1
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Liu Y, Heiberg T, Reichelt KL. Towards a possible aetiology for depressions? BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2007; 3:47. [PMID: 17868435 PMCID: PMC2063501 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-3-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since a genetic disposition for depression is probable, there ought to be biochemical changes. Increased peptide levels with relevant bioactivities have been found in urine in a previous investigation, which may be such changes. METHODS Urine from patients with severe depression according to ICD 10 have been run on reversed phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography, and off line mass spectrometry was performed on some of these peptides. RESULTS We find overlapping patterns of peptide peaks in severe depression, but with considerable individuality. Mass spectrometry shows that some of these peptides are probably of dietary origin, because their sequences are found only in certain dietary proteins. Opioids from casein and gliadin are typical examples. CONCLUSION Our data show that the disposition must be polygenetic because some peptide peaks with the same bioactivity are of different length in different patients, but with the same diagnosis. However, some of the peaks are common Peptide increase in urine is found when break down is deficient, and the data presented agree with reports on peptidase deficiencies in depression. Antidepressant drugs decrease the peptide level after about 3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Heiberg
- Oslo Hospital, Ekebergveien 1, N-0192 Oslo, Norway
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2
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Zambotti-Villela L, Yamasaki SC, Villarroel JS, Alponti RF, Silveira PF. Aspartyl, arginyl and alanyl aminopeptidase activities in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Brain Res 2007; 1170:112-8. [PMID: 17692297 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acid (aspartyl), basic (arginyl) and neutral (alanyl) aminopeptidases degrade angiotensins, vasopressin, oxytocin, bradykinin and enkephalins. These peptides regulate memory, energy homeostasis, water-salt balance and blood pressure, functions that are mainly exerted in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, and that can be affected by diabetes mellitus. To evaluate the relationship between the diabetes mellitus and processing and inactivation roles of these representative aminopeptidases, we measured their activities in both brain structures of control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Hypothalamic soluble aspartyl and arginyl aminopeptidases presented significant decreased activity levels in diabetic rats, which were mitigated by insulin therapy. In addition to membrane-bound puromycin sensitive and insensitive alanyl aminopeptidases, its soluble puromycin sensitive form did not differ between diabetic and control rats in both brain structures. Glucose and/or insulin did not seem to alter in vitro the hypothalamic activities of soluble aspartyl and arginyl aminopeptidases. The implied hypothalamic control of regulatory peptide activity by aspartyl and arginyl aminopeptidases supports the hypothesis that the hydrolytic ability of these enzyme types could be a common link for the disruptions of water-salt balance, blood pressure and energy homeostasis in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Zambotti-Villela
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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3
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Tang L, Persky AM, Hochhaus G, Meibohm B. Pharmacokinetic aspects of biotechnology products. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:2184-204. [PMID: 15295780 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, biotechnologically derived peptide and protein-based drugs have developed into mainstream therapeutic agents. Peptide and protein drugs now constitute a substantial portion of the compounds under preclinical and clinical development in the global pharmaceutical industry. Pharmacokinetic and exposure/response evaluations for peptide and protein therapeutics are frequently complicated by their similarity to endogenous peptides and proteins as well as protein nutrients. The first challenge frequently comes from a lack of sophistication in various analytical techniques for the quantification of peptide and protein drugs in biological matrices. However, advancements in bioassays and immunoassays--along with a newer generation of mass spectrometry-based techniques--can often provide capabilities for both efficient and reliable detection. Selection of the most appropriate route of administration for biotech drugs requires comprehensive knowledge of their absorption characteristics beyond physicochemical properties, including chemical and metabolic stability at the absorption site, immunoreactivity, passage through biomembranes, and active uptake and exsorption processes. Various distribution properties dictate whether peptide and protein therapeutics can reach optimum target site exposure to exert the intended pharmacological response. This poses a potential problem, especially for large protein drugs, with their typically limited distribution space. Binding phenomena and receptor-mediated cellular uptake may further complicate this issue. Elimination processes--a critical determinant for the drug's systemic exposure--may follow a combination of numerous pathways, including renal and hepatic metabolism routes as well as generalized proteolysis and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) correlations for peptide and protein-based drugs are frequently convoluted by their close interaction with endogenous substances and physiologic regulatory feedback mechanisms. Extensive use of pharmacokinetic and exposure/response concepts in all phases of drug development has in the past been identified as a crucial factor for the success of a scientifically driven, evidence-based, and thus accelerated drug development process. Thus, PK/PD concepts are likely to continue and expand their role as a fundamental factor in the successful development of biotechnologically derived drug products in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Suite 5p, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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4
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Reichelt KL, Knivsberg AM. Can the pathophysiology of autism be explained by the nature of the discovered urine peptides? Nutr Neurosci 2003; 6:19-28. [PMID: 12608733 DOI: 10.1080/1028415021000042839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Opioid peptides derived from food proteins (exorphins) have been found in urine of autistic patients. Based on the work of several groups, we try to show that exorphins and serotonin uptake stimulating factors may explain many of the signs and symptoms seen in autistic disorders. The individual symptoms ought to be explainable by the properties and behavioural effects of the found peptides. The data presented form the basis of an autism model, where we suggest that exorphins and serotonin uptake modulators are key mediators for the development of autism. This may be due to a genetically based peptidase deficiency in at least two or more peptidases and, or of peptidase regulating proteins made manifest by a dietary overload of exorphin precursors such as by increased gut uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Reichelt
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Univ of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, N-0027, Oslo, Norway.
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5
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Wakefield AJ, Puleston JM, Montgomery SM, Anthony A, O'Leary JJ, Murch SH. Review article: the concept of entero-colonic encephalopathy, autism and opioid receptor ligands. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16:663-74. [PMID: 11929383 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is growing awareness that primary gastrointestinal pathology may play an important role in the inception and clinical expression of some childhood developmental disorders, including autism. In addition to frequent gastrointestinal symptoms, children with autism often manifest complex biochemical and immunological abnormalities. The gut-brain axis is central to certain encephalopathies of extra-cranial origin, hepatic encephalopathy being the best characterized. Commonalities in the clinical characteristics of hepatic encephalopathy and a form of autism associated with developmental regression in an apparently previously normal child, accompanied by immune-mediated gastrointestinal pathology, have led to the proposal that there may be analogous mechanisms of toxic encephalopathy in patients with liver failure and some children with autism. Aberrations in opioid biochemistry are common to these two conditions, and there is evidence that opioid peptides may mediate certain aspects of the respective syndromes. The generation of plausible and testable hypotheses in this area may help to identify new treatment options in encephalopathies of extra-cranial origin. Therapeutic targets for this autistic phenotype may include: modification of diet and entero-colonic microbial milieu in order to reduce toxin substrates, improve nutritional status and modify mucosal immunity; anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory therapy; and specific treatment of dysmotility, focusing, for example, on the pharmacology of local opioid activity in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wakefield
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group, Centre for Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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6
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Abstract
A tetra-peptide has been isolated from the urines of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) that we could not find in control urines. The tetra-peptide (G-S-E-N) stimulates the uptake of serotonin into platelets. The peptide may explain why serotonin is increased in platelets of ADHD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Pediatric Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Pedersen OS, Liu Y, Reichelt KL. Serotonin uptake stimulating peptide found in plasma of normal individuals and in some autistic urines. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1999; 53:641-6. [PMID: 10408338 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated a tripeptide from normal plasma and autistic urines which stimulates the uptake of serotonin (5-HT) into platelets. This peptide was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by sequenation and mass-spectrometry. Synthetic peptide showed co-chromatography with the biological sample in the HPLC systems used. Close to 60% of the autistic children diagnosed using the Diagnostic Statistical Manual III-R had an increased HPLC peak eluting like this peptide in their urines compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Pedersen
- Research Institute, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Norway
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8
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Gembitsky DS, Reichelt KL, Elgjo K. Antiproliferative effect of the tripeptide pyroGlu-Phe-GlyNH2 on murine melanocytes: transitory delay of cell growth in vitro and the cell cycle specificity. Exp Cell Res 1998; 243:367-74. [PMID: 9743596 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1998.4164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell growth and differentiation in melanocyte cell populations are regulated by a wide range of bioactive substances. Recently, the tripeptide pyroGlu-Phe-GlyNH2 which inhibits melanocyte growth in vitro was identified in both murine nontransformed melanocytes and malignant melanoma cells. The present study was undertaken to investigate the cell cycle specificity as well as the growth inhibitory profile of the tripeptide after a single or repeated administration to melanocyte cultures. Dose-related effects of the peptide were studied using three different bioassay systems: estimation of cell number, DNA synthesis, and cell flux into mitosis. Growth of melanocyte cultures as well as melanocyte mitotic activity were found to be reduced significantly by the tripeptide at two separate dose levels (10(-11) and 10(-14)-10(-15) M). Growth inhibition of melanocyte population did not last long: less than 36 h after the first and less than 24 h after the second peptide addition to the cultures. The level of DNA synthesis in melanocytes remained unchanged after a single peptide administration. The findings indicate that the tripeptide pyroGlu-Phe-GlyNH2 causes transitory delay of cell growth in cultured melanocyte population resulting from a reversible inhibition of melanocyte transition from the G2-phase of the cell cycle into mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Gembitsky
- Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo School of Medicine, Oslo, N-0027, Norway.
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9
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Reichelt KL, Seim AR, Reichelt WH. Could schizophrenia be reasonably explained by Dohan's hypothesis on genetic interaction with a dietary peptide overload? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1996; 20:1083-114. [PMID: 8938813 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(96)00099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
1. Dohan has proposed that schizophrenia is a genetic disposition which interacts with an overload of dietary proteins such as casein and gluten or gliadin. 2. A systematic attempt is made to see if this hypothesis is possible faced with aspects of schizophrenia that must be accounted for. 3. The authors conclusion is that it is possible, but more serious work in this field is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Reichelt
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Univ of Oslo, Rikshopsitalet, Norway
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10
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Toon S. The relevance of pharmacokinetics in the development of biotechnology products. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1996; 21:93-103. [PMID: 8839682 DOI: 10.1007/bf03190257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnology derived medicines will have an increasing impact not only upon medical practice but also upon the working lives of many pharmaceutical scientists. Whilst such medicines may be viewed as highly sophisticated to the clinician and scientist, the computer will still rightly demand that they are both efficacious and safe. Impacting as it does upon all phases of drug development and facilitating quantitative relationship between administered dose and systemic drug concentration, pharmacokinetics has an important role to play in the development of all medicines. Bioanalysis is an essential prelude to any pharmacokinetic investigation. For many biotechnology products the immunoassay and bioassay methodologies employed are often relatively non-specific and imprecise and yield assay dependent pharmacokinetic parameters. Other factors may also confound the pharmacokinetic evaluation of biotechnological products. In vivo binding proteins (including antibodies) may not only interfere with bioanalytical methodology but also have a significant effect on the pharmacokinetics and biological activity of certain macromolecules. Antibody formation is a particular problem in the preclinical evaluation of human proteins. Unlike most conventional pharmaceuticals, the rate and time of delivery into the systemic circulation is a fundamental component of the biological activity of many biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Toon
- Medeval Ltd, University of Manchester, UK
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11
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Seim AR, Reichelt KL. An enzyme/brain-barrier theory of psychiatric pathogenesis: unifying observations on phenylketonuria, autism, schizophrenia and postpartum psychosis. Med Hypotheses 1995; 45:498-502. [PMID: 8748095 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(95)90230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Seim
- Department of General Practice, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway
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12
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Comparative analysis of effects from prolonged peripheral and intracerebral exposure to β-endorphin. Bull Exp Biol Med 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02445469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Reichelt KL, Teigland-Gjerstad B. Decreased urinary peptide excretion in schizophrenic patients after neuroleptic treatment. Psychiatry Res 1995; 58:171-6. [PMID: 8570770 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(95)02629-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Six schizophrenic patients had their urinary peptide levels measured before and after 5 weeks of treatment with neuroleptic medications. For two patients, levels were also measured after a reduction in the neuroleptic dose. Because of the heterogeneity of peptide peaks with the same bioactivity, the overall peptide levels were compared to initial levels. A neuroleptic effect on peptide levels was demonstrated. Several research groups have reported enzyme induction caused by neuroleptics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Reichelt
- Department of Pediatric Research, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Norway
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14
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Pevtsova EI, Tolpygo SM. Comparative analysis of effects from prolonged peripheral and intracerebral administrations of angiotensin II in rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02446458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Storm H, Rognum TO, Reichelt KL. Inverse relationship between beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid and nucleus tractus solitarius in sudden infant death. Eur J Pediatr 1994; 153:381-6. [PMID: 8033932 DOI: 10.1007/bf01956426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) beta-endorphin (BEND) induces bradycardia and respiratory depression which have been reported to precede death in sudden infant death (SID). Of SID victims, 50% have elevated levels of beta-endorphin immunoreactivity (BENDI) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and 50% had undetectable levels. We therefore investigated the relationship of BENDI in the CSF to BENDI levels in the NTS area. This study included SID victims (CSF from n = 47, brain stem from n = 16), borderline SID victims (CSF and brain stem from n = 2), sudden death in childhood (CSF and brain stem from n = 1), and controls (CSF from n = 32, brain stem from n = 11). BEND in CSF and NTS area, after extraction, was measured by radioimmunoassay. High performance liquid chromatography was used for closer identification of BENDI. We found that the SID victims divided into two subpopulations, one having a relatively high BENDI level in CSF and one having no detectable level (P < 0.01). Furthermore, an inverse relationship was found between BENDI level in CSF and BENDI level in NTS area in the SID victims (P < 0.05). We conclude that increased BENDI level in CSF is associated with low BENDI level in the NTS area in 50% of SID victims. The low BENDI level in the NTS area may be due to increased release of BEND.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Storm
- Department of Paediatric Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Tetaert D, Soudan B, Huet-Duvillier G, Degand P, Boersma A. Unusual cleavage of peptidic hormones generated by trypanosome enzymes released in infested rat serum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1993; 41:147-52. [PMID: 8458688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1993.tb00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Gonad and thyroid dysfunctions are often observed in human and experimental models during african trypanosomiasis. The enzymatic activity of components released by the trypanosomes towards peptide hormones (e.g. GnRH, TRH) have consequently been studied. The incubation products of GnRH by (i) healthy or infested rat serum: (ii) trypanosomal components released by using a specific procedure; (iii) infested and normal rat brain extracts have been analysed by RP-HPLC fractionation. The peptide cleavage has been assessed by determination of either the amino acid compositions or relative molecular weight (by FAB mass spectrometry) of the different resolved HPLC fractions. Different protease inhibitors and a reducing agent have also been tested and a serine, cation-sensitive, thiol-dependent endopeptidase activity has been predominantly identified to be released by the trypanosomes in host circulation. It has been shown that the peptidase activity(ies) is(are) able to: (i) degrade the peptide hormones (GnRH, TRH) considered as important neuromodulators and neurotransmitters; (ii) generate an unusual N-terminal tetrapeptide (GnRH1-4) appearing to be still active towards the gonadal hypothalamo-pituitary axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tetaert
- National Institute of Health, Lille, France
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17
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Wills RJ, Ferraiolo BL. The role of pharmacokinetics in the development of biotechnologically derived agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 1992; 23:406-14. [PMID: 1458760 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-199223060-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Wills
- Department of Drug Metabolism, R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Raritan, New Jersey
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18
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Schulteis G, Martinez JL. [Leu]enkephalin and its metabolite, Tyr-Gly-Gly, impair active avoidance retention. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992; 42:523-7. [PMID: 1409785 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90149-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the effects of [leu]enkephalin and its metabolite, Tyr-Gly-Gly, given immediately posttraining on active avoidance performance measured 24 h later. Initial experiments revealed that, in comparison to zero or one training trials, providing mice with two training trials significantly increased active avoidance performance measured 24 h later; this enabled us to examine the effects on retention of peptides administered immediately after the two training trials. It was found that Tyr-Gly-Gly (16 and 53 micrograms/kg) and [leu]enkephalin (30 and 100 micrograms/kg) administered in this fashion both significantly impaired retention; the dose-response functions for both peptides were U-shaped. Since the effects of enkephalins are most likely mediated by opioid delta-receptors, and Tyr-Gly-Gly has little or no activity at opioid receptors, the effects of the parent peptide(s) and metabolite are presumably pharmacologically distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schulteis
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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19
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Salzet M, Verger-Bocquet M, Wattez C, Malecha J. Evidence for angiotensin-like molecules in the central nervous system of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum (O.F.M.). A possible diuretic effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 101:83-90. [PMID: 1347734 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(92)90632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Cells in the central nervous system of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum were revealed with an antiserum against angiotensin II. Among these cells, a group of 4-5 pairs of neurons, called beta giant cells, and located in the posterior compartments of the supraesophageal ganglion was particularly investigated. 2. The amount of angiotensin II-like substance(s) in the brain increased notably in the days immediately following the third meal. 3. Injections of angiotensin II, fragments 1-4 or 5-8 or angiotensin II and of angiotensin III into stage 3 leeches showed that fragment 5-8 of angiotensin II was the most effective: it provokes a loss of mass of the leeches, which could express a diuretic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Animale, CNRS URA 148, Université de Lille I, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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20
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Janak PH, Martinez JL. Only tyrosine-containing metabolites of [Leu]enkephalin impair active avoidance conditioning in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990; 37:655-9. [PMID: 2093169 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90542-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the enkephalin metabolites, Tyr, des-Tyr-[Leu]enkephalin (GGFL), and Tyr-Gly-Gly (YGG), on acquisition of an active avoidance task following their IP administration to mice were determined. Neither free Tyr (3.9-390.0 micrograms/kg) nor GGFL (7.1-710.0 micrograms/kg) altered acquisition of the avoidance response. In contrast, 53, but not 16 micrograms/kg, of YGG significantly impaired response acquisition. A 390.0, but not 39.0 micrograms/kg, dose of Tyr decreased locomotor activity levels measured in an open field. Together with previous findings that the enkephalin metabolites Tyr-Gly and Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe also impair avoidance acquisition, these data indicate that the dipeptide Tyr-Gly is the minimum sequence needed to intefere with acquisition of an active avoidance response. Because the various enkephalin metabolites do not bind to opioid receptors, it is likely that their effects on avoidance acquisition represent a separate class of pharmacological agents whose effects are mediated by a nonopioid receptor mechanism. These results are important to the interpretation of behavioral studies involving peripheral administration of the opioid peptide, [Leu]enkephalin (LE).
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Janak
- University of California, Department of Psychology, Berkeley 94720
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21
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Reichelt KL, Paulsen JE, Elgjo K. Isolation of a growth and mitosis inhibitory peptide from mouse liver. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1990; 59:137-42. [PMID: 1980760 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of a liver peptide that inhibits the growth, mitosis rate and thymidine incorporation in regenerating liver is described. The peptide has the structure Pyroglu-gln-gly-ser-asn, and the deamidated forms are also active. The peptide probably belongs to a class of growth inhibitors with a high degree of tissue specificity. Two such peptides have previously been isolated from the epidermis (Reichelt et al. 1987) and from colonic tissue (Skraastad et al. 1987).
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Reichelt
- Department of Pediatric Research, University of Oslo, Norway
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22
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Abstract
D-Tyr-Ser-Gly-Phe-Leu-Thr (DSLET), beta-endorphin, morphiceptin and morphine were microinjected at 48-h intervals into the amygdala or hippocampus of awake rats in an attempt to identify the opiate receptor types involved in opioid kindling. DSLET, beta-endorphin, morphiceptin and morphine were injected into the lateral ventricle to assess the possibility of kindling seizures by this route. The delta-receptor agonist DSLET effectively kindled convulsions when microinjected into amygdala or ventral hippocampus. The convulsions were suppressed or strongly attenuated by ICI 174,864, a specific antagonist of the delta-receptor, microinjected into the same brain site, but were not affected by ICI 174,864 administered peripherally. When microinjected into amygdala or hippocampus, beta-endorphin and morphiceptin also kindled convulsions, which were antagonized by naloxone but not by ICI 174,864. Morphine evoked EEG epileptiform activity but did not kindle convulsions from limbic brain sites. DSLET occasionally evoked epileptiform spiking and submaximal convulsions when injected into ventricle, and morphiceptin evoked epileptiform spiking only, but tolerance to these effects occurred after repetition of the injections. Thus, convulsions can be kindled by activation of either mu-, delta- or epsilon-receptors when opioids are injected directly into limbic tissue. However, the ability of these compounds to kindle seizures is markedly reduced when they are administered into ventricle. The striking differences between the present results and previous results obtained by peripheral or intraventricular administration of opioid peptides suggest that the route of administration, among other variables, is a crucial factor in assessing the epileptogenic properties of opioid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Cain
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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23
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Effect of chronic enalapril treatment on enzymes responsible for the catabolism of angiotensin I and formation of angiotensin II. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 39:513-8. [PMID: 2407244 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90058-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of chronic administration of enalapril on the carboxypeptidases responsible for the formation of angiotensin II from angiotensin I and other peptidases known to recognize angiotensin I as a substrate in the rat. These studies have shown an increase in activity in rate of formation of des-Leu-angiotensin I in both kidney S2 and P2 centrifugal fractions as well as a decrease in the rate of degradation of angiotensin I substrate. Similar increases in the formation of A(1-8) have been observed in kidney using A(1-9) as substrate. These two enzyme activities have been named carboxypeptidase K1 and K2, respectively to reflect their presence in rat kidney. These changes were accompanied by significant decreases in the activity of an amastatin-sensitive aminopeptidase and endopeptidase 24.11 in the kidney P2 fraction. These data suggest that chronic treatment with ACE inhibitors may differentially affect the activity of other enzymes capable of degrading angiotensin causing a substantial re-direction of angiotensin metabolism.
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Gibson AM, McDermott JR, Lauffart B, Mantle D. Specificity of action of human brain alanyl aminopeptidase on Leu-enkephalin and dynorphin-related peptides. Neuropeptides 1989; 13:259-62. [PMID: 2568598 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(89)90079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The major cystosolic aminopeptidase (alanylaminopeptidase) was purified to homogeneity from human cerebral cortex and the specificity of its actions on a series of Leu-enkephalin-related peptides of increasing chain length was determined. In each case, only the N-terminal Tyr-Gly bond was hydrolysed. Kinetic analysis of the data revealed that the specificity constant (kcat/Km;s-1M-1) falls with increasing chain length from a maximum of 13.6 x 10(4) for Leu-enkephalin (5 residues) to 5.8 x 10(2) for dynorphin (1-13). Dynorphin 1-17, while not being degraded itself acted as a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 2.7 microM) of the degradation of smaller peptides. Beta-endorphin was not hydrolysed by analylaminopeptidase, nor did it act as an inhibitor of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gibson
- MRC Neurochemical Pathology Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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25
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Bakke HK, Murison R. Plasma corticosterone and restraint induced gastric pathology: age-related differences after administration of corticotropin releasing factor. Life Sci 1989; 45:907-16. [PMID: 2796589 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) or saline was administered i.p. to rats aged either 100 or 220 days, followed by either brief handling or water immersion restraint. Plasma corticosterone was measured 75 min. later. Age of the animals in itself was not a significant factor either for basal levels of plasma corticosterone or for extent of restraint induced gastric pathology. However after CRF administration, young but not older animals revealed a significant increase in plasma corticosterone levels, and post restraint gastric ulcerations were more severe in older than young animals. CRF significantly decreased the number of restraint induced ulcers in young rats, while the cumulative ulcer length was increased in older animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Bakke
- Department of Physiological Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
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26
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Gardiner SM, Bennett T. Brain neuropeptides: actions on central cardiovascular control mechanisms. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1989; 14:79-116. [PMID: 2655792 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(89)90010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The many peptides we have not considered (e.g. gastrin, motilin, FMRFamide, carnosine, litorin, dermorphin, casomorphin, eledoisin, prolactin, growth hormone, neuromedin U, proctolin, etc.) were omitted due to lack of information as far as any putative central cardiovascular effects are concerned. However, even for some of these peptide pariahs intriguing snippets of information are available now (e.g. ref. 85), although as we write, the list of possible candidates for investigation grows longer. On an optimistic note, it is becoming clear that many brain neuropeptides may have important effects on cardiovascular regulation. It seems feasible that 'chemically coded' pathways in the brain might be the neuroanatomical correlate of a 'viscerotopic' organization of cardiovascular control mechanisms, whereby the activity of the heart and flows through vascular beds are individually controlled, but in an integrated fashion, utilizing particular combinations of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides within the brain. Such possibilities can only be investigated, properly, by measurement of changes in cardiac output and regional haemodynamics in response to appropriate interventions, in conscious, unrestrained animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gardiner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, U.K
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McDermott JR, Gibson AM, Turner JD. Involvement of endopeptidase 24.15 in the inactivation of bradykinin by rat brain slices. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 146:154-8. [PMID: 2886123 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)90704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of peptidase inhibitors on the degradation of [3H]-bradykinin by rat hypothalamic slices was studied using HPLC to separate and identify the products. The degradation appears to be mainly mediated by an enzyme which cleaves the peptide at the Phe5-Ser6 bond and is inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, dynorphin(1-13) and carboxyphenylethyl-Ala-Ala-Phe-p-aminobenzoate. This suggest the involvement of a membrane bound variant of the soluble metalloendopeptidase (EC3.4.24.15) isolated from rat brain which degrades neurotensin, angiotensin and other neuropeptides as well as bradykinin.
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28
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Chapter 6 Neuropeptides and Their Processing: Targets for Drug Design. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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30
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Zadina JE, Banks WA, Kastin AJ. Central nervous system effects of peptides, 1980-1985: a cross-listing of peptides and their central actions from the first six years of the journal Peptides. Peptides 1986; 7:497-537. [PMID: 3534808 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(86)90020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A tabular synopsis is presented for articles concerned with the effects of peptides on the central nervous system that appeared in the journal Peptides from 1980-1985. A table arranged alphabetically by peptide and one arranged by effects, both listing routes of injection, species, direction of change, and qualifying notes, provides easy cross-referencing of peptides and their effects. Over 80 peptides and over 135 effects are listed. The list of peptides includes, but is not limited to: ACTH, angiotensin, bombesin, bradykinin, calcitonin, casomorphin, CCK, ceruletide, CGRP, CRF, dermorphin, DSIP, dynorphin, endorphins, enkephalins, GRF, gastrin, LHRH, litorin, metkephamid, MIF-l, motilin, MSH, NPY, NT, oxytocin, ranatensin, sauvagine, substances P and K, somatostatin, TRH, VIP, vasopressin, and vasotocin. The list of effects includes, but is not limited to: aggression, alcohol, analgesia, attention, avoidance, behavior, cardiovascular regulation, catalepsy, conditioned behavior, convulsions, dopamine binding and metabolism, discrimination, drinking, EEG, exploration, feeding, fever, gastric secretion, GI motility, grooming, learning, locomotor behavior, mating, memory, neuronal activity, open field, operant behavior, rearing, respiration, satiety, scratching, seizure, sleep, stereotypy, temperature, thermoregulation and tolerance.
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