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Li H, Feng J, Chen M, Xin M, Chen X, Liu W, Wang L, Wang KH, He J. Cholecystokinin facilitates motor skill learning by modulating neuroplasticity in the motor cortex. eLife 2024; 13:e83897. [PMID: 38700136 PMCID: PMC11068356 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an essential modulator for neuroplasticity in sensory and emotional domains. Here, we investigated the role of CCK in motor learning using a single pellet reaching task in mice. Mice with a knockout of Cck gene (Cck-/-) or blockade of CCK-B receptor (CCKBR) showed defective motor learning ability; the success rate of retrieving reward remained at the baseline level compared to the wildtype mice with significantly increased success rate. We observed no long-term potentiation upon high-frequency stimulation in the motor cortex of Cck-/- mice, indicating a possible association between motor learning deficiency and neuroplasticity in the motor cortex. In vivo calcium imaging demonstrated that the deficiency of CCK signaling disrupted the refinement of population neuronal activity in the motor cortex during motor skill training. Anatomical tracing revealed direct projections from CCK-expressing neurons in the rhinal cortex to the motor cortex. Inactivation of the CCK neurons in the rhinal cortex that project to the motor cortex bilaterally using chemogenetic methods significantly suppressed motor learning, and intraperitoneal application of CCK4, a tetrapeptide CCK agonist, rescued the motor learning deficits of Cck-/- mice. In summary, our results suggest that CCK, which could be provided from the rhinal cortex, may surpport motor skill learning by modulating neuroplasticity in the motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of SciencesHong KongChina
| | - Jingyu Feng
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Mengying Chen
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Min Xin
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of SciencesHong KongChina
| | - Xi Chen
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Liping Wang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Kuan Hong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Jufang He
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of SciencesHong KongChina
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2
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Moran KM, Delville Y. A hamster model for stress-induced weight gain. Horm Behav 2024; 160:105488. [PMID: 38306877 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
This review addresses the translational relevance of animal models of stress and their effects on body weight. In humans, stress, whether chronic or acute, has often been associated with increased food intake and weight gain. In view of the current obesity epidemic, this phenomenon is especially relevant. Such observations contrast with reports with commonly used laboratory animals, especially rats and mice. In these species, it is common to find individuals gaining less weight under stress, even with potent social stressors. However, there are laboratory species that present increased appetite and weight gain under stress, such as golden hamsters. Furthermore, these animals also include metabolic and behavioral similarities with humans, including hoarding behavior which is also enhanced under stress. Consequently, we propose that our comparative perspective provides useful insights for future research on the development of obesity in humans as a consequence of chronic stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Moran
- Psychology Department, The University of Texas at Austin, USA.
| | - Yvon Delville
- Psychology Department, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
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3
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NamKoong C, Kim B, Yu JH, Youn BS, Kim H, Kim E, Gil SY, Kang GM, Lee CH, Kim YB, Park KH, Kim MS, Kwon O. Stomach clusterin as a gut-derived feeding regulator. BMB Rep 2024; 57:149-154. [PMID: 37817436 PMCID: PMC10979347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The stomach has emerged as a crucial endocrine organ in the regulation of feeding since the discovery of ghrelin. Gut-derived hormones, such as ghrelin and cholecystokinin, can act through the vagus nerve. We previously reported the satiety effect of hypothalamic clusterin, but the impact of peripheral clusterin remains unknown. In this study, we administered clusterin intraperitoneally to mice and observed its ability to suppress fasting-driven food intake. Interestingly, we found its synergism with cholecystokinin and antagonism with ghrelin. These effects were accompanied by increased c-fos immunoreactivity in nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Notably, truncal vagotomy abolished this response. The stomach expressed clusterin at high levels among the organs, and gastric clusterin was detected in specific enteroendocrine cells and the submucosal plexus. Gastric clusterin expression decreased after fasting but recovered after 2 hours of refeeding. Furthermore, we confirmed that stomachspecific overexpression of clusterin reduced food intake after overnight fasting. These results suggest that gastric clusterin may function as a gut-derived peptide involved in the regulation of feeding through the gut-brain axis. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(3): 149-154].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherl NamKoong
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Bohye Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ji Hee Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Byung Soo Youn
- Osteoneurogen, Inc., Seoul 08501, Korea, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hanbin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Evonne Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - So Young Gil
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Gil Myoung Kang
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Han Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Obin Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
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4
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Deng W, Cao Z, Dong R, Yan Y, Jiang Q. Irisin inhibits CCK-8-induced TNF-α production via integrin αVβ5-NF-κB signaling pathways in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109245. [PMID: 38000652 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Irisin, a secreted myokine generated by fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, has recently shown the potential to alleviate inflammation. Cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) is closely associated with the inflammatory factor TNF-α, a central cytokine in inflammatory reactions. However, the interactions between irisin and CCK-8 in regulating TNF-α production and the underlying mechanism have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, irisin treatment inhibited the basal and the CCK-8-induced TNF-α production in vivo. Additionally, neutralizing circulating irisin using an irisin antiserum significantly augmented the CCK-8-induced stimulation of TNF-α levels. Moreover, the incubation of head kidney cells with irisin or CCK-8 has opposite effects on TNF-α secretion. Notably, irisin treatment inhibited basal and CCK-8-stimulated TNF-α release and gene transcription in head kidney cells. Mechanistically, the inhibitory actions of irisin on basal and CCK-8-induced TNF-α production could be negated by co-administered with the selective integrin αVβ5 inhibitor cilengitide. In addition, the inhibitory effect of irisin on basal and CCK-8-triggered TNF-α production could be abolished by the inhibition of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Furthermore, irisin impeded CCK-8-induced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, simultaneously inhibiting NF-κB phosphorylation, preventing its translocation into the nucleus, and suppressing its DNA-binding activity induced by CCK-8. Collectively, these results suggest that the inhibitory effect of irisin on TNF-α production caused by CCK-8 is mediated via the integrin αVβ5-NF-κB signaling pathways in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhikai Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Rui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yisha Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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Fedina TY, Cummins ET, Promislow DEL, Pletcher SD. The neuropeptide drosulfakinin enhances choosiness and protects males from the aging effects of social perception. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308305120. [PMID: 38079545 PMCID: PMC10743377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308305120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The motivation to reproduce is a potent natural drive, and the social behaviors that induce it can severely impact animal health and lifespan. Indeed, in Drosophila males, accelerated aging associated with reproduction arises not from the physical act of courtship or copulation but instead from the motivational drive to court and mate. To better understand the mechanisms underlying social effects on aging, we studied male choosiness for mates. We found that increased activity of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) of the fly brain potentiated choosiness without consistently affecting courtship activity. Surprisingly, this effect was not caused by insulins themselves, but instead by drosulfakinin (DSK), another neuropeptide produced in a subset of the IPCs, acting through one of the two DSK receptors, CCKLR-17D1. Activation of Dsk+ IPC neurons also decreased food consumption, while activation of Dsk+ neurons outside of IPCs affected neither choosiness nor feeding, suggesting an overlap between Dsk+neurons modulating choosiness and those influencing satiety. Broader activation of Dsk+ neurons (both within and outside of the IPCs) was required to rescue the detrimental effect of female pheromone exposure on male lifespan, as was the function of both DSK receptors. The same broad set of Dsk+ neurons was found to reinforce normally aversive feeding interactions, but only after exposure to female pheromones, suggesting that perception of the opposite sex gates rewarding properties of these neurons. We speculate that broad Dsk+ neuron activation is associated with states of satiety and social experience, which under stressful conditions is rewarding and beneficial for lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Y. Fedina
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Easton T. Cummins
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Daniel E. L. Promislow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA98195
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Scott D. Pletcher
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
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6
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Mihara Y, Ishimoto T, Ozasa R, Omura T, Yamato Y, Yamada T, Okamoto A, Matsuyama Y, Nakano T. Deterioration of apatite orientation in the cholecystokinin B receptor gene (Cckbr)-deficient mouse femurs. J Bone Miner Metab 2023; 41:752-759. [PMID: 37676507 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-023-01460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The discrepancy between bone mineral density (BMD), the gold standard for bone assessment, and bone strength is a constraint in diagnosing bone function and determining treatment strategies for several bone diseases. Gastric hypochlorhydria induced by clinically used proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy indicates a discordance between changes in BMD and bone strength. Here, we used Cckbr-deficient mice with gastric hypochlorhydria to examine the effect of gastric hypochlorhydria on bone mass, BMD, and preferential orientation of the apatite crystallites, which is a strong indicator of bone strength. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cckbr-deficient mice were created, and their femurs were analyzed for BMD and preferential orientation of the apatite c-axis along the femoral long axis. RESULTS Cckbr-deficient mouse femurs displayed a slight osteoporotic bone loss at 18 weeks of age; however, BMD was comparable to that of wild-type mice. In contrast, apatite orientation in the femur mid-shaft significantly decreased from 9 to 18 weeks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the deterioration of apatite orientation in the bones of Cckbr-deficient mice. CONCLUSION Lesions in Cckbr-deficient mice occurred earlier in apatite orientation than in bone mass. Hence, bone apatite orientation may be a promising method for detecting hypochlorhydria-induced osteoporosis caused by PPI treatment and warrants urgent clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Mihara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishimoto
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ozasa
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takao Omura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yu Yamato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Ayako Okamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Matsuyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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7
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Cong X, Liu H, Zheng Y, Chen M. A Putative Role of Vasopressin/Oxytocin-Type Neuropeptide in Osmoregulation and Feeding Inhibition of Apostichopus japonicus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14358. [PMID: 37762661 PMCID: PMC10532012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin/oxytocin (VP/OT)-type neuropeptide is an ancient neurophysin-associated neuropeptide and has been intensively studied to be involved in multiple physiological processes in protostomian and deuterostome vertebrates. However, little is known about the functions of VP/OT-type neuropeptide in deuterostome invertebrates especially in echinoderms. Here, we firstly report VP/OT-type neuropeptide signaling in an important economic species, Apostichopus japonicus, which is widely cultured in Asia, with high nutritional and medicinal values. Molecular characterization analysis of holotocin and its precursor revealed the highly conserved features of VP/OT family. The candidate receptor for holotocin (AjHOR) was confirmed to be able to activate the signaling via cAMP-PKA and possible Ca2+-PKC pathway, and further activated the downstream ERK1/2 cascade. Holotocin precursor expression profile showed that they were mainly concentrated in circumoral nerve ring. Furthermore, in vitro pharmacological experiments demonstrated that holotocin caused contractile responses in preparations from A. japonicus. And in vivo functional studies indicated that short-term injection of holotocin resulted in body bloat and long-term injection resulted in reduced body mass, suggesting potential roles of holotocin in osmoregulation and feeding co-inhibition with holotocin-CCK. Our findings provided a comprehensive description of AjHOR-holotocin signaling, revealed ancient roles of holotocin in osmoregulation and feeding inhibition by controlling muscle contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Muyan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.C.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
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Milusheva M, Gledacheva V, Stefanova I, Feizi-Dehnayebi M, Mihaylova R, Nedialkov P, Cherneva E, Tumbarski Y, Tsoneva S, Todorova M, Nikolova S. Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Anthranilic Acid Hybrid and Its Diamides as Antispasmodics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13855. [PMID: 37762158 PMCID: PMC10530836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present article focuses on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel anthranilic acid hybrid and its diamides as antispasmodics. Methods: Due to the predicted in silico methods spasmolytic activity, we synthesized a hybrid molecule of anthranilic acid and 2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethylamine. The obtained hybrid was then applied in acylation with different acyl chlorides. Using in silico analysis, pharmacodynamic profiles of the compounds were predicted. A thorough biological evaluation of the compounds was conducted assessing their in vitro antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory activity, and ex vivo spasmolytic activity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation, including geometry optimization, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface, and HOMO-LUMO analysis for the synthesized compounds was conducted using the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) method to explore the electronic behavior, reactive regions, and stability and chemical reactivity of the compounds. Furthermore, molecular docking simulation along with viscosity measurement indicated that the newly synthesized compounds interact with DNA via groove binding mode. The obtained results from all the experiments demonstrate that the hybrid molecule and its diamides inherit spasmolytic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory capabilities, making them excellent candidates for future medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miglena Milusheva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria or (M.M.); (M.T.)
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Vera Gledacheva
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Iliyana Stefanova
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Mehran Feizi-Dehnayebi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan P.O. Box 98135-674, Iran;
| | - Rositsa Mihaylova
- Laboratory of Experimental Chemotherapy, Department “Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology”, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Paraskev Nedialkov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Emiliya Cherneva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Build. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yulian Tumbarski
- Department of Microbiology, Technological Faculty, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Slava Tsoneva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Computer Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Mina Todorova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria or (M.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Stoyanka Nikolova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria or (M.M.); (M.T.)
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9
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Redondo-Flórez L, Martín-Rodríguez A, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Neuro-Vulnerability in Energy Metabolism Regulation: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3106. [PMID: 37513524 PMCID: PMC10383861 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive narrative review explores the concept of neuro-vulnerability in energy metabolism regulation and its implications for metabolic disorders. The review highlights the complex interactions among the neural, hormonal, and metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. The key topics discussed include the role of organs, hormones, and neural circuits in maintaining metabolic balance. The review investigates the association between neuro-vulnerability and metabolic disorders, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and eating disorders, considering genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that influence neuro-vulnerability and subsequent metabolic dysregulation. Neuroendocrine interactions and the neural regulation of food intake and energy expenditure are examined, with a focus on the impact of neuro-vulnerability on appetite dysregulation and altered energy expenditure. The role of neuroinflammation in metabolic health and neuro-vulnerability is discussed, emphasizing the bidirectional relationship between metabolic dysregulation and neuroinflammatory processes. This review also evaluates the use of neuroimaging techniques in studying neuro-vulnerability and their potential applications in clinical settings. Furthermore, the association between neuro-vulnerability and eating disorders, as well as its contribution to obesity, is examined. Potential therapeutic interventions targeting neuro-vulnerability, including pharmacological treatments and lifestyle modifications, are reviewed. In conclusion, understanding the concept of neuro-vulnerability in energy metabolism regulation is crucial for addressing metabolic disorders. This review provides valuable insights into the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and their implications for metabolic health. Targeting neuro-vulnerability holds promise for developing innovative strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders, ultimately improving metabolic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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10
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Jeczmien-Lazur JS, Sanetra AM, Pradel K, Izowit G, Chrobok L, Palus-Chramiec K, Piggins HD, Lewandowski MH. Metabolic cues impact non-oscillatory intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus: standard versus high-fat diet comparative study. J Physiol 2023; 601:979-1016. [PMID: 36661095 DOI: 10.1113/jp283757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (IGL/VLG) are subcortical structures involved in entrainment of the brain's circadian system to photic and non-photic (e.g. metabolic and arousal) cues. Both receive information about environmental light from photoreceptors, exhibit infra-slow oscillations (ISO) in vivo, and connect to the master circadian clock. Although current evidence demonstrates that the IGL/VLG communicate metabolic information and are crucial for entrainment of circadian rhythms to time-restricted feeding, their sensitivity to food intake-related peptides has not been investigated yet. We examined the effect of metabolically relevant peptides on the spontaneous activity of IGL/VLG neurons. Using ex vivo and in vivo electrophysiological recordings as well as in situ hybridisation, we tested potential sensitivity of the IGL/VLG to anorexigenic and orexigenic peptides, such as cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, orexin A and ghrelin. We explored neuronal responses to these drugs during day and night, and in standard vs. high-fat diet conditions. We found that IGL/VLG neurons responded to all the substances tested, except peptide YY. Moreover, more neurons responded to anorexigenic drugs at night, while a high-fat diet affected the IGL/VLG sensitivity to orexigenic peptides. Interestingly, ISO neurons responded to light and orexin A, but did not respond to the other food intake-related peptides. In contrast, non-ISO cells were activated by metabolic peptides, with only some being responsive to light. Our results show for the first time that peptides involved in the body's energy homeostasis stimulate the thalamus and suggest functional separation of the IGL/VLG cells. KEY POINTS: The intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (IGL/VLG) of the rodent thalamus process various signals and participate in circadian entrainment. In both structures, cells exhibiting infra-slow oscillatory activity as well as non-rhythmically firing neurons being observed. Here, we reveal that only one of these two groups of cells responds to anorexigenic (cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and oxyntomodulin) and orexigenic (ghrelin and orexin A) peptides. Neuronal responses vary depending on the time of day (day vs. night) and on the diet (standard vs. high-fat diet). Additionally, we visualised receptors to the tested peptides in the IGL/VLG using in situ hybridisation. Our results suggest that two electrophysiologically different subpopulations of IGL/VLG neurons are involved in two separate functions: one related to the body's energy homeostasis and one associated with the subcortical visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda S Jeczmien-Lazur
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna M Sanetra
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Pradel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriela Izowit
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Chrobok
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katarzyna Palus-Chramiec
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marian H Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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11
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Shi Y, Chen Y, Deng L, Du K, Lu S, Chen T. Structural Understanding of Peptide-Bound G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Peptide-Target Interactions. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1083-1111. [PMID: 36625741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is triggered by ligand binding to their orthosteric sites, which induces ligand-specific conformational changes. Agonists and antagonists bound to GPCR orthosteric sites provide detailed information on ligand-binding modes. Among these, peptide ligands play an instrumental role in GPCR pharmacology and have attracted increased attention as therapeutic drugs. The recent breakthrough in GPCR structural biology has resulted in the remarkable availability of peptide-bound GPCR complexes. Despite the several structural similarities shared by these receptors, they exhibit distinct features in terms of peptide recognition and receptor activation. From this perspective, we have summarized the current status of peptide-bound GPCR structural complexes, largely focusing on the interactions between the receptor and its peptide ligand at the orthosteric site. In-depth structural investigations have yielded valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying peptide recognition. This study would contribute to the discovery of GPCR peptide drugs with improved therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Interventional, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liping Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Kui Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Institute of Energy Metabolism and Health, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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12
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Martinez Damonte V, Pomrenze MB, Manning CE, Casper C, Wolfden AL, Malenka RC, Kauer JA. Somatodendritic Release of Cholecystokinin Potentiates GABAergic Synapses Onto Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Cells. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:197-208. [PMID: 35961792 PMCID: PMC9976994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptides are contained in nearly every neuron in the central nervous system and can be released not only from nerve terminals but also from somatodendritic sites. Cholecystokinin (CCK), among the most abundant neuropeptides in the brain, is expressed in the majority of midbrain dopamine neurons. Despite this high expression, CCK function within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is not well understood. METHODS We confirmed CCK expression in VTA dopamine neurons through immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization and detected optogenetically induced CCK release using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To investigate whether CCK modulates VTA circuit activity, we used whole-cell patch clamp recordings in mouse brain slices. We infused CCK locally in vivo and tested food intake and locomotion in fasted mice. We also used in vivo fiber photometry to measure Ca2+ transients in dopamine neurons during feeding. RESULTS Here we report that VTA dopamine neurons release CCK from somatodendritic regions, where it triggers long-term potentiation of GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) synapses. The somatodendritic release occurs during trains of optogenetic stimuli or prolonged but modest depolarization and is dependent on synaptotagmin-7 and T-type Ca2+ channels. Depolarization-induced long-term potentiation is blocked by a CCK2 receptor antagonist and mimicked by exogenous CCK. Local infusion of CCK in vivo inhibits food consumption and decreases distance traveled in an open field test. Furthermore, intra-VTA-infused CCK reduced dopamine cell Ca2+ signals during food consumption after an overnight fast and was correlated with reduced food intake. CONCLUSIONS Our experiments introduce somatodendritic neuropeptide release as a previously unknown feedback regulator of VTA dopamine cell excitability and dopamine-related behaviors.
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13
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Huang YH, Xie C, Chou CY, Jin Y, Li W, Wang M, Lu Y, Liu Z. Subtyping intractable functional constipation in children using clinical and laboratory data in a classification model. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1148753. [PMID: 37168808 PMCID: PMC10165123 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1148753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children with intractable functional constipation (IFC) who are refractory to traditional pharmacological intervention develop severe symptoms that can persist even in adulthood, resulting in a substantial deterioration in their quality of life. In order to better manage IFC patients, efficient subtyping of IFC into its three subtypes, normal transit constipation (NTC), outlet obstruction constipation (OOC), and slow transit constipation (STC), at early stages is crucial. With advancements in technology, machine learning can classify IFC early through the use of validated questionnaires and the different serum concentrations of gastrointestinal motility-related hormones. Method A hundred and one children with IFC and 50 controls were enrolled in this study. Three supervised machine-learning methods, support vector machine, random forest, and light gradient boosting machine (LGBM), were used to classify children with IFC into the three subtypes based on their symptom severity, self-efficacy, and quality of life which were quantified using certified questionnaires and their serum concentrations of the gastrointestinal hormones evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The accuracy of machine learning subtyping was evaluated with respect to radiopaque markers. Results Of 101 IFC patients, 37 had NTC, 49 had OOC, and 15 had STC. The variables significant for IFC subtype classification, according to SelectKBest, were stool frequency, the satisfaction domain of the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life questionnaire (PAC-QOL), the emotional self-efficacy for Functional Constipation questionnaire (SEFCQ), motilin serum concentration, and vasoactive intestinal peptide serum concentration. Among the three models, the LGBM model demonstrated an accuracy of 83.8%, a precision of 84.5%, a recall of 83.6%, a f1-score of 83.4%, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.89 in discriminating IFC subtypes. Conclusion Using clinical characteristics measured by certified questionnaires and serum concentrations of the gastrointestinal hormones, machine learning can efficiently classify pediatric IFC into its three subtypes. Of the three models tested, the LGBM model is the most accurate model for the classification of IFC, with an accuracy of 83.8%, demonstrating that machine learning is an efficient tool for the management of IFC in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenjia Xie
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chih-Yi Chou
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Quality Management, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Correspondence: Yan Lu Zhifeng Liu
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Correspondence: Yan Lu Zhifeng Liu
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14
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Al-Rooqi MM, Ullah Mughal E, Raja QA, Obaid RJ, Sadiq A, Naeem N, Qurban J, Asghar BH, Moussa Z, Ahmed SA. Recent advancements on the synthesis and biological significance of pipecolic acid and its derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Cholecystokinin (CCK) and its receptors (CCK1R and CCK2R) in chickens: functional analysis and tissue expression. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102273. [PMID: 36436379 PMCID: PMC9706633 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system, regulating a range of physiological functions by activating its receptors (CCK1R and CCK2R). Compared to those in mammals, the CCK gene and its receptors have already been cloned in various birds, such as chickens. However, knowledge regarding their functionality and tissue expression is limited. In this study, we examined the expression of CCK and its 2 receptors in chicken tissues. In addition, the functionality of the 2 receptors was investigated. Using 3 cell-based luciferase reporter systems and western blots, we demonstrated that chicken (c-) CCK1R could be potently activated by cCCK-8S but not cCCK-4, whereas cCCK2R could be activated by cCCK-8S and cCCK-4 with similar efficiency. Using RNA-sequencing, we revealed that cCCK is abundantly expressed in the testis, ileum, and several brain regions (cerebrum, midbrain, cerebellum, hindbrain, and hypothalamus). The abundant expression of CCK in the hypothalamus was further supported by immunofluorescence. In addition, cCCK1R is highly expressed in the pancreas and moderately expressed in various intestinal regions (ileum, cecum, and rectum) and the pituitary gland, whereas cCCK2R expression is primarily restricted to the brain. Our data reveal the differential specificities of CCK receptors for various CCK peptides. In combination with the differential tissue distribution of CCK and its receptors, the present study helps to understanding the physiological functions of CCK/CCKRs in birds.
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16
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Ma Y, Giardino WJ. Neural circuit mechanisms of the cholecystokinin (CCK) neuropeptide system in addiction. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 3:100024. [PMID: 35983578 PMCID: PMC9380858 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Given historical focus on the roles for cholecystokinin (CCK) as a peripheral hormone controlling gastrointestinal processes and a brainstem peptide regulating food intake, the study of CCK as a limbic neuromodulator coordinating reward-seeking and emotional behavior remains underappreciated. Furthermore, localization of CCK to specialized interneurons throughout the hippocampus and cortex relegated CCK to being examined primarily as a static cell type marker rather than a dynamic functional neuromodulator. Yet, over three decades of literature have been generated by efforts to delineate the central mechanisms of addiction-related behaviors mediated by the CCK system across the striatum, amygdala, hypothalamus, and midbrain. Here, we cover fundamental findings that implicate CCK neuron activity and CCK receptor signaling in modulating drug intake and drug-seeking (focusing on psychostimulants, opioids, and alcohol). In doing so, we highlight the few studies that indicate sex differences in CCK expression and corresponding drug effects, emphasizing the importance of examining hormonal influences and sex as a biological variable in translating basic science discoveries to effective treatments for substance use disorders in human patients. Finally, we point toward understudied subcortical sources of endogenous CCK and describe how continued neurotechnology advancements can be leveraged to modernize understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms underlying CCK release and signaling in addiction-relevant behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Ma
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William J. Giardino
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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17
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Angelopoulou E, Bougea A, Papageorgiou SG, Villa C. Psychosis in Parkinson's Disease: A Lesson from Genetics. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061099. [PMID: 35741861 PMCID: PMC9222985 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychosis in Parkinson's disease (PDP) represents a common and debilitating condition that complicates Parkinson's disease (PD), mainly in the later stages. The spectrum of psychotic symptoms are heterogeneous, ranging from minor phenomena of mild illusions, passage hallucinations and sense of presence to severe psychosis consisting of visual hallucinations (and rarely, auditory and tactile or gustatory) and paranoid delusions. PDP is associated with increased caregiver stress, poorer quality of life for patients and carers, reduced survival and risk of institutionalization with a significant burden on the healthcare system. Although several risk factors for PDP development have been identified, such as aging, sleep disturbances, long history of PD, cognitive impairment, depression and visual disorders, the pathophysiology of psychosis in PD is complex and still insufficiently clarified. Additionally, several drugs used to treat PD can aggravate or even precipitate PDP. Herein, we reviewed and critically analyzed recent studies exploring the genetic architecture of psychosis in PD in order to further understand the pathophysiology of PDP, the risk factors as well as the most suitable therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Neurology, Eginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (A.B.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Anastasia Bougea
- Department of Neurology, Eginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (A.B.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Sokratis G. Papageorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Eginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (A.B.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-6448-8138
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18
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Structural insights into human brain-gut peptide cholecystokinin receptors. Cell Discov 2022; 8:55. [PMID: 35672283 PMCID: PMC9174195 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal hormone and neuromodulator cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors CCK1R and CCK2R act as a signaling hub in brain–gut axis, mediating digestion, emotion, and memory regulation. CCK receptors exhibit distinct preferences for ligands in different posttranslational modification (PTM) states. CCK1R couples to Gs and Gq, whereas CCK2R primarily couples to Gq. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of CCK1R–Gs signaling complexes liganded either by sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) or a CCK1R-selective small-molecule SR146131, and CCK2R–Gq complexes stabilized by either sulfated CCK-8 or a CCK2R-selective ligand gastrin-17. Our structures reveal a location-conserved yet charge-distinct pocket discriminating the effects of ligand PTM states on receptor subtype preference, the unique pocket topology underlying selectivity of SR146131 and gastrin-17, the conformational changes in receptor activation, and key residues contributing to G protein subtype specificity, providing multiple structural templates for drug design targeting the brain–gut axis.
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19
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Nässel DR, Wu SF. Cholecystokinin/sulfakinin peptide signaling: conserved roles at the intersection between feeding, mating and aggression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:188. [PMID: 35286508 PMCID: PMC8921109 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are the most diverse messenger molecules in metazoans and are involved in regulation of daily physiology and a wide array of behaviors. Some neuropeptides and their cognate receptors are structurally and functionally well conserved over evolution in bilaterian animals. Among these are peptides related to gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK). In mammals, CCK is produced by intestinal endocrine cells and brain neurons, and regulates gall bladder contractions, pancreatic enzyme secretion, gut functions, satiety and food intake. Additionally, CCK plays important roles in neuromodulation in several brain circuits that regulate reward, anxiety, aggression and sexual behavior. In invertebrates, CCK-type peptides (sulfakinins, SKs) are, with a few exceptions, produced by brain neurons only. Common among invertebrates is that SKs mediate satiety and regulate food ingestion by a variety of mechanisms. Also regulation of secretion of digestive enzymes has been reported. Studies of the genetically tractable fly Drosophila have advanced our understanding of SK signaling mechanisms in regulation of satiety and feeding, but also in gustatory sensitivity, locomotor activity, aggression and reproductive behavior. A set of eight SK-expressing brain neurons plays important roles in regulation of these competing behaviors. In males, they integrate internal state and external stimuli to diminish sex drive and increase aggression. The same neurons also diminish sugar gustation, induce satiety and reduce feeding. Although several functional roles of CCK/SK signaling appear conserved between Drosophila and mammals, available data suggest that the underlying mechanisms differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Shun-Fan Wu
- College of Plant Protection/Laboratory of Bio-Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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20
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Keller BN, Hajnal A, Browning KN, Arnold AC, Silberman Y. Involvement of the Dorsal Vagal Complex in Alcohol-Related Behaviors. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:801825. [PMID: 35330845 PMCID: PMC8940294 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.801825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurobiological mechanisms that regulate the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD) are complex and involve a wide variety of within and between systems neuroadaptations. While classic reward, preoccupation, and withdrawal neurocircuits have been heavily studied in terms of AUD, viable treatment targets from this established literature have not proven clinically effective as of yet. Therefore, examination of additional neurocircuitries not classically studied in the context of AUD may provide novel therapeutic targets. Recent studies demonstrate that various neuropeptides systems are important modulators of alcohol reward, seeking, and intake behaviors. This includes neurocircuitry within the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), which is involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system, control of intake of natural rewards like food, and acts as a relay of interoceptive sensory information via interactions of numerous gut-brain peptides and neurotransmitter systems with DVC projections to central and peripheral targets. DVC neuron subtypes produce a variety of neuropeptides and transmitters and project to target brain regions critical for reward such as the mesolimbic dopamine system as well as other limbic areas important for the negative reinforcing and aversive properties of alcohol withdrawal such as the extended amygdala. This suggests the DVC may play a role in the modulation of various aspects of AUD. This review summarizes the current literature on neurotransmitters and neuropeptides systems in the DVC (e.g., norepinephrine, glucagon-like peptide 1, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone), and their potential relevance to alcohol-related behaviors in humans and rodent models for AUD research. A better understanding of the role of the DVC in modulating alcohol related behaviors may lead to the elucidation of novel therapeutic targets for drug development in AUD.
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Tanase S, Mamiya T, Nagata S, Ikawa Y, Tang YP, Hiramatsu M, Nabeshima T. Effects of galantamine on social interaction impairments in cholecystokinin receptor-2 overexpression mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 148:364-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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22
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Structures of the human cholecystokinin receptors bound to agonists and antagonists. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:1230-1237. [PMID: 34556863 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin receptors, CCKAR and CCKBR, are important neurointestinal peptide hormone receptors and play a vital role in food intake and appetite regulation. Here, we report three crystal structures of the human CCKAR in complex with different ligands, including one peptide agonist and two small-molecule antagonists, as well as two cryo-electron microscopy structures of CCKBR-gastrin in complex with Gi2 and Gq, respectively. These structures reveal the recognition pattern of different ligand types and the molecular basis of peptide selectivity in the cholecystokinin receptor family. By comparing receptor structures in different conformational states, a stepwise activation process of cholecystokinin receptors is proposed. Combined with pharmacological data, our results provide atomic details for differential ligand recognition and receptor activation mechanisms. These insights will facilitate the discovery of potential therapeutics targeting cholecystokinin receptors.
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23
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Chassé É, Guay F, Bach Knudsen KE, Zijlstra RT, Létourneau-Montminy MP. Toward Precise Nutrient Value of Feed in Growing Pigs: Effect of Meal Size, Frequency and Dietary Fibre on Nutrient Utilisation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092598. [PMID: 34573564 PMCID: PMC8471499 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feed costs are the most important in swine production. Precise determination of nutritional values of pig diets can help reducing feed costs by reducing security margins for nutrients and therefore provide a more sustainable swine production. In commercial farms, pigs have free access to feed and eat with no limitation according to their natural behaviour. In contrast, during digestibility trials, pigs are restricted in their daily intake of feed, which is distributed in a limited number of meals. The number of meals per day and the amount of feed consumed daily can affect the digestibility of the nutrients, the transit time and the metabolism. To reduce feed costs, by-products are frequently added to diets. Most by-products are rich in dietary fibre, which are known to have negative effects on digestibility. Enzymes can be supplemented in the diet to counteract the negative aspects of dietary fibre, but their efficiency can vary depending on the number of meals per day and the amount of feed consumed daily. Abstract Nutritional values of ingredients have been and still are the subject of many studies to reduce security margins of nutrients when formulating diets to reduce feed cost. In most studies, pigs are fed a limited amount of feed in a limited number of meals that do not represent how pigs are fed in commercial farm conditions. With free access to feed, pigs follow their intrinsic feeding behaviour. Feed intake is regulated by satiety and satiation signals. Reducing the feed intake level or feeding frequency can affect digestibility and transit time and induce metabolic changes. To reduce feed costs, alternative ingredients that are frequently rich in dietary fibre are added to diets. Fibre acts on the digestion process and transit time by decreasing energy density and causing viscosity. Various analyses of fibre can be realised, and the measured fibre fraction can vary. Exogenous enzymes can be added to counteract the effect of fibre, but digestive tract conditions, influenced by meal size and frequency, can affect the efficiency of supplemented enzymes. In conclusion, the frequency and size of the meals can affect the digestibility of nutrients by modulating gastrointestinal tract conditions (pH and transit time), metabolites (glucose and short-chain fatty acids) and hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide tyrosine tyrosine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Élisabeth Chassé
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.G.); (M.-P.L.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.G.); (M.-P.L.-M.)
| | | | - Ruurd T. Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
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Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin)-Induced Anorexia Is Induced by the Release of Intestinal Hormones in Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080512. [PMID: 34437383 PMCID: PMC8402572 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, is a mycotoxin that can cause antifeeding and vomiting in animals. However, the mechanism of DON inducing anorexia is complicated. Studies have shown that intestinal hormones play a significant part in the anorexia caused by DON. We adopted the “modeling of acute antifeeding in mice” as the basic experimental model, and used two methods of gavage and intraperitoneal injection to explore the effect of intestinal hormones on the antifeedant response induced by DON in mice. We found that 1 and 2.5 mg/kg·bw of DON can acutely induce anorexia and increase the plasma intestinal hormones CCK, PYY, GIP, and GLP-1 in mice within 3 h. Direct injection of exogenous intestinal hormones CCK, PYY, GIP, and GLP-1 can trigger anorexia behavior in mice. Furthermore, the PYY receptor antagonist JNJ-31020028, GLP-1 receptor antagonist Exendin(9-39), CCK receptor antagonist Proglumide, GIP receptor antagonist GIP(3-30)NH2 attenuated both intestinal hormone and DON-induced anorectic responses. These results indicate that intestinal hormones play a critical role in the anorexia response induced by DON.
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Verbeure W, van Goor H, Mori H, van Beek AP, Tack J, van Dijk PR. The Role of Gasotransmitters in Gut Peptide Actions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720703. [PMID: 34354597 PMCID: PMC8329365 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gasotransmitters nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) receive a bad connotation; in low concentrations these play a major governing role in local and systemic blood flow, stomach acid release, smooth muscles relaxations, anti-inflammatory behavior, protective effect and more. Many of these physiological processes are upstream regulated by gut peptides, for instance gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, motilin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2. The relationship between gasotransmitters and gut hormones is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the role of NO, CO and H2S on gut peptide release and functioning, and whether manipulation by gasotransmitter substrates or specific blockers leads to physiological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harry van Goor
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hideki Mori
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - André P van Beek
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter R van Dijk
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Effect of Obesity on the Expression of Nutrient Receptors and Satiety Hormones in the Human Colon. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041271. [PMID: 33924402 PMCID: PMC8070384 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Receptors located on enteroendocrine cells (EECs) of the colon can detect nutrients in the lumen. These receptors regulate appetite through a variety of mechanisms, including hormonal and neuronal signals. We assessed the effect of obesity on the expression of these G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and hormones at both mRNA and protein level. Methods: qPCR and immunohistochemistry were used to examine colonic tissue from cohorts of patients from the Netherlands (proximal and sigmoid tissue) and the United Kingdom (tissue from across the colon) and patients were grouped by body mass index (BMI) value (BMI < 25 and BMI ≥ 25). Results: The mRNA expression of the hormones/signaling molecules serotonin, glucagon, peptide YY (PYY), CCK and somatostatin were not significantly different between BMI groups. GPR40 mRNA expression was significantly increased in sigmoid colon samples in the BMI ≥ 25 group, but not proximal colon. GPR41, GPR109a, GPR43, GPR120, GPRC6A, and CaSR mRNA expression were unaltered between low and high BMI. At the protein level, serotonin and PYY containing cell numbers were similar in high and low BMI groups. Enterochromaffin cells (EC) showed high degree of co-expression with amino acid sensing receptor, CaSR while co-expression with PYY containing L-cells was limited, regardless of BMI. Conclusions: While expression of medium/long chain fatty acid receptor GPR40 was increased in the sigmoid colon of the high BMI group, expression of other nutrient sensing GPCRs, and expression profiles of EECs involved in peripheral mechanisms of appetite regulation were unchanged. Collectively, these data suggest that in human colonic tissue, EEC and nutrient-sensing receptor expression profiles are not affected despite changes to BMI.
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Ballaz S, Espinosa N, Bourin M. Does endogenous cholecystokinin modulate alcohol intake? Neuropharmacology 2021; 193:108539. [PMID: 33794246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder or alcoholism is characterized by uncontrollable alcohol use and intoxication, as well as a heightened state of anxiety after alcohol withdrawal. Ethanol-associated stimuli also drive the urge to drink by means of classical conditioning. Alcoholism has been considered a dopamine (DA) dysregulation syndrome that involves the activity of the central amygdala circuitry of anxiety. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the most abundant neuropeptide in the mammal brain, where it activates two receptors, CCK1 and CCK2. Genetic evidence relates CCK1 receptors to alcoholism in humans. CCK2 activity has been associated with the onset of human anxiety. CCK modulates DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and it is expressed in the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-expressing basket interneurons in the cerebral cortex. CCK interacts with serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission through 5-HT3 receptors to regulate mesocorticolimbic pathways and with GABA to attenuate anxiety in the amygdala. Finally, CCK stimulates the release of orexins and oxytocin in the hypothalamus, two relevant hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in signaling satiety for ethanol and well-being respectively. Given the "dimmer-switch" function of endogenous CCK in the neurotransmission by 5-HT, DA, GABA, and glutamate in normal and pathological behaviors (Ballaz and Bourin, 2020), we hypothesize that CCK adjusts functioning of the reward and anxiety circuitries altered by ethanol. This review gathers data supporting this hypothesis, and suggests mechanisms underlying a role for endogenous CCK in alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ballaz
- School of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hacienda San José s/n, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador; School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador.
| | - Nicole Espinosa
- School of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hacienda San José s/n, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador.
| | - Michel Bourin
- Neurobiology of Anxiety and Mood Disorders, University of Nantes, 98, Rue Joseph Blanchart, 44100 Nantes, France.
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Moran GW, Thapaliya G. The Gut-Brain Axis and Its Role in Controlling Eating Behavior in Intestinal Inflammation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030981. [PMID: 33803651 PMCID: PMC8003054 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition represents a major problem in the clinical management of the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Presently, our understanding of the cross-link between eating behavior and intestinal inflammation is still in its infancy. Crohn's disease patients with active disease exhibit strong hedonic desires for food and emotional eating patterns possibly to ameliorate feelings of low mood, anxiety, and depression. Impulsivity traits seen in IBD patients may predispose them to palatable food intake as an immediate reward rather than concerns for future health. The upregulation of enteroendocrine cells (EEC) peptide response to food intake has been described in ileal inflammation, which may lead to alterations in gut-brain signaling with implications for appetite and eating behavior. In summary, a complex interplay of gut peptides, psychological, cognitive factors, disease-related symptoms, and inflammatory burden may ultimately govern eating behavior in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon William Moran
- National Institute of Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Gita Thapaliya
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
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Tyagi A, Daliri EBM, Kwami Ofosu F, Yeon SJ, Oh DH. Food-Derived Opioid Peptides in Human Health: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8825. [PMID: 33233481 PMCID: PMC7700510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization data suggest that stress, depression, and anxiety have a noticeable prevalence and are becoming some of the most common causes of disability in the Western world. Stress-related disorders are considered to be a challenge for the healthcare system with their great economic and social impact. The knowledge on these conditions is not very clear among many people, as a high proportion of patients do not respond to the currently available medications for targeting the monoaminergic system. In addition, the use of clinical drugs is also associated with various side effects such as vomiting, dizziness, sedation, nausea, constipation, and many more, which prevents their effective use. Therefore, opioid peptides derived from food sources are becoming one of the safe and natural alternatives because of their production from natural sources such as animals and plant proteins. The requirement for screening and considering dietary proteins as a source of bioactive peptides is highlighted to understand their potential roles in stress-related disorders as a part of a diet or as a drug complementing therapeutic prescription. In this review, we discussed current knowledge on opioid endogenous and exogenous peptides concentrating on their production, purification, and related studies. To fully understand their potential in stress-related conditions, either as a drug or as a therapeutic part of a diet prescription, the need to screen more dietary proteins as a source of novel opioid peptides is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; (A.T.); (E.B.-M.D.); (F.K.O.); (S.-J.Y.)
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Sun H, Wang J, Xing Y, Pan YH, Mao X. Gut transcriptomic changes during hibernation in the greater horseshoe bat ( Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Front Zool 2020; 17:21. [PMID: 32690984 PMCID: PMC7366455 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-00366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut is the major organ for nutrient absorption and immune response in the body of animals. Although effects of fasting on the gut functions have been extensively studied in model animals (e.g. mice), little is known about the response of the gut to fasting in a natural condition (e.g. hibernation). During hibernation, animals endure the long term of fasting and hypothermia. Results Here we generated the first gut transcriptome in a wild hibernating bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). We identified 1614 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during four physiological states (Torpor, Arousal, Winter Active and Summer Active). Gene co-expression network analysis assigns 926 DEGs into six modules associated with Torpor and Arousal. Our results reveal that in response to the stress of luminal nutrient deficiency during hibernation, the gut helps to reduce food intake by overexpressing genes (e.g. CCK and GPR17) that regulate the sensitivity to insulin and leptin. At the same time, the gut contributes energy supply by overexpressing genes that increase capacity for ketogenesis (HMGCS2) and selective autophagy (TEX264). Furthermore, we identified separate sets of multiple DEGs upregulated in Torpor and Arousal whose functions are involved in innate immunity. Conclusion This is the first gut transcriptome of a hibernating mammal. Our study identified candidate genes associated with regulation of food intake and enhance of innate immunity in the gut during hibernation. By comparing with previous studies, we found that two DEGs (CPE and HSPA8) were also significantly elevated during torpor in liver and brain of R. ferrumequinum and several DEGs (e.g. TXNIP and PDK1/4) were commonly upregulated during torpor in multiple tissues of different mammals. Our results support that shared expression changes may underlie the hibernation phenotype by most mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Sun
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Yutong Xing
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Yi-Hsuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Xiuguang Mao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
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31
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Miller S, Derenne A, Ellis-Felege S, Rhen T. Incubation temperature and satiety influence general locomotor and exploratory behaviors in the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Physiol Behav 2020; 220:112875. [PMID: 32194070 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Temperature during embryogenesis determines sex and has been shown to influence other physiological traits in reptiles. The common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) is an ideal model for testing how temperature impacts behavior in species that display temperature-dependent sex determination. Behavioral assays are crucial to understanding how a changing climate may affect whole organism function in the snapping turtle. Currently, there are few behavioral assays for semi-aquatic vertebrates like turtles. In this study, we used digital cameras to record behavior of fed and fasted hatchling turtles from different incubation temperatures in an open field setting for 20 min in 2018 and repeated the experiment in 2019. Open fields were circular tanks filled with water to a depth of 3.5 cm. Each field was split into four quadrants and two zones (inner and outer). The amount of time turtles spent actively moving, total distance travelled, and several other measures were collected and summarized automatically from videos with open source image analysis software (ImageJ). Satiety and incubation temperature had significant effects on total distance moved, time spent moving, and time moving in the outer zone. These findings indicate that temperature during embryogenesis has a long-lasting effect on neural mechanisms underlying exploratory or general locomotor behavior in turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soleille Miller
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Box 9019, 10 Cornell Street, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Adam Derenne
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Box 8380, 501 N Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Susan Ellis-Felege
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Box 9019, 10 Cornell Street, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Turk Rhen
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Box 8380, 501 N Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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Gley K, Murani E, Trakooljul N, Zebunke M, Puppe B, Wimmers K, Ponsuksili S. Transcriptome profiles of hypothalamus and adrenal gland linked to haplotype related to coping behavior in pigs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13038. [PMID: 31506580 PMCID: PMC6736951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is an important component of neuroendocrine stress regulation and coping behavior. Transcriptome profiles of the hypothalamus and adrenal gland were assessed to identify molecular pathways and candidate genes for coping behavior in pigs. Ten each of high- (HR) and low- (LR) reactive pigs (n = 20) were selected for expression profiling based haplotype information of a prominent QTL-region on SSC12 discovered in our previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) on coping behavior. Comparing the HR and LR pigs showed 692 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the adrenal gland and 853 DEGs in the hypothalamus, respectively. Interestingly, 47% (17 out of 36) of DEGs found in both tissues were located in GWAS regions identified on SSC12, indicating that there are significant functional positional candidate genes for coping behaviour. Pathway analysis assigned DEGs to glucocorticoid receptor signaling in the adrenal gland. Furthermore, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and NGF signaling as well as cholecystokinin/Gastrin-mediated were identified in the hypothalamus. We narrowed the list of candidate genes in GWAS regions by analyzing their DEGs in the HPA axis. The top identified transcripts, including ATP1B2, AURKB, MPDU1 and NDEL1 provide evidence for molecular correlates of coping behavior in GWAS regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gley
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Murani
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Manuela Zebunke
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Behavioral Physiology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Birger Puppe
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Behavioral Physiology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Comeras LB, Herzog H, Tasan RO. Neuropeptides at the crossroad of fear and hunger: a special focus on neuropeptide Y. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:59-80. [PMID: 31271235 PMCID: PMC6899945 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Survival in a natural environment forces an individual into constantly adapting purposive behavior. Specified interoceptive neurons monitor metabolic and physiological balance and activate dedicated brain circuits to satisfy essential needs, such as hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, fear, or anxiety. Neuropeptides are multifaceted, central components within such life‐sustaining programs. For instance, nutritional depletion results in a drop in glucose levels, release of hormones, and activation of hypothalamic and brainstem neurons. These neurons, in turn, release several neuropeptides that increase food‐seeking behavior and promote food intake. Similarly, internal and external threats activate neuronal pathways of avoidance and defensive behavior. Interestingly, specific nuclei of the hypothalamus and extended amygdala are activated by both hunger and fear. Here, we introduce the relevant neuropeptides and describe their function in feeding and emotional‐affective behaviors. We further highlight specific pathways and microcircuits, where neuropeptides may interact to identify prevailing homeostatic needs and direct respective compensatory behaviors. A specific focus will be on neuropeptide Y, since it is known for its pivotal role in metabolic and emotional pathways. We hypothesize that the orexigenic and anorexigenic properties of specific neuropeptides are related to their ability to inhibit fear and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Comeras
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ramon O Tasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Yu S, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Chang Z, Wei Y, Sun Y, Jiang D, Jiang X, Tao J. Cholecystokinin type B receptor-mediated inhibition of A-type K + channels enhances sensory neuronal excitability through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and c-Src-dependent JNK pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:68. [PMID: 31215470 PMCID: PMC6582535 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cholecystokinin (CCK) is implicated in the regulation of nociceptive sensitivity of primary afferent neurons. Nevertheless, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Methods Using patch clamp recording, western blot analysis, immunofluorescent labelling, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, adenovirus-mediated shRNA knockdown and animal behaviour tests, we studied the effects of CCK-8 on the sensory neuronal excitability and peripheral pain sensitivity mediated by A-type K+ channels. Results CCK-8 reversibly and concentration-dependently decreased A-type K+ channel (IA) in small-sized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons through the activation of CCK type B receptor (CCK-BR), while the sustained delayed rectifier K+ current was unaffected. The intracellular subunit of CCK-BR coimmunoprecipitated with Gαo. Blocking G-protein signaling with pertussis toxin or by the intracellular application of anti-Gβ antibody reversed the inhibitory effects of CCK-8. Antagonism of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) but not of its common downstream target Akts abolished the CCK-BR-mediated IA response. CCK-8 application significantly activated JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase. Antagonism of either JNK or c-Src prevented the CCK-BR-mediated IA decrease, whereas c-Src inhibition attenuated the CCK-8-induced p-JNK activation. Application of CCK-8 enhanced the action potential firing rate of DRG neurons and elicited mechanical and thermal pain hypersensitivity in mice. These effects were mediated by CCK-BR and were occluded by IA blockade. Conclusion Our findings indicate that CCK-8 attenuated IA through CCK-BR that is coupled to the Gβγ-dependent PI3K and c-Src-mediated JNK pathways, thereby enhancing the sensory neuronal excitability in DRG neurons and peripheral pain sensitivity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Yu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics and Institute of Neuroscience, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianyang Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Chang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Hospital Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufang Sun
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Jiang
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Tao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Lynch E, McGee M, Earley B. Weaning management of beef calves with implications for animal health and welfare. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1594825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eilish Lynch
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Mark McGee
- Livestock Systems Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Dunsany, Ireland
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Vázquez-León P, Campos-Rodríguez C, Gonzalez-Pliego C, Miranda-Páez A. Differential effects of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) microinjection into the ventrolateral and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray on anxiety models in Wistar rats. Horm Behav 2018; 106:105-111. [PMID: 30342011 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is one of the main neurohormone peptide systems in the brain, and a major anxiogenic mediator. The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a key midbrain structure for defensive behaviors, which could include anxiety, fear, or even panic. The CCK system has wide distribution in the PAG, where the dorsolateral region (DL) participates in active defensive behavior and the ventrolateral region (VL) in passive defensive behavior. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of CCK-8 microinjection into DL-PAG or VL-PAG on anxiety-like behavior through two tests: elevated plus maze (EPM) and defensive burying behavior (DBB). CCK-8 (0.5 and 1.0 μg/0.5 μL) presently microinjected into the DL-PAG produced an anxiogenic-like effect on the EPM evidenced by decreasing the time spent/number of entries in open arms compared to vehicle group. Additionally, the latency to burying decreased and burying time increased on the DBB test. Contrarily, CCK-8 microinjected into the VL-PAG resulted in greater open-arm time and more open-arm entries compared to the vehicle-microinjected group. The results on the DBB test confirmed an anxiolytic-like response of CCK-8 into the VL-PAG. In conclusion, CCK-8 microinjected into DL-PAG produced anxiety-like behavior on EPM, and for first time reported on DBB. Contrarily, CCK-8 microinjected into the VL-PAG reduced anxiety-like behavior also for first time reported using both behavioral models EPM and DBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Vázquez-León
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Carolina Campos-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-Pliego
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Abraham Miranda-Páez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico.
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Guerrera M, Abbate F, Di Caro G, Germanà G, Levanti M, Micale V, Montalbano G, Laurà R, Germanà A, Muglia U. Localization of cholecystokinin in the zebrafish retina from larval to adult stage. Ann Anat 2018; 218:175-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wu W, Sheng K, Xu X, Zhang H, Zhou G. Potential roles for glucagon-like peptide-1 7-36 amide and cholecystokinin in anorectic response to the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 153:181-187. [PMID: 29433086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia is a hallmark of animal and human exposed to T-2 toxin, a most poisonous trichothecene mycotoxins contaminating various cereal grains including wheat, corn and barley. Although this adverse effect has been well characterized in several animal species, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The goal for this study was to elucidate the roles of two gut satiety hormones, glucagon-like peptide-17-36 amide (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK) in T-2 toxin-evoked anorectic response using a mouse anorexia bioassay. Elevations of plasma GLP-1 and CCK significantly corresponded to anorexia induction by T-2 toxin. Direct administration of exogenous GLP-1 and CCK markedly evoked anorectic responses similar to T-2 toxin. The GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonist Exendin9-39 dose-dependently cause attenuation of both GLP-1- and T-2 toxin-induced anorectic responses. Pretreatment with the CCK1 receptor (CCK1R) antagonist SR 27897 and CCK2 receptor (CCK2R) antagonist L-365,260 attenuated anorexia induction by both CCK- and T-2 toxin in a dose dependent manner. Taken together, our findings suggest that both GLP-1 and CCK play contributory roles in T-2 toxin-induced anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Kun Sheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Silverman HA, Stiegler A, Tsaava T, Newman J, Steinberg BE, Masi EB, Robbiati S, Bouton C, Huerta PT, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ. Standardization of methods to record Vagus nerve activity in mice. Bioelectron Med 2018; 4:3. [PMID: 32232079 PMCID: PMC7098227 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-018-0002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The vagus nerve plays an important role in the regulation of organ function, including reflex pathways that regulate immunity and inflammation. Recent studies using genetically modified mice have improved our understanding of molecular mechanisms in the neural control of immunity. However, mapping neural signals transmitted in the vagus nerve in mice has been limited by technical challenges. Here, we have standardized an experimental protocol to record compound action potentials transmitted in the vagus nerve. Methods The vagus nerve was isolated in Balb/c and B6.129S mice, and placed either on a hook or cuff electrode. The electrical signals from the vagus nerve were digitized using either a Neuralynx or Plexon data acquisition system. Changes in the vagus nerve activity in response to anesthesia, feeding and administration of bacterial endotoxin were analyzed. Results We have developed an electrophysiological recording system to record compound action potentials from the cervical vagus nerve in mice. Cuff electrodes significantly reduce background noise and increase the signal to noise ratio as compared to hook electrodes. Baseline vagus nerve activity varies in response to anesthesia depth and food intake. Analysis of vagus neurograms in different mouse strains (Balb/c and C57BL/6) reveal no significant differences in baseline activity. Importantly, vagus neurogramactivity in wild type and TLR4 receptor knock out mice exhibits receptor dependency of endotoxin mediated signals. Conclusions These methods for recording vagus neurogram in mice provide a useful tool to further delineate the role of vagus neural pathways in a standardized murine disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Silverman
- 1Center for Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.,Hofstra Northwell Health School of Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Andrew Stiegler
- Circulatory Technologies, Inc., 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Téa Tsaava
- 1Center for Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Justin Newman
- 1Center for Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Benjamin E Steinberg
- 4Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Emily Battinelli Masi
- 1Center for Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.,Hofstra Northwell Health School of Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Sergio Robbiati
- 5Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Chad Bouton
- 6Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Patricio T Huerta
- 5Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- 1Center for Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.,Hofstra Northwell Health School of Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.,6Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- 1Center for Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.,Hofstra Northwell Health School of Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.,6Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
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Weng J, Lou D, Benoit SC, Coschigano N, Woods SC, Tso P, Lo CC. Energy homeostasis in apolipoprotein AIV and cholecystokinin-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R535-R548. [PMID: 28768657 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00034.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein AIV (ApoAIV) and cholecystokinin (CCK) are well-known satiating signals that are stimulated by fat consumption. Peripheral ApoAIV and CCK interact to prolong satiating signals. In the present study, we hypothesized that ApoAIV and CCK control energy homeostasis in response to high-fat diet feeding. To test this hypothesis, energy homeostasis in ApoAIV and CCK double knockout (ApoAIV/CCK-KO), ApoAIV knockout (ApoAIV-KO), and CCK knockout (CCK-KO) mice were monitored. When animals were maintained on a low-fat diet, ApoAIV/CCK-KO, ApoAIV-KO, and CCK-KO mice had comparable energy intake and expenditure, body weight, fat mass, fat absorption, and plasma parameters relative to the controls. In contrast, these KO mice exhibited impaired lipid transport to epididymal fat pads in response to intraduodenal infusion of dietary lipids. Furthermore, ApoAIV-KO mice had upregulated levels of CCK receptor 2 (CCK2R) in the small intestine while ApoAIV/CCK-KO mice had upregulated levels of CCK2R in the brown adipose tissue. After 20 wk of a high-fat diet, ApoAIV-KO and CCK-KO mice had comparable body weight and fat mass, as well as lower energy expenditure at some time points. However, ApoAIV/CCK-KO mice exhibited reduced body weight and adiposity relative to wild-type mice, despite having normal food intake. Furthermore, ApoAIV/CCK-KO mice displayed normal fat absorption and locomotor activity, as well as enhanced energy expenditure. These observations suggest that mice lacking ApoAIV and CCK have reduced body weight and adiposity, possibly due to impaired lipid transport and elevated energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Weng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NewYork
| | - Danwen Lou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Stephen C Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Natalie Coschigano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Chunmin C Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio;
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Takahashi-Iwanaga H, Kimura S, Konno K, Watanabe M, Iwanaga T. Intrarenal signaling mediated by CCK plays a role in salt intake-induced natriuresis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F20-F29. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00539.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The natriuretic hormone CCK exhibits its gene transcripts in total kidney extracts. To test the possibility of CCK acting as an intrarenal mediator of sodium excretion, we examined mouse kidneys by 1) an in situ hybridization technique for CCK mRNA in animals fed a normal- or a high-sodium diet; 2) immuno-electron microscopy for the CCK peptide, 3) an in situ hybridization method and immunohistochemistry for the CCK-specific receptor CCKAR; 4) confocal image analysis of receptor-mediated Ca2+ responses in isolated renal tubules; and 5) metabolic cage experiments for the measurement of urinary sodium excretion in high-salt-fed mice either treated or untreated with the CCKAR antagonist lorglumide. Results showed the CCK gene to be expressed intensely in the inner medulla and moderately in the inner stripe of the outer medulla, with the expression in the latter being enhanced by high sodium intake. Immunoreactivity for the CCK peptide was localized to the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the medullary interstitial cells in corresponding renal regions, confirming it to be a secretory protein. Gene transcripts, protein products, and the functional activity for CCKAR were consistently localized to the late proximal tubule segments (S2 and S3) in the medullary rays, and the outer stripe of the outer medulla. Lorglumide significantly diminished natriuretic responses of mice to a dietary sodium load without altering the glomerular filtration rate. These findings suggest that the medullary interstitial cells respond to body fluid expansion by CCK release for feedback regulation of the late proximal tubular reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohtarou Konno
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Lippolis KD, Cooke RF, Schubach KM, Marques RS, Bohnert DW. Effects of intravenous lipopolysaccharide administration on feed intake, ruminal forage degradability, and liquid parameters and physiological responses in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2859-2870. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kim YK, Park JY, Kim SN, Yeom M, Lee S, Oh JY, Lee H, Chae Y, Hahm DH, Park HJ. What intrinsic factors influence responsiveness to acupuncture in pain?: a review of pre-clinical studies that used responder analysis. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:281. [PMID: 28545527 PMCID: PMC5445410 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Not many studies have investigated individual sensitivity to acupuncture. To explore the intrinsic factors related to individual responses to acupuncture, we reviewed published pre-clinical studies using responder analysis on pain. METHODS We searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases to June 2015. We included pre-clinical reports describing responders and non-responders to anti-nociceptive and analgesic effects of acupuncture in animal study. We identified the potential intrinsic factors which might be related with the response to acupuncture. RESULTS Totally, 216 potentially relevant articles were retrieved and 14 studies met our inclusion criteria. Rat (n = 1348) and rabbit (n = 56) were used, and only electroacupuncture (EA) was applied as an intervention. Results showed that high levels of cholecystokinin-8 and receptors were associated with poor responsiveness to EA. Endogenous opioids including β-endorphin and met-enkephalin, descending inhibitory norepinephrine and serotonin system, and hypothalamic 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase seemed to be associated with high-level responses. Spinal levels of neurotransmitters and pro-inflammatory cytokines were also differentially expressed depending on the EA sensitiveness. In the central nervous system, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey, pituitary gland, and spinal cord were suggested to be involved in the EA responsiveness. Identified individual variations did not seem to be accidental, as the responsiveness to EA was replicated over time. However, methodological issues such as reproducibility, cut-off criteria, and clinical relevance need to be further elaborated. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the identification of the biological factors differentiating responders from non-responders is necessary and it may aid in understanding how acupuncture modulates pain.
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Wu W, Ouyang B, Lu Z, Liu H, Tan Y, Cui P. CCK1 receptor is involved in the regulation of protein lysine acetylation in GBC-SD cells and gallbladder carcinoma. Ir J Med Sci 2017; 186:883-888. [PMID: 28470351 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-017-1603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CCK1 (cholecystokinin receptor 1) and protein lysine acetylation were associated with several cancers, respectively. However, whether they are involved in the alternation of gallbladder carcinoma is unknown. AIMS This study investigated the characteristics of CCK1 and protein lysine acetylation in GBC-SD cells and carcinoma of gallbladder. METHODS The expression and localization of CCK1 were detected by western blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence. GBC-SD cells were treated with CCK-8 and CCK-8+CCK1 inhibitor. The protein lysine acetylation from cells, as well as tissues of gallbladder carcinoma, was examined by western blotting. RESULTS CCK1 receptor was expressed and localized in the GBC-SD cells. The synthetic octapeptide of CCK (CCK-8) could accelerate the lysine acetylation of a subset of proteins in dose-dependent manners in GBC-SD cells. Further investigation demonstrated that the specific inhibitor (CR1409) of CCK1 receptor could attenuate the CCK8-induced increase of protein lysine acetylation. In addition, we revealed that the rise of CCK1 receptor expression is associated with the increase of protein lysine acetylation in tissues from carcinoma of gallbladder. CONCLUSIONS CCK might regulate protein lysine acetylation via CCK1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, China.
| | - B Ouyang
- Jiangning Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
| | - Z Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, China
| | - H Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, China
| | - Y Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, China
| | - P Cui
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, China.
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Calvigioni D, Máté Z, Fuzik J, Girach F, Zhang MD, Varro A, Beiersdorf J, Schwindling C, Yanagawa Y, Dockray GJ, McBain CJ, Hökfelt T, Szabó G, Keimpema E, Harkany T. Functional Differentiation of Cholecystokinin-Containing Interneurons Destined for the Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2453-2468. [PMID: 27102657 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although extensively studied postnatally, the functional differentiation of cholecystokinin (CCK)-containing interneurons en route towards the cerebral cortex during fetal development is incompletely understood. Here, we used CCKBAC/DsRed mice encoding a CCK promoter-driven red fluorescent protein to analyze the temporal dynamics of DsRed expression, neuronal identity, and positioning through high-resolution developmental neuroanatomy. Additionally, we developed a dual reporter mouse line (CCKBAC/DsRed::GAD67gfp/+) to differentiate CCK-containing interneurons from DsRed+ principal cells during prenatal development. We show that DsRed is upregulated in interneurons once they exit their proliferative niche in the ganglionic eminence and remains stably expressed throughout their long-distance migration towards the cerebrum, particularly in the hippocampus. DsRed+ interneurons, including a cohort coexpressing calretinin, accumulated at the palliosubpallial boundary by embryonic day 12.5. Pioneer DsRed+ interneurons already reached deep hippocampal layers by embryonic day 14.5 and were morphologically differentiated by birth. Furthermore, we probed migrating interneurons entering and traversing the cortical plate, as well as stationary cells in the hippocampus by patch-clamp electrophysiology to show the first signs of Na+ and K+ channel activity by embryonic day 12.5 and reliable adult-like excitability by embryonic day 18.5. Cumulatively, this study defines key positional, molecular, and biophysical properties of CCK+ interneurons in the prenatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Calvigioni
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoltán Máté
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Fuzik
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fatima Girach
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ming-Dong Zhang
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Varro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 3BX Liverpool, UK
| | - Johannes Beiersdorf
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Schwindling
- Microscopy Labs Munich, Global Sales Support-Life Sciences, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Kistlerhofstrasse 75, D-81379 Munich, Germany
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Graham J Dockray
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chris J McBain
- Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Grob NM, Behe M, von Guggenberg E, Schibli R, Mindt TL. Methoxinine - an alternative stable amino acid substitute for oxidation-sensitive methionine in radiolabelled peptide conjugates. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:38-44. [PMID: 28054429 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Radiolabelled peptides with high specificity and affinity towards receptors that are overexpressed by tumour cells are used in nuclear medicine for the diagnosis (imaging) and therapy of cancer. In some cases, the sequences of peptides under investigations contain methionine (Met), an amino acid prone to oxidation during radiolabelling procedures. The formation of oxidative side products can affect the purity of the final radiopharmaceutical product and/or impair its specificity and affinity towards the corresponding receptor. The replacement of Met with oxidation resistant amino acid analogues, for example, norleucine (Nle), can provide a solution. While this approach has been applied successfully to different radiolabelled peptides, a Met → Nle switch only preserves the length of the amino acid side chain important for hydrophobic interactions but not its hydrogen-bonding properties. We report here the use of methoxinine (Mox), a non-canonical amino acid that resembles more closely the electronic properties of Met in comparison to Nle. Specifically, we replaced Met15 by Mox15 and Nle15 in the binding sequence of a radiometal-labelled human gastrin derivative [d-Glu10 ]HG(10-17), named MG11 (d-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 ). A comparison of the physicochemical properties of 177 Lu-DOTA[X15 ]MG11 (X = Met, Nle, Mox) in vitro (cell internalization/externalization properties, receptor affinity (IC50 ), blood plasma stability and logD) showed that Mox indeed represents a suitable, oxidation-stable amino acid substitute of Met in radiolabelled peptide conjugates. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Grob
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Behe
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas L Mindt
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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Zhang D, Li H, Geng J, Li Y, Li S, Ma C, Cong B, Zhang X. The therapeutic effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide on rat liver and kidney microcirculation disorder in endotoxic shock. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 39:2-10. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1255225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- College of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Jing Geng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Yingmin Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Shujin Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Bin Cong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
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Serra J, Caballero N. Dexloxiglumide for the treatment of constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1969-74. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1229306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Influences of CCK-8 on expressions of apoptosis-related genes in prefrontal cortex neurons of morphine-relapse rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 631:115-121. [PMID: 27544013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the influences of CCK-8 on expressions of apoptosis-related genes, Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3, of prefrontal cortex neurons in morphine-relapse rats, an effective, successful morphine-relapse-rat model using the conditioned place preference (CPP) under CCK-8 (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0μg, i.c.v) intervention was established. The prefrontal cortexes were made into slices with the cellular plasmas immunohistochemically stained. The expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 of neurons were evaluated through their scores, and each corresponding ratio of Bax and Bcl-2 (Bax/Bcl-2) was also computed. The results showed that the expression of Bcl-2 was very weak and those of Bax and Caspase-3 were hardly seen in group normal saline; the expressions of Bax and Caspase-3 were strong and that of Bcl-2 was weak in group morphine and compared to group normal saline, there were significant differences (P<0.05); the expressions of Bax, Caspase-3 and the ratios of Bax/Bcl-2 have a gradually-decreased trend in the sequence of group 0.01μg, group 0.1μg and group 1.0μg, but the expression of Bcl-2 has an opposite trend in the same sequence, and compared to group morphine, there were significant differences (P<0.05) excluding group 0.01μg. So we draw a conclusion that CCK-8 (0.1 and 1.0μg, i.c.v) could protect neurons of prefrontal cortex through up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2, down-regulating those of Bax and Caspase-3 and reducing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the model of morphine-relapse rats.
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Lambrechts DAJE, Brandt-Wouters E, Verschuure P, Vles HSH, Majoie MJM. A prospective study on changes in blood levels of cholecystokinin-8 and leptin in patients with refractory epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet. Epilepsy Res 2016; 127:87-92. [PMID: 27568597 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the changes in serum CCK-8 and leptin levels in patients with refractory epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet (KD). METHODS In this prospective study, patients aged between one and 40 years with refractory epilepsy were included. CCK-8 and leptin were measured in serum at baseline and after three and 12 months of treatment with the KD using an enzyme-linked Immunoabsorbant Assay. Seizure frequency and responsiveness were calculated. RESULTS Fifty-four patients were included; 26 patients (48%) were still on the KD at 12 months. After three and 12 months, respectively, 39% and 26% were responders. CCK-8 values were statistically significantly increased at three months (p=0.005) and 12 months (p=0.012). In responders, at three months follow-up, this increase of CCK-8 was significant (p=0.020), whereas in the non-responders it was not (p=0.34). Leptin values were decreased at three and 12 months, the decrease at three months being statistically significant in post-pubertal men (p=0.028) and post-pubertal women (p=0.007). SIGNIFICANCE In responders to the KD, serum CCK-8 increased statistically significantly during treatment at three months. Serum leptin decreased statistically significantly at three months in men and in post-pubertal women. It is plausible that the increase of CCK-8 and the decrease of leptin contribute to the anti-convulsive effect of the KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A J E Lambrechts
- Department of Neurology, Academic Center for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe & Maastricht UMC+, Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Evelyn Brandt-Wouters
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pauline Verschuure
- Laboratory Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Academic Center for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe & Maastricht UMC+, Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Hans S H Vles
- Research School of Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Center for Neurological Learning and Development Disabilities, Academic Center for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe & Maastricht UMC+, Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Marian J M Majoie
- Department of Neurology, Academic Center for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe & Maastricht UMC+, Heeze, The Netherlands; Research School of Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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