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Abstract
The incidence of muscle atrophy is increasing with each passing year, which imposes a huge burden on the quality of life of patients. It is a public health issue that causes a growing concern around the world. Exercise is one of the key strategies to prevent and treat various diseases. Appropriate exercise is conducive to compensatory muscle hypertrophy, to improve muscle strength and elasticity, and to train muscle coordination, which is also beneficial to the recovery of skeletal muscle function and the regeneration of muscle cells. Sequelae of paralysis of patients with limb dyskinesia caused by muscle atrophy will be significantly alleviated after regular exercise therapy. Furthermore, exercise therapy can slow down or even reverse muscle atrophy. This article aims to introduce the characteristics of muscle atrophy and summarize the role and mechanism of exercise in the treatment of muscle atrophy in the existing studies, in order to further explore the mechanism of exercise to protect muscle atrophy and provide protection for patients with muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana He
- Department of Cardiology, Huamei Hospital, (previously named Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
| | - Honghua Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Huamei Hospital, (previously named Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
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Zierath D, Tanzi P, Cain K, Shibata D, Becker K. Plasma α-melanocyte stimulating hormone predicts outcome in ischemic stroke. Stroke 2011; 42:3415-20. [PMID: 21960572 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.627331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is an endogenously produced neuropeptide derived from the same precursor as adrenocorticotropic hormone. α-MSH has profound immunomodulatory properties and may also be neuroprotective. Nothing is known about α-MSH and changes in its plasma concentrations in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS In this prospective observational study, plasma concentrations of α-MSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and interleukin 6 were assessed longitudinally over the course of 1 year after stroke onset in 111 patients. Logistic regression was used to the effect of initial plasma α-MSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and interleukin 6 on long-term outcome. RESULTS There was an early decrease in plasma α-MSH in patients with severe stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale≥17) that normalized over the course of the year; these same patients evidenced elevations in plasma cortisol and interleukin 6. Higher initial plasma α-MSH, but not adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, or interleukin 6, was independently predictive of good long-term outcome. CONCLUSIONS This research is the first to study endogenous changes in plasma α-MSH after stroke. The independent effect of early plasma α-MSH on stroke outcome, as well as a growing body of experimental data demonstrating improved stroke outcome with exogenous α-MSH administration, suggests a potential therapeutic role for α-MSH in the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle Zierath
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 359775, Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Ave, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA
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Koikov LN, Ebetino FH, Hayes JC, Cross-Doersen D, Knittel JJ. End-capping of the modified melanocortin tetrapeptide (p-Cl)Phe-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH2 as a route to hMC4R agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4839-42. [PMID: 15341935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Of the 42 R'-X-(p-Cl)Phe-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH(2) (X=CO, SO(2), PO, PS) tested at the human (h)MC1, hMC3, and hMC4 receptors (R), the most potent MC4R agonists (EC(50) of 8-20 nM) were obtained by end-capping with R'=CH(2)CHCH(2) (9), NCCH(2) (16), NH(2)COCH(2) (17), HCONHCH(2) (18), CH(3)NH (19), CH(2)CHCH(2)NH (21), 2-Th (23), PhCH(2) (30) and X=CO. These compounds possess 35-60-fold hMC4 versus hMC1Rs selectivity with urea LK-71 (19) being the most potent at hMC4R and MC4/1R selective (EC(50)=8.5 nM, MC4/1R=100). LK-75 (16) combines high potency at hMC4R and MC4/3R selectivity (EC(50)=10.5 nM, MC4/3R=290). SAR is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Koikov
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Strand FL. Neuropeptides: general characteristics and neuropharmaceutical potential in treating CNS disorders. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2003; 61:1-37. [PMID: 14674607 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8049-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The general characteristics of neuropeptides are discussed as a background for the understanding of their role in regulation of physiological systems. The extent of those systems that are crucially affected by neuropeptides is vast and the complexity of their interactions makes the clinical focus on a specific neuropeptide unsatisfactory. The clinical potential of neuropeptides affecting eating disorders, CNS behavioral disorders and the neuroregenerative and neuroprotective action of neuropeptides is discussed. It is probable that successful neuropeptide therapeutics will depend upon the application of translational and combinational research using various ingenious combinations of neuropeptides, their agonists and antagonists, neuropeptide receptor agonists and antagonists, improved methods of delivery and the development of peptides targeted to the genetic profile of individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur L Strand
- New York University, 340 East 64th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Ivanova DM, Levitskaya NG, Andreeva LA, Alfeeva LY, Kamenskii AA, Myasoedov NF. The effect of semax on animal pain sensitivity in various experimental models. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2003; 388:5-8. [PMID: 12712960 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022475321901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Ivanova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, pl. Akademika Kurchatova 46, Moscow, 123182 Russia
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6
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Abstract
This paper presents a historical overview of melanocortin (MC) research from the early investigations of the many noncorticotropic effects of peptide fragments of adrenocorticotropic hormone to the present focus on the discovery and cloning of the MC receptors (MCRs). Final acceptance of the passage of neuropeptides through the blood-brain barrier provided the scientific basis for the neuropeptide concept, formulated previously by both De Weid and Kastin, that peripherally administered neuropeptides affect neural processes. The discussion includes melanocortin effects on behavior, the cardiovascular system, central and peripheral electrophysiological parameters, food intake, inflammation and analgesia, nerve regeneration and neuroprotection, and development. The localization of specific MCRs in both neural and nonneural tissues is correlated with the pleiotropic effects discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Strand
- New York University, New York 10003, USA.
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Gispen WH, Adan RA. Melanocortins and the treatment of nervous system disease. Potential relevance to the skin? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 885:342-9. [PMID: 10816665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For several decades melanocortins have been implicated in the modulation of brain function. More recently, this idea has been supported by the identification and cloning of melanocortin (MC) receptors in the nervous system. MCs stimulate axonal growth in fetal neural tissue or in neural cell lines in culture. This feature was utilized in screening their neurotrophic or neuroprotection potential in animal studies of nervous system disease (peripheral nerve and spinal cord trauma, toxic and metabolic neuropathies, EAN, EAE, etc.). Some of these effects may be mediated by MC4 receptor activation, although as yet unknown receptors may also be involved (for instance, protection by Org 2766). To what extent MC-nervous system effects are related to known effects of MCs in skin- and neuro-immune systems, remains to be discovered. Nevertheless, it is of interest to note that activation of brain MC4 receptors profoundly affects care behavior for the body surface (skin and fur). The excessive grooming response in rodents exhibits a remarkable functional correlation with MSH activity in a brain-skin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Gispen
- Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Schiöth HB, Muceniece R, Wikberg JE. Selectivity of [Phe-I7], [Ala6], and [D-Ala4,Gln5,Tyr6] substituted ACTH(4-10) analogues for the melanocortin receptors. Peptides 1997; 18:761-3. [PMID: 9213373 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(97)00126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We tested [Ala6]ACTH(4-10) and [Phe-I7]ACTH(4-10)(putative MC receptor antagonists), [D-Ala4,Gln5,Tyr6]ACTH(4-10)(BIM 22015), and ACTH (4-10) with radioligand binding using transiently expressed human MC1, MC3, MC4, and MC3 receptors. [Phe-I7]ACTH(4-10) had higher affinity for the MC3, MC4, and MC3 receptors but lower for the MC1 compared to ACTH(4-10). [Ala6]ACTH(4-10) did not bind the MC1 receptor but had highest affinity for the MC4 receptor. The data indicate that the His6 has a specially important role in binding to the MC1 receptor. The BIM 22015 did not bind to these MC receptor subtypes, which indicates that the neurotrophic and myotrophic properties that are attributed to this peptide are mediated by some other receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/analogs & derivatives
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Cloning, Molecular
- Humans
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Radioligand Assay
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4
- Receptors, Corticotropin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Corticotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Corticotropin/metabolism
- Receptors, Melanocortin
- Receptors, Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Schiöth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Farooqui JZ, Medrano EE, Boissy RE, Tigelaar RE, Nordlund JJ. Thy-1+ dendritic cells express truncated form of POMC mRNA. Exp Dermatol 1995; 4:297-301. [PMID: 8589920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1995.tb00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and its related derivative peptide adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in murine derived Thy-1+ dendritic cells. Immunostaining using a polyclonal antibody specific to ACTH and parent POMC molecule indicated the presence of POMC and its derivative peptide, ACTH, in cultures of Thy-1+ dendritic cells. To explore whether the POMC peptide is present as a reservoir or synthesized de novo in Thy-1+ dendritic cells. Northern blot analysis using 30-mer oligonucleotide probe for alpha-MSH/ACTH precursor POMC was carried out in total RNA from these cells. Northern blot analysis revealed the presence of POMC like mRNA transcript. However, the observed size of transcript was smaller (approximately 0.9 kb) than that expressed by murine AtT20 cells (approximately 1.2 kb), an anterior pituitary tumor cell line used as a positive control. These observations suggest that the epidermal Thy-1+ lymphocytes, like thymic lymphocytes, might serve the epidermis as one source for the synthesis of POMC. The synthesis and presence of POMC in the epidermis may be related to some of the pigmentary anomalies observed in many mucocutaneous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Farooqui
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Ohio 45267-0592, USA
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10
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Chapter 1 Peptides in motoneurons. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Hol EM, Gispen WH, Bär PR. ACTH-related peptides: receptors and signal transduction systems involved in their neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions. Peptides 1995; 16:979-93. [PMID: 7479345 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(95)00017-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
ACTH-related peptides are promising neurotrophic and neuroprotective agents, as demonstrated in many in vivo and in vitro studies. They accelerate nerve repair after injury, improving both sensor and motor function. Furthermore, ACTH-related peptides have neuroprotective properties against cisplatin- and taxol-induced neurotoxicity, they improve neuronal function in animals with neuropathy due to experimental diabetes, and they prevent degeneration of myelinated axons in rats suffering from experimental allergic neuritis, a model of peripheral demyelinating neuropathy. Studies in neuronal cultures have corroborated these clinical observations and serve to investigate the mechanism of action of the ACTH-related peptide effects. This paper reviews both in vitro and in vivo effects and emphasizes the mechanism of action. Recent data on melanotrophic receptors and signal transduction systems will be discussed in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Hol
- Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Fathi Z, Iben LG, Parker EM. Cloning, expression, and tissue distribution of a fifth melanocortin receptor subtype. Neurochem Res 1995; 20:107-13. [PMID: 7739752 DOI: 10.1007/bf00995160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin (MC) peptides mediate a diverse spectrum of biological activities in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues by interacting with specific guanine nucleotide binding (G protein)-coupled receptors. Previously, four human melanocortin receptor subtypes have been cloned and characterized. In this study, we have isolated mouse complementary DNA (cDNA) and human genomic clones encoding a fifth melanocortin receptor subtype, MC5. Melanocortin peptide stimulation of human MC5, transiently expressed in COS1 cells, results in activation of adenylate cyclase with the following rank order of potency: [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) > ACTH (1-24) (adrenocorticotropic hormone) > alpha-MSH > beta-MSH > gamma-MSH. Northern blot hybridization, ribonuclease protection, and reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction assays indicate that mouse MC5 mRNA is most abundant in skeletal muscle and brain. Lower but detectable levels of MC5 mRNA are also found in RT2-2 retinal neuronal cells, lung, testis, spleen, heart, kidney, and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fathi
- Department of Psychobiological Disorders, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
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13
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Strand FL, Williams KA, Alves SE, Antonawich FJ, Lee TS, Lee SJ, Kume J, Zuccarelli LA. Melanocortins as factors in somatic neuromuscular growth and regrowth. Pharmacol Ther 1994; 62:1-27. [PMID: 7991638 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(94)90002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortins, non-corticotropic fragments of adrenocorticotropic hormone, accelerate growth of the developing neuromuscular system and regrowth of damaged neurons, both in the adult and neonatal rat. Morphological, electrophysiological and behavioral characteristics are all improved by melanocortins, which, however, vary in potency, with alpha-MSH being the most effective. Tissue substrate, dosage, critical time periods and pattern of neuropeptide administration are all important variables. Melanocortins protect central neurons affecting motor behavior during development or following neuronal damage in the adult brain. Possible mechanisms of melanocortin action are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Strand
- Biology Department, New York University, NY 10003
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Ahmed B, Kastin AJ, Banks WA, Zadina JE. CNS effects of peptides: a cross-listing of peptides and their central actions published in the journal Peptides, 1986-1993. Peptides 1994; 15:1105-55. [PMID: 7991456 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(94)90078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The centrally mediated effects of peptides as published in the journal Peptides from 1986 to 1993 are tabulated in two ways. In one table, the peptides are listed alphabetically. In another table, the effects are arranged alphabetically. Most of the effects observed after administration of peptides are grouped, wherever possible, into categories such as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal. The species used in most cases has been rats; where other animals were used, the species is noted. The route of administration of peptides and source of information also are included in the tables, with a complete listing provided at the end. Many peptides have been shown to exert a large number of centrally mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahmed
- VA Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70146
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Strand FL, Zuccarelli LA, Williams KA, Lee SJ, Lee TS, Antonawich FJ, Alves SE. Melanotropins as growth factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 680:29-50. [PMID: 8390155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb19673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Peptides that regulate the growth of tissues, whether in a positive or negative manner, are termed growth factors. The melanocortins, neurotrophic sequences that correspond to peptide fragments contained within ACTH-(1-13), beneficially affect neural growth during development and regeneration. Analogues of ACTH-(4-9) (Org 2766) and ACTH-(4-10) (BIM 22015) are capable of sustaining neurite outgrowth from cultured dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord cells in the absence of nerve growth factor. The development of sexually dimorphic behavior in both male and female rats is influenced by perinatal administration of ACTH. This change appears to be correlated with changes in the growth and metabolism of developing serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in the hypothalamic nuclei associated with male and female sexual behavior. Similar melanotropic influences are found in the developing neuromuscular system. Neuromuscular development is accelerated by perinatal administration of melanocortins, provoking both nerve and muscle to attain early maturation. However, the responding tissue varies pivotally with age: early in gestation, embryonic muscle is acutely sensitive to peptide exposure; but once innervation has occurred, only the developing nerve reacts to melanocortin treatment. Melanocortins have little if any effect on the normal, adult neuromuscular system. Following peripheral nerve injury or pathology, melanotropins once again become effective growth factors, accelerating and enhancing nerve regeneration and muscle reinnervation. Electrophysiological, morphological, biochemical, and functional tests all indicate that ACTH-(4-10), Org 2766, BIM 22015, and alpha-MSH improve various facets of nerve regeneration, the degree to which the specific parameter is improved being dependent on the peptide fragment, its dosage, and pattern of administration. BIM 22015, while less effective as a neurotrophic factor, has potent myotrophic effects that the other peptides lack. Org 2766 may provide some protective action to the injured CNS as demonstrated by tests of cognitive function following brain lesions, although evaluation of recovery is sometimes enigmatic. Recovery from destruction of the nigrostriatal system is more easily measured through tests of motor function and open field behavior, both of which support a protective role for Org 2766. Compensatory mechanisms, including the presence of increased tyrosine hydroxylase and greater density of dopaminergic fibers, may be involved. Melanocortins are effective growth factors in sciatic nerve regeneration in neonatal rats. Both alpha-MSH and ACTH-(4-10) favor the formation of morphologically normal end plates despite the trauma following nerve crush at postnatal day 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Strand
- Biology Department, New York University, New York 10003
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