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Somvanshi RK, Kumar U. δ-opioid receptor and somatostatin receptor-4 heterodimerization: possible implications in modulation of pain associated signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85193. [PMID: 24416361 PMCID: PMC3885706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain relief is the principal action of opioids. Somatostatin (SST), a growth hormone inhibitory peptide is also known to alleviate pain even in cases when opioids fail. Recent studies have shown that mice are prone to sustained pain and devoid of analgesic effect in the absence of somatostatin receptor 4 (SSTR4). In the present study, using brain slices, cultured neurons and HEK-293 cells, we showed that SSTR4 and δ-Opioid receptor (δOR) exist in a heteromeric complex and function in synergistic manner. SSTR4 and δOR co-expressed in cortical/striatal brain regions and spinal cord. Using cultured neuronal cells, we describe the heterogeneous complex formation of SSTR4 and δOR at neuronal cell body and processes. Cotransfected cells display inhibition of cAMP/PKA and co-activation of SSTR4 and δOR oppose receptor trafficking induced by individual receptor activation. Furthermore, downstream signaling pathways either associated with withdrawal or pain relief are modulated synergistically with a predominant role of SSTR4. Inhibition of cAMP/PKA and activation of ERK1/2 are the possible cellular adaptations to prevent withdrawal induced by chronic morphine use. Our results reveal direct intra-membrane interaction between SSTR4 and δOR and provide insights for the molecular mechanism for the anti-nociceptive property of SST in combination with opioids as a potential therapeutic approach to avoid undesirable withdrawal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi K. Somvanshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ujendra Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The response to a psychotropic medication reflects characteristics of both the medication and the substrate, ie, the individual receiving the medication. Sex is an individual characteristic that influences all elements of the pharmacokinetic process - absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The effects of sex on these components of the pharmacokinetic process often counterbalance one another to yield minimal or varying sexual differences in blood levels achieved. However, sex also appears to influence pharmacodynamics, the tissue response to a given level of medication. Consideration by the practitioner of sex as a possible contributing factor to treatment nonresponse will enhance the efficacy and precision of clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Rubinow
- Behavioral Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Md, USA
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Benko R, Antwi A, Bartho L. The putative somatostatin antagonist cyclo-somatostatin has opioid agonist effects in gastrointestinal preparations. Life Sci 2012; 90:728-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hatzoglou A, Bakogeorgou E, Kampa M, Panagiotou S, Martin PM, Loukas S, Castanas E. Somatostatin and opioid receptors in mammary tissue. Role in cancer cell growth. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 480:55-63. [PMID: 10959409 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46832-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin and opioid systems, are the two main inhibitory systems in mammals. Both classes of substances have been identified in normal and malignant mammary gland, as well as their cognitive receptors. They have been implied in the inhibition of cell growth of cancer cells and cell lines, in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. Somatostatin acts through homologous receptors (SSTRs), belonging to five distinct classes (SSTR1-5). We, and others have identified SSTR2 and 3 as been the only SSTRs present in the breast. Furthermore, opioids act through the three classes of opioid receptors (mu, delta,kappa). In the breast, kappa opioid receptor subtypes (kappa 1-kappa 3) are the most widely expressed. We further have shown that opioids, in addition to their binding to opioid receptors, compete for binding to SSTRs. This functional interaction, together with other identified modes of opioid action in the breast (modulation of steroid receptors, proteases' secretion, interaction with cytoskeletal elements), will be discussed, taking into consideration also the possible local production of casomorphins (casein-derived opioids), which are very potent antiproliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hatzoglou
- Lab. of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
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Abstract
The discovery of endogenous opioid peptides 25 years ago opened up a new chapter in efforts to understand the origins and control of pain, its relationships to other biological functions, including inflammatory and other immune responses, and the relationships of opioid peptides and their receptors to a variety of undesirable or toxic side effects often associated with the nonpeptide opiates such as morphine including addiction, constipation, a variety of neural toxicities, tolerance, and respiratory depression. For these investigations the need for potent and highly receptor selective agonists and antagonists has been crucial since they in principle allow one to distinguish unequivocally the roles of the different opioid receptors (mu, delta, and kappa) in the various biological and pathological roles of the opioid peptides and their receptors. Conformational and topographical constraint of the linear natural endogenous opioid peptides has played a major role in developing peptide ligands with high selectivity for mu, delta, and kappa receptors, and in understanding the conformational, topographical, and stereoelectronic structural requirements of the opioid peptides for their interactions with opioid receptors. In turn, this had led to insights into the three-dimensional pharmacophore for opioid receptors. In this article we review and discuss some of the developments that have led to potent, selective, and stable peptide and peptidomimetic ligands that are highly potent and selective, and that have delta agonist, mu antagonist, and kappa agonist biological activities (other authors in this issue will discuss the development of other types of activities and selectivities). These have led to ligands that provide unique insight into opioid pharmacophores and the critical roles opioid ligands and receptor scan play in pain, addiction, and other human maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R de Castiglione
- Farmitalia Carlo Erba (now Pharmacia), Research Centre, Nerviano (MI), Italy
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Kuhn JM, Legrand A, Ruiz JM, Obach R, De Ronzan J, Thomas F. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a long-acting formulation of the new somatostatin analogue, lanreotide, in normal healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 38:213-9. [PMID: 7826822 PMCID: PMC1364792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The aims of the study were to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters and the hormonal effects of the slow-release formulation of the somatostatin analogue (SR-L) in normal male volunteers. 2. Eight healthy males were studied. For the determination of basal values blood was sampled before the injection of vehicle and then every other hour for 8 h in order to measure plasma GH, prolactin (PRL), TSH, free thyroxin (fT4), insulin and glucagon levels. Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels were measured on a single sample. On day 1 of the study, 30 mg SR-L was administered intramuscularly. Blood was drawn just before injection and then every other hour for a period of 8 h. Thereafter, blood was sampled three times a week for 3 weeks in order to measure lanreotide, IGF-1, TSH, fT4 and PRL concentrations. Plasma GH was determined on days 6 and 11 of the study. 3. Plasma lanreotide concentrations rose to 38.3 +/- 4.1 ng ml-1 2 h following injection. The levels then progressively decreased, remaining above 1.5 ng ml-1 until day 11 and reaching 0.92 +/- 0.28 ng ml-1 2 weeks after injection. The apparent plasma half-life and mean residence time were 4.52 +/- 0.50 and 5.48 +/- 0.51 days respectively. 4. By comparison with the control day, plasma insulin concentrations only decreased 2 h following injection, whereas plasma glucagon did not change at any time. 5. Plasma TSH concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) reduced from 2 h to day 4 following SR-L injection.2+ '
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kuhn
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Rouen, France
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Kuhn JM, Basin C, Mollard M, de Rougé B, Baudoin C, Obach R, Tolis G. Pharmacokinetic study and effects on growth hormone secretion in healthy volunteers of the new somatostatin analogue BIM 23014. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 45:73-7. [PMID: 8405033 DOI: 10.1007/bf00315353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the pharmacokinetics and the effects of BIM 23,014 (BIM), a new, long-acting octapeptide somatostatin analogue, on basal and stimulated GH secretion in normal men. BIM 250 micrograms sc significantly reduced a GHRH-induced increase in plasma GH. The continuous sc administration of BIM for 24 h dramatically blunted spontaneous GH secretion; 2000 and 3000 micrograms daily reduced GH secretion to a greater extent than 1000 micrograms daily. During these experiments a significant negative correlation (r - 0.66) was found between plasma GH and BIM levels. Acute sc administration of 1000 micrograms BIM significantly reduced the rise in plasma GH observed in the second part of the oral glucose tolerance test. Plasma BIM levels peaked around 30 min, and the elimination half life was 90 min. Plasma BIM levels were below 1 ng/ml 6 h after the injection of 1000 micrograms BIM, and at that time GH started to rise again. We conclude that BIM 23,014 250 to 1000 micrograms sc is able to reduce the plasma GH response to GHRH or to the fall in glucose following an oral glucose tolerance test; a constant infusion of BIM, in doses 1000 micrograms daily, dramatically suppresses spontaneous GH secretion; 2000 micrograms/day by chronic subcutaneous infusion was the most effective dose of BIM in the suppression of GH secretion, and was associated only with minor adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kuhn
- Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de Bois Buillaume, France
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Schiller PW. Development of receptor-specific opioid peptide analogues. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1991; 28:301-40. [PMID: 1668844 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P W Schiller
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Que., Canada
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Vécsei L, Widerlöv E. Preclinical and clinical studies with somatostatin related to the central nervous system. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1990; 14:473-502. [PMID: 1978375 DOI: 10.1016/0278-5846(90)90003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The tetradecapeptide somatostatin (SS) has a widespread, uneven distribution within several organs including the central nervous system (CNS), with particularly high concentration in the hypothalamus. 2. The SS-related peptides (SS28, SS28(1-12), SS28(15-28)) are originated from the precursor pre-prosomatostatin. 3. SS is suggested to be involved in a large number of CNS functions, locomotion, sedation, excitation, catatonia, body temperature, feeding, nociception, paradoxical sleep, self-stimulation, seizure, learning and memory. 4. SS influences central neurochemical processes. 5. It is possible that SS is related to various neurological and psychiatric illnesses, like Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, eating disorders, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and major depressive illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vécsei
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Lund, Sweden
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Verheyden P, Francq W, Pepermans H, Van Binst G. Conformational study of a somatostatin analogue in DMSO/water by 2D NMR. Biopolymers 1990; 30:855-60. [PMID: 1980423 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360300720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Verheyden
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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Wynants C, Tourwe D, Kazmierski W, Hruby VJ, Van Binst G. Conformation of two somatostatin analogues in aqueous solution. Study by NMR methods and circular dichroism. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 185:371-81. [PMID: 2573530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic-disulfide-containing analogues of somatostatin, Xaa1-Cys2-Xaa3-DTrp4-Lys6-Thr5-Xaa7- Xaa8 [Xaa1 = H or DPhe; Xaa3 = Phe or Tyr; Xaa7 = Cys, Me2Cys or Me2DCys; Xaa8 = OH, Thr8 (OH) or Thr8NH2], were examined in aqueous solution by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism. The influence of the helical nature of the disulfide bridge and the presence of exocyclic residues on biological activity were investigated with particular care.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wynants
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tuscon 85721
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Paunović VR, Popović V. The development of dependence to an octapeptide somatostatin analog: contribution to the study of somatostatin analgesia. Biol Psychiatry 1989; 26:97-101. [PMID: 2541810 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(89)90011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the phenomenon of dependence to a somatostatin octapeptide analog used for the treatment of acromegaly and severe headache. The mechanism of this dependence is still unknown, but could be based on the interaction of the somatostatin analog with opioid receptors. Analgesia may be at least partially supported by the opioid modulation of pain transmission, but also by general "appetitive" behavioral activation due to the effect of somatostatin on its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Paunović
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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Opioid Receptors and their Ligands: Recent Developments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-013318-5.50008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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