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Kastin AJ, Pan W. Concepts for biologically active peptides. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 16:3390-400. [PMID: 20726835 DOI: 10.2174/138161210793563491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we review a unique aspect of CNS research on biologically active peptides that started against a background of prevalent dogmas but ended by exerting considerable influence on the field. During the course of refuting some doctrines, we introduced several concepts that were unconventional and paradigm-shifting at the time. We showed that (1) hypothalamic peptides can act 'up' on the brain as well as 'down' on the pituitary, (2) peripheral peptides can affect the brain, (3) peptides can cross the blood-brain barrier, (4) the actions of peptides can persist longer than their half-lives in blood, (5) perinatal administration of peptides can exert actions persisting into adulthood, (6) a single peptide can have more than one action, (7) dose-response relationships of peptides need not be linear, (8) the brain produces antiopiate as well as opiate peptides, (9) there is a selective high affinity endogenous peptide ligand for the mu-opiate receptor, (10) a peptide's name does not restrict its effects, and (11) astrocytes assume an active role in response to metabolic disturbance and hyperleptinemia. The evolving questions in our laboratories reflect the diligent effort of the neuropeptide community to identify the roles of peptides in the CNS. The next decade is expected to see greater progress in the following areas: (a) interactions of peptides with other molecules in the CNS; (b) peptide involvement in cell-cell interactions; and (c) peptides in neuropsychiatric, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. The development of peptidomics and gene silencing approaches will expedite the formation of many new concepts in a new era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abba J Kastin
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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2
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Loizzo S, Vella S, Loizzo A, Fortuna A, Di Biase A, Salvati S, Frajese GV, Agrapart V, Ramirez Morales R, Spampinato S, Campana G, Capasso A, Galietta G, Guarino I, Carta S, Carru C, Zinellu A, Ghirlanda G, Seghieri G, Renzi P, Franconi F. Sexual dimorphic evolution of metabolic programming in non-genetic non-alimentary mild metabolic syndrome model in mice depends on feed-back mechanisms integrity for pro-opiomelanocortin-derived endogenous substances. Peptides 2010; 31:1598-605. [PMID: 20493223 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that our post-natal handling model induces pro-opiomelanocortin-derived (POMC) endogenous systems alterations in male mice at weaning. These alterations last up to adult age, and are at the basis of adult hormonal and metabolic conditions similar to mild metabolic syndrome/type-2 diabetes. Here, we evaluate how sex influences post-natal programming in these metabolic conditions. Subjects are adult control (non-handled) female (NHF) and male (NHM) CD-1 mice; adult post-natal handled female (HF) and male (HM) mice. Handling consists of daily maternal separation (10 min) plus sham injection, from birth to weaning (21 days). In adult handled males (90-days old) we find not only POMC-derived hormones alterations (enhanced basal plasma corticosterone (+91%) and ACTH (+109%)) but also overweight (+5.4%), fasting hyperglycemia (+40%), hypertriglyceridemia (+21%), enhanced brain mRNA expression of hydroxysteroid(11-beta)dehydrogenase type-1 (HSD11B1) (+49%), and decreased mRNA-HSD11B2 (-39%). Conversely, uric acid, creatinine, HDL(C), total cholesterol, glucose and insulin incremental area under-the-curve are not affected. In females, post-natal handling does not produce both hormonal and dysmetabolic diabetes-like changes; but handling enhances n3- and n6-poly-unsaturated, and decreases saturated fatty acids content in erythrocyte membrane composition in HF versus NHF. In conclusion, for the first time we show that female sex in mice exerts effective protection against the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal homeostasis disruption induced by our post-natal handling model on POMC cleavage products; endocrine disruption is in turn responsible for altered metabolic programming in male mice. The role of sex hormones is still to be elucidated.
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MESH Headings
- 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1/genetics
- 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1/metabolism
- 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2/genetics
- 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2/metabolism
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain/metabolism
- Corticosterone/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Feedback, Physiological
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Handling, Psychological
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology
- Lipid Metabolism/physiology
- Male
- Metabolic Syndrome/blood
- Metabolic Syndrome/etiology
- Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
- Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology
- Mice
- Pain Threshold/physiology
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/metabolism
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Sex Characteristics
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Loizzo
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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Pan W, Kastin AJ. From MIF-1 to endomorphin: the Tyr-MIF-1 family of peptides. Peptides 2007; 28:2411-34. [PMID: 17988762 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Tyr-MIF-1 family of small peptides has served a prototypic role in the introduction of several novel concepts into the peptide field of research. MIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH(2)) was the first hypothalamic peptide shown to act "up" on the brain, not just "down" on the pituitary. In several situations, including clinical depression, MIF-1 exhibits an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship in which increasing doses can result in decreasing effects. This tripeptide also can antagonize opiate actions, and the first report of such activity also correctly predicted the discovery of other endogenous antiopiate peptides. The tetrapeptide Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH(2)) not only shows antiopiate activity, but also considerable selectivity for the mu-opiate binding site. Tyr-W-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH(2)) is an even more selective ligand for the mu receptor, leading to the discovery of two more Tyr-Pro tetrapeptides that have the highest specificity and affinity for this site. These are the endomorphins: endomorphin-1 is Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH(2) and endomorphin-2 is Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2). Tyr-MIF-1 proved, contrary to the then prevailing dogma, that peptides can be saturably transported across the blood-brain barrier by a quantifiable transport system. Unexpectedly, the Tyr-MIF-1 transporter is shared with Met-enkephalin. In the era in which it was doubtful whether a peripheral peptide could exert CNS effects, the Tyr-MIF-1 family of peptides also explicitly showed that they can exert more than one central action that persists longer than their half-lives in blood. These peptides clearly illustrate that the name of a peptide restricts neither its actions nor its conceptual implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Loizzo A, Loizzo S, Lopez L, d'Amore A, Renzi P, Spampinato S, Di Carlo S, Bacosi A, Zuccaro P, Pacifici R. Naloxone prevents cell-mediated immune alterations in adult mice following repeated mild stress in the neonatal period. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135:1219-26. [PMID: 11877330 PMCID: PMC1573241 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Mild stress plus mild pain (solvent injection) applied daily to neonatal mice induces hormonal, behavioural and metabolic changes perduring in the adult life. 2. We investigated whether daily mild stress to neonatal mice induces also long-term defined changes of immune response, and whether immune changes are prevented through repeated administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone. 3. Mild stress plus solvent injection administered from birth to the 21st postnatal day causes not only behavioural and metabolic changes, but also long-term (up to 110 days of life) splenocytes modifications, consisting in: increased release of the Th-1 type cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) (from an average of 346 to 788 pg ml(-1)), interferon-gamma (from 1770 to 3942) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (from 760 to 1241); decreased release of the Th-2 type cytokines IL-4 (from 49.1 to 28.4) and IL-10 (from 1508 to 877). Moreover, enhanced natural killer-cell activity; enhanced proliferative splenocytes properties in resting conditions and following phytohemoagglutinin and concanavalin-A stimulation are observed. Immunological, behavioural and metabolic changes are prevented by the opioid antagonist (-)naloxone (1 mg kg(-1) per day s.c., administered instead of solvent) but not by the biologically inactive enantiomorph (+)naloxone. 4. In conclusion, endogenous opioid systems sensitive to naloxone are involved in long-lasting enhancement of the Th-1 type cytokines and cell-mediated immunological response caused by repeated mild stress administered postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Loizzo
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, via Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.
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McLay RN, Pan W, Kastin AJ. Effects of peptides on animal and human behavior: a review of studies published in the first twenty years of the journal Peptides. Peptides 2001; 22:2181-255. [PMID: 11786208 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review catalogs effects of peptides on various aspects of animal and human behavior as published in the journal Peptides in its first twenty years. Topics covered include: activity levels, addiction behavior, ingestive behaviors, learning and memory-based behaviors, nociceptive behaviors, social and sexual behavior, and stereotyped and other behaviors. There are separate tables for these behaviors and a short introduction for each section.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N McLay
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kastin
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of New Orleans, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70146, USA
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Abstract
A review of research on the Tyr-MIF-1 family of peptides is presented with emphasis on Tyr-MIF-1 and its structure, passage through the blood-brain barrier, and both opiate antagonist and agonist properties. Family members MIF-1, Tyr-W-MIF-1 and Tyr-K-MIF-1 are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Reed
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, LA 70148
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Abstract
Peptides like Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) that are administered during the neonatal period can result in biological effects persisting into the adult period. The possibility that Tyr-MIF-1 might have a prolonged half-life in neonatal blood was investigated by HPLC of plasma obtained from 4-day-old rat pups. More than half (65%) of the tritiated Tyr-MIF-1 incubated with neonatal rat plasma at 37 degrees C remained in intact form at 30 min compared with less than a quarter of the Tyr-MIF-1 incubated with adult rat plasma. The calculated half-life of the tetrapeptide incubated in neonatal plasma was 50.2 min, compared with 13.8 min for adult plasma (p < 0.01). The simultaneous addition of Tyr-MIF-1 tritiated on the Tyr and Tyr-MIF-1 tritiated on the Pro showed the formation of equal amounts of the free amino acids Tyr and Pro; this indicates that Tyr-MIF-1 is not a precursor of MIF-1 in neonatal rat plasma. The results show that the degradation of Tyr-MIF-1 is significantly delayed in plasma from neonatal rats, suggesting the possibility that the metabolism of other peptides and different types of compounds also may be delayed during the perinatal period.
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Ahmed B, Kastin AJ, Banks WA, Zadina JE. CNS effects of peptides: a cross-listing of peptides and their central actions published in the journal Peptides, 1986-1993. Peptides 1994; 15:1105-55. [PMID: 7991456 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(94)90078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The centrally mediated effects of peptides as published in the journal Peptides from 1986 to 1993 are tabulated in two ways. In one table, the peptides are listed alphabetically. In another table, the effects are arranged alphabetically. Most of the effects observed after administration of peptides are grouped, wherever possible, into categories such as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal. The species used in most cases has been rats; where other animals were used, the species is noted. The route of administration of peptides and source of information also are included in the tables, with a complete listing provided at the end. Many peptides have been shown to exert a large number of centrally mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahmed
- VA Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70146
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Harrison LM, Zadina JE, Banks WA, Kastin AJ. Effects of neonatal treatment with Tyr-MIF-1, morphiceptin, and morphine on development, tail flick, and blood-brain barrier transport. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1993; 75:207-12. [PMID: 7903224 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(93)90025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Morphine and endogenous peptides can alter developmental processes, inducing changes that can endure into adulthood. Morphiceptin binds to mu opiate receptors and to non-opiate sites labeled by Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2), an endogenous brain peptide known to modulate opiate effects. Morphine, morphiceptin, Tyr-MIF-1, morphine + Tyr-MIF-1, and morphiceptin+Tyr-MIF-1 (50 micrograms, s.c.) were given to rats during their first week of life. Animals given morphine alone or in combination with Tyr-MIF-1 had significantly lower body weights for the first 3 weeks of life and delayed eye opening on day 16. Rats given morphine had hypersensitive tail flick responses on day 9 while those given morphine + Tyr-MIF-1 were hypersensitive on days 3, 8, and 9. Locomotor, passive avoidance, and rotorod behaviors were not altered by the neonatal treatments. Transport of [125I]Tyr-MIF-1 out of the brain was tested on day 23 and found to be increased by neonatal morphine, an effect that was significantly potentiated by neonatal Tyr-MIF-1. The results indicate that neonatal administration of peptides and opiates can affect later peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier as well as selected developmental characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Harrison
- VA Medical Center, Research Service (151), New Orleans, LA 70146
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Antal J, d'Amore A, Nerozzi D, Palazzesi S, Pezzini G, Loizzo A. An EEG analysis of drug effects after mild head injury in mice. Life Sci 1992; 51:185-93. [PMID: 1614284 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral model of head injury in unanesthetized, free moving mice has been used to test the effects of TRH and GM1. In our experimental conditions a mechanical head injury capable of inducing loss of righting reflex for 2 to 60 sec, also induces a consistent decrease of the total power of the spectrum of EEG and a decrease of the power of fast beta band (20-40 Hz) for at least 120 min. TRH, injected after trauma in dose of 10 mg/kg, caused improvement of EEG total power of the spectrum. GM1 in high (30 mg/kg) but not in low dose (5 mg/kg) caused more rapid restoration of both the total power and fast as well as slow beta band power. These results suggest that GM1 has favorable effects on post-concussive neurophysiological symptoms in head injured animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Antal
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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12
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Abstract
This paper, an examination of works published during 1990, is thirteenth in a series of our annual reviews of the research involving the behavioral, nonanalgesic, effects of the endogenous opiate peptides. The specific topics this year include stress; tolerance and dependence, eating; drinking; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic functions; mental illness; learning, memory, and reward; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; seizures and other neurological disorders; electrical-related activity; locomotor activity; sex, pregnancy, development, and aging; immunological responses; and other behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, LA 70148
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d'Amore A, Pieretti S, Chiarotti F, Loizzo A. Chronic treatment with MIF-1 prevents the painful stimuli threshold elevation induced by neonatal handling in mice. Peptides 1991; 12:1291-4. [PMID: 1687709 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(91)90209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic postnatal stressful handling results in a hyposensitivity to thermal nociceptive stimuli. This phenomenon is strongly affected by manipulations of the opioid system. In the present experiment, we report that chronic treatment with MIF-1 during the neonatal period prevents the behavioral alterations induced by handling while it is completely ineffective if injected acutely before antinociceptive testing by the tail flick test at 45 days of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A d'Amore
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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