depends on accurate diagnoses of vertigo type. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2003. [DOI: 10.2165/00042310-200319120-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abstract
This review discusses the physiology and pharmacological treatment of vertigo and related disorders. Classes of medications useful in the treatment of vertigo include anticholinergics, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, calcium channel antagonists and dopamine receptor antagonists. These medications often have multiple actions. They may modify the intensity of symptoms (e.g. vestibular suppressants) or they may affect the underlying disease process (e.g. calcium channel antagonists in the case of vestibular migraine). Most of these agents, particularly those that are sedating, also have a potential to modulate the rate of compensation for vestibular damage. This consideration has become more relevant in recent years, as vestibular rehabilitation physical therapy is now often recommended in an attempt to promote compensation. Accordingly, therapy of vertigo is optimised when the prescriber has detailed knowledge of the pharmacology of medications being administered as well as the precise actions being sought. There are four broad causes of vertigo, for which specific regimens of drug therapy can be tailored. Otological vertigo includes disorders of the inner ear such as Ménière's disease, vestibular neuritis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and bilateral vestibular paresis. In both Ménière's disease and vestibular neuritis, vestibular suppressants such as anticholinergics and benzodiazepines are used. In Ménière's disease, salt restriction and diuretics are used in an attempt to prevent flare-ups. In vestibular neuritis, only brief use of vestibular suppressants is now recommended. Drug treatments are not presently recommended for BPPV and bilateral vestibular paresis, but physical therapy treatment can be very useful in both. Central vertigo includes entities such as vertigo associated with migraine and certain strokes. Prophylactic agents (L-channel calcium channel antagonists, tricyclic antidepressants, beta-blockers) are the mainstay of treatment for migraine-associated vertigo. In individuals with stroke or other structural lesions of the brainstem or cerebellum, an eclectic approach incorporating trials of vestibular suppressants and physical therapy is recommended. Psychogenic vertigo occurs in association with disorders such as panic disorder, anxiety disorder and agoraphobia. Benzodiazepines are the most useful agents here. Undetermined and ill-defined causes of vertigo make up a large remainder of diagnoses. An empirical approach to these patients incorporating trials of medications of general utility, such as benzodiazepines, as well as trials of medication withdrawal when appropriate, physical therapy and psychiatric consultation is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Hain
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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Seki Y, Sato-Suzuki I, Kita I, Oguri M, Arita H. Yawning/cortical activation induced by microinjection of histamine into the paraventricular nucleus of the rat. Behav Brain Res 2002; 134:75-82. [PMID: 12191794 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of microinjection of histamine into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus on yawning responses were investigated in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats. Yawning responses were evaluated by monitoring the intercostal electromyogram (EMG) as an index of inspiratory activity and digastric EMG as an indicator of mouth opening. We also recorded the electrocorticogram (ECoG) to determine the arousal response during yawning. Autonomic function was evaluated by measuring blood pressure and heart rate. Microinjection of histamine into the medial parvocellular subdivision (mp) of the PVN elicited a yawning response, i.e. a single large inspiration with mouth opening, and an arousal shift in ECoG to lower voltage and faster rhythms. Microinjection of HTMT dimaleate, an H1 receptor agonist, into the PVN also caused the yawning/arousal response. Pretreatment with pyrilamine, an H1 receptor antagonist, inhibited the histamine induced yawning behavior. These data demonstrate that a histamine receptive site for triggering yawning/arousal responses exists in the PVN, and suggest that these responses are mediated by activation of H1 receptor within the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Seki
- Department of Physiology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
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Owyang C, Hasler WL. Physiology and pathophysiology of the interstitial cells of Cajal: from bench to bedside. VI. Pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches to human gastric dysrhythmias. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 283:G8-15. [PMID: 12065286 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00095.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in our knowledge about the pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches to human gastric dysrhythmias. A number of clinical conditions has been found to be associated with gastric slow-wave rhythm disturbances that may relate to the induction of nausea and vomiting. Human and animal studies indicate that multiple neurohumoral factors are involved in the generation of gastric dysrhythmias. Antral distension and increased intestinal delivery of lipids may cause slow-wave disruption and development of nausea. This may be mediated by cholinergic and serotonergic pathways. Similarly, progesterone and estrogen may also disrupt gastric slow-wave rhythm in susceptible individuals. Prostaglandin overproduction in gastric smooth muscle appears to mediate slow-wave disruption in diabetes and with tobacco smoking. On the other hand, central cholinergic pathways play an important role in the genesis of gastric dysrhythmias associated with motion sickness. This may be mediated by vasopressin released from the pituitary. Although it is difficult to ascribe with certainty a causative role of slow-wave rhythm disturbances in the genesis of nausea and vomiting, the search has begun for novel antiemetic therapies based on their abilities to ablate or prevent gastric dysrhythmia formation. This includes the use of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, central muscarinic receptor antagonists, and dopamine receptor antagonists. Finally direct gastric electrical stimulation using a surgically implanted neurostimulator has shown promise in reducing emesis in patients with gastroparesis and gastric dysrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Owyang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Yang TD, Pei JS, Yang SL, Liu ZQ, Sun RL. Medical prevention of space motion sickness--animal model of therapeutic effect of a new medicine on motion sickness. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2002; 30:751-755. [PMID: 12528715 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(02)00391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Space motion sickness (MS) is one of the most important problems in the field of space medicine. In order to prevent space MS, a new medicine, PMPA, has been prepared by means of synthesizing in our laboratory. The purposes of this study were to set up animal models of PMPA against MS, and to observe its effects on anti-MS, and to prove its function of antagonism to choline. Eight cats, forty rabbits and two hundred and ten rats were selected as animal subjects. The parallel swing stimulus, a method causing the reversal syndromes and tests of anti-choline function were used in our experiments. The results are as follows: (1) The score of MS symptoms in cats with PMPA or scopolamine (SCOP) is significantly lower than that in cats with placebo (p<0.01), while the incidences of efficiency and prevention of PMPA (87.5%, 75%) are higher than those of SCOP (75.0%, 50%) in cats. (2) PMPA of 1.6 mg/kg or 0.8 mg/kg could antagonize the reversal syndromes and repress reversal rotation significantly in rabbits like SCOP in comparison with placebo (p<0.01). (3) PMPA could inhibit tremor evoked by oxotremorine or by nicotine-procaine in rats like SCOP, and play an important role in the antagonism to central M-choline and N-choline receptors. The animal experiments demonstrate that PMPA is an effective medicine against MS with antagonism function to choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Yang
- Institute of Space Medico-Engineering, Beijing, China
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Lukomskaya NY, Zhabko EP, Gmiro VE. The involvement of glutamatergic transmission in the mechanism of movement disorders induced by reversive rotation of white mice. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 30:543-6. [PMID: 11037145 DOI: 10.1007/bf02462612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the selective non-competitive NMDA receptor blocker MK-801 and a series of new glutamate antagonists --the adamantane derivatives IEM-1754 and IEM-1857 and phencyclidine (IEM-1925)--to prevent movement disorders induced by reversive rotation in mice was studied. l.p. MK-801 at a dose of 0.15 ml and IEM-1754 at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg prevented the development of akinesia in response to reversive rotation as effectively as scopolamine, a known agent which provides effective prophylaxis for movement diseases. IEM-1857, the quaternary analog of IEM-1754, was not effective. IEM-1925 significantly increased the responses of mice to reversive rotation, possibly because of its high activity in relation to other subtypes of glutamate receptors. These data provide evidence for the involvement of glutamatergic transmission in the mechanism of movement disorders of vestibular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Lukomskaya
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg
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Person H, Vallée B, Lefèvre C, Sénécail B. Arterial and neural relations at the posterior and lateral aspects of the medullo-spinal junction. Surg Radiol Anat 1998; 20:177-84. [PMID: 9706676 DOI: 10.1007/bf01628892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors report the results of a series of 59 microdissections of the region of the foramen magnum. These dissections were made under the strict conditions of a surgical approach using an operating microscope. The major anatomic structures of the medullo-spinal junction are arranged mainly at its lateral aspect. The customary surgical approaches to the posterior cranial fossa give ready access to the cerebello- and latero-medullary cisterns. The description of the neurovascular structures contained therein assumes a particular importance because of the relative frequency of lesions developing at this level. This study deals particularly with the vertebral a. (VA), the inferior posterior cerebellar a. (IPCA), the cranial nn. IX (glossopharyngeal n.), X (vagus n.), XIc and XIs (cranial and spinal accessory n.) and XII (hypoglossal n.). The anatomy of this posterior and lateral region is characterised by the contrast between the relatively uniform course of the VA and the variable course of the IPCA, a true guideline whose very irregular arrangement accounts for the diversity of its relations with the last four cranial nn.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Person
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Faculté de Médecine de Brest, France
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Uno A, Takeda N, Horii A, Morita M, Yamamoto Y, Yamatodani A, Kubo T. Histamine release from the hypothalamus induced by gravity change in rats and space motion sickness. Physiol Behav 1997; 61:883-7. [PMID: 9177562 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(96)00613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Freely moving rats were exposed to 2 g hypergravity in an animal centrifuge device to produce motion sickness. Histamine release from the anterior hypothalamus of the rats was measured in vivo with a microdialysis technique. After a 2-h load of 2 g hypergravity, rats ate kaolin. Because pica, eating a nonnutritive substance such as kaolin, is a behavioral index of motion sickness in rats, this finding indicates that the rats suffered from motion sickness. During 2 g hypergravity for 2-h, histamine release from the hypothalamus was transiently increased. In contrast, neither the transient increase of histamine release nor the kaolin consumption were induced by 2 g hypergravity in bilaterally labyrinthectomized rats. Pretreatment with alpha-fluoromethylhistidine, an inhibitor of histamine-synthesizing enzyme, decreased both the basal and hypergravity-induced releases of histamine from the hypothalamus and suppressed the kaolin consumption induced by hypergravity. Taken together, these findings suggest that the vestibular information of changes in gravity activate the histaminergic neuron system, resulting in the development of motion sickness. More prolonged stimulation, a 4-h load of 2 g hypergravity, induced significant increase of kaolin consumption on postdays 1-3, though rats ate kaolin on postdays 1-2 after 2 g hypergravity for 2 h. During 2 g hypergravity for 4 h, the initial transient increase of histamine release was followed by the gradual increase of histamine release after the end of centrifugation. It is suggested that rats adapted to the hypergravity environment after centrifugation for 4 h, but not 2 h, so that the change in gravity from 2 g to 1 g became a provocative stimulation. We, therefore, concluded that motion sickness in rats induced by a negative change in gravity can be used as a simulation of space motion sickness, which is induced by exposure to microgravity. Histaminergic activation in the development of motion sickness induced by negative change in gravity might be an underlying mechanism of space motion sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uno
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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Abstract
A modified lateral subtemporal, transpetrous apex and sub-Gasserian ganglion approach was found to be most suitable for clival chordomas. The approach selection was based on the typical anatomical relationship of chordomas in terms of site of origin, pattern of growth and neural and vascular displacements. The approach was suitable to deal with tumour anterior and lateral to the brain stem, the clival part of the tumour and its sub-cavernous sinus extensions. The carotid artery was under control. The approach had the advantage of being simple and relatively quick and of its familiarity to general neurosurgeons. The tumour could be excised radically and extension of anterior, posterior and inferior exposure was possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goel
- Department of Neurosurgery, K.E.M. Hospital, Parel, Bombay
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Wang JJ, Dutia MB. Effects of histamine and betahistine on rat medial vestibular nucleus neurones: possible mechanism of action of anti-histaminergic drugs in vertigo and motion sickness. Exp Brain Res 1995; 105:18-24. [PMID: 7589314 DOI: 10.1007/bf00242178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The tonic discharge of 71 medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurones was recorded in slices of the dorsal brainstem of young adult rats. Bath application of histamine caused a dose-related excitation in 59 of the 71 cells (83%), the remaining 12 (17%) being unresponsive. Dimaprit, a selective H2 agonist, also caused excitation in all 20 cells tested. The histamine-induced excitation and the response to dimaprit were antagonised by the selective H2 antagonist ranitidine, confirming that the H2 subtype of histamine receptor is involved in mediating the effects of histamine on these cells. Triprolidine, a selective H1 antagonist, also antagonised the excitation caused by histamine, at a concentration (0.3 microM) which left the H2 receptor-mediated response to dimaprit unchanged. Thus the excitatory effects of histamine on MVN cells in the rat involve two components mediated through H1 and H2 receptor-linked mechanisms, respectively. Betahistine, a weak H1 agonist and H3 antagonist, had little excitatory action when applied on its own, but significantly reduced the excitation caused by histamine when the two drugs were applied together. The effects of betahistine were consistent with a partial-agonist action at H1 receptors on MVN cells, reducing the excitatory responses to histamine presumably by occupying these receptor sites in competition with the exogenously applied neurotransmitter. This partial-agonist action of betahistine may be an important part of its mechanism of action in the symptomatic treatment of vertigo and motion sickness, since it is likely to occur not only in the MVN but also in many brain regions, including the thalamus and cortex, which express H1 receptors and which are innervated by the hypothalamic histaminergic system. Thus the effectiveness of betahistine and other anti-H1 drugs against motion sickness may be explained by their action in reducing the effects of the excess histamine release induced in such conditions in various brain areas, including the MVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
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Takeda N, Hasegawa S, Morita M, Matsunaga T. Pica in rats is analogous to emesis: an animal model in emesis research. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993; 45:817-21. [PMID: 8415820 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90126-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitchell et al. (1976, 1977) suggested that pica, eating of nonnutritive substances such as kaolin, is an illness-response behavior in rats. In the present study, we first confirmed their suggestion and then examined the effects of antiemetics on emetic-induced pica in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine induced dose-dependent kaolin consumption. Pretreatment with domperidone inhibited apomorphine-induced kaolin intake. Oral administration of copper sulfate and intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin also induced dose-dependent kaolin consumption. Pretreatment with ondansetron inhibited cisplatin-induced kaolin intake. These findings suggest that pica in rats was induced through 1) dopamine D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, and 2) the stomach, partly via 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral afferents in the stomach wall. The present findings support the conclusion that pica in rats is analogous to vomiting in other species and suggest that pica in rats is mediated by the same mechanisms as vomiting in humans. Accordingly, we extended the utility of the animal model to pharmacological research of emesis with pica as an analogue to emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takeda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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Takeda N, Morita M, Hasegawa S, Horii A, Kubo T, Matsunaga T. Neuropharmacology of motion sickness and emesis. A review. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1993; 501:10-5. [PMID: 8447218 DOI: 10.3109/00016489309126205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Histamine H1-receptors are involved in the development of the symptoms and signs of motion sickness, including emesis. On provocative motion stimulus, a signal for sensory conflict activates the histaminergic neuron system, and the histaminergic descending impulse stimulates H1-receptors in the emetic center of the brain stem. The histaminergic input to the emetic center through H1-receptors is independent of dopamine D2-receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and serotonin 5HT3-receptors in the visceral afferent, which are also involved in the emetic reflex. Antihistamines block emetic H1-receptors to prevent motion sickness. Acetylcholine muscarinic receptors are involved in the generation of signals for sensory conflict. Anti-cholinergic drugs prevent motion sickness by modifying the neural store to facilitate the acquisition of habituation to provocative motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takeda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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Mick JM, Rund DA. Casting Off Seasickness. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 1992; 20:35-43. [PMID: 29281405 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.1992.11947446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lucot JB, Takeda N. alpha-Fluoromethylhistidine but not diphenhydramine prevents motion-induced emesis in the cat. Am J Otolaryngol 1992; 13:176-80. [PMID: 1626619 DOI: 10.1016/0196-0709(92)90119-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study seeks to evaluate the comparative role of alpha-fluoromethylhistidine and diphenhydramine in the prevention of motion sickness. METHOD The role of histaminergic mechanisms in motion sickness were evaluated in a feline model. Twenty-six female cats were studied. A variety of doses of fluoromethylhistidine and diphenhydramine were administered before motion testing. RESULTS Fluoromethylhistidine was effective in preventing motion sickness. The efficacy was dose dependent. In contrast, diphenhydramine failed to prevent motion sickness in any of the tested doses. CONCLUSIONS The failure of diphenhydramine to prevent motion sickness was unexpected. This may reflect the route of administration or the animal model studied. Depletion of histamine with fluoromethylhistidine prevented motion sickness in cats. Our results suggest that this drug may provide a very long duration of protection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Lucot
- Department of Pharmacology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
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Morita M, Takeda N, Hasegawa S, Yamatodani A, Wada H, Sakai S, Kubo T, Matsunaga T. Effects of anti-cholinergic and cholinergic drugs on habituation to motion in rats. Acta Otolaryngol 1990; 110:196-202. [PMID: 2239207 DOI: 10.3109/00016489009122537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the anti-cholinergic drug scopolamine, an anti-motion sickness drug, and of the cholinergics physostigmine and neostigmine on habituation to motion sickness in rats were examined using pica, measured as eating of kaolin, as a behavioural index of motion sickness in rats. Rats were rotated around two axes for 1 h once a day for 10 or 11 days. Rotation-induced kaolin intake of control rats gradually decreased from day 9 of daily rotation. Test rats were not treated for the first 3 days, given drugs on days 4-7 of rotation and then again given no drugs for the next 3 or 4 days. Rotation-induced kaolin intake of test rats was compared to that of controls. Results showed that TTS (Transdermal Therapeutic System)-scopolamine administration facilitated habituation to rotation, whereas physostigmine, a centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitor, suppressed it, and neostigmine, a peripherally active cholinesterase inhibitor, had no effect on habituation at all. These findings suggest that the central cholinergic neuron system plays an important role in the neural mechanism of habituation to motion in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Japan
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