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Ivezaj V, Benoit SC, Davis J, Engel S, Lloret-Linares C, Mitchell JE, Pepino MY, Rogers AM, Steffen K, Sogg S. Changes in Alcohol Use after Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: Predictors and Mechanisms. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:85. [PMID: 31410716 PMCID: PMC7057935 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review synthesized the literature on predictors and mechanisms of post-bariatric alcohol problems, in order to guide future research on prevention and treatment targets. RECENT FINDINGS Consistent evidence suggests an elevated risk of developing problems with alcohol following bariatric surgery. While there is a paucity of empirical data on predictors of problematic alcohol use after bariatric surgery, being male, a younger age, smoking, regular alcohol consumption, pre-surgical alcohol use disorder, and a lower sense of belonging have predicted alcohol misuse post-operatively. This review synthesizes potential mechanisms including specific bariatric surgical procedures, peptides and reinforcement/reward pathways, pharmacokinetics, and genetic influences. Finally, potential misperceptions regarding mechanisms are explored. Certain bariatric procedures elevate the risk of alcohol misuse post-operatively. Future research should serve to elucidate the complexities of reward signaling, genetically mediated mechanisms, and pharmacokinetics in relation to alcohol use across gender and developmental period by surgery type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ivezaj
- Yale School of Medicine, 301 Cedar Street, 2nd Floor, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
| | | | - Jon Davis
- Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | | | - Celia Lloret-Linares
- Maladies Nutritionnelles et métaboliques, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé Pays de Savoie, 74105, Annemasse, France
| | - James E Mitchell
- University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, 58202, USA
| | - M Yanina Pepino
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ann M Rogers
- Penn State Health Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Sogg
- Massachusetts General Hospital Weight Center, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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2
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Weng J, Lou D, Benoit SC, Coschigano N, Woods SC, Tso P, Lo CC. Energy homeostasis in apolipoprotein AIV and cholecystokinin-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R535-R548. [PMID: 28768657 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00034.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein AIV (ApoAIV) and cholecystokinin (CCK) are well-known satiating signals that are stimulated by fat consumption. Peripheral ApoAIV and CCK interact to prolong satiating signals. In the present study, we hypothesized that ApoAIV and CCK control energy homeostasis in response to high-fat diet feeding. To test this hypothesis, energy homeostasis in ApoAIV and CCK double knockout (ApoAIV/CCK-KO), ApoAIV knockout (ApoAIV-KO), and CCK knockout (CCK-KO) mice were monitored. When animals were maintained on a low-fat diet, ApoAIV/CCK-KO, ApoAIV-KO, and CCK-KO mice had comparable energy intake and expenditure, body weight, fat mass, fat absorption, and plasma parameters relative to the controls. In contrast, these KO mice exhibited impaired lipid transport to epididymal fat pads in response to intraduodenal infusion of dietary lipids. Furthermore, ApoAIV-KO mice had upregulated levels of CCK receptor 2 (CCK2R) in the small intestine while ApoAIV/CCK-KO mice had upregulated levels of CCK2R in the brown adipose tissue. After 20 wk of a high-fat diet, ApoAIV-KO and CCK-KO mice had comparable body weight and fat mass, as well as lower energy expenditure at some time points. However, ApoAIV/CCK-KO mice exhibited reduced body weight and adiposity relative to wild-type mice, despite having normal food intake. Furthermore, ApoAIV/CCK-KO mice displayed normal fat absorption and locomotor activity, as well as enhanced energy expenditure. These observations suggest that mice lacking ApoAIV and CCK have reduced body weight and adiposity, possibly due to impaired lipid transport and elevated energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Weng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NewYork
| | - Danwen Lou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Stephen C Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Natalie Coschigano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Chunmin C Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio;
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Ivezaj V, Stoeckel LE, Avena NM, Benoit SC, Conason A, Davis JF, Gearhardt AN, Goldman R, Mitchell JE, Ochner CN, Saules KK, Steffen KJ, Stice E, Sogg S. Obesity and addiction: can a complication of surgery help us understand the connection? Obes Rev 2017; 18:765-775. [PMID: 28429582 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial, chronic disease that has proven difficult to treat. An increased understanding of aetiological mechanisms is critical to the development of more effective obesity prevention and treatment strategies. A growing body of empirical evidence has demonstrated parallels between obesity, overeating and substance abuse, including shared behavioural, psychological and neurophysiological factors implicated in the excessive intake of both food and substances of abuse. Several different lines of research have recently emerged that hold the potential to shed light on the connection between obesity, food reward and addiction, with studies examining changes in alcohol use/misuse after weight loss surgery providing a particularly interesting perspective on these interrelationships. However, these lines of investigation have proceeded in relative isolation, and relevant research findings have yet to be integrated in a synthesized, comprehensive manner. To provide an opportunity to achieve such a synthesis, a scientific symposium was convened at the Radcliffe Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Invited participants were researchers working in diverse domains related to the intersection between obesity and addiction. Extensive discussion was generated suggesting novel research directions. In this article, we summarize and synthesize the symposium participants' ongoing research in this area, incorporating additional relevant research holding potential clues regarding the connections between obesity, weight loss surgery and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ivezaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - L E Stoeckel
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N M Avena
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - S C Benoit
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Conason
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Mt. Sinai West, New York, NY, USA
| | - J F Davis
- Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - A N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R Goldman
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J E Mitchell
- University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.,Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - C N Ochner
- Kendall Regional Medical Center, Hospital, Corporation of America - Physician Services Group, Miami, FL, USA
| | - K K Saules
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - K J Steffen
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA.,School of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - E Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - S Sogg
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Weight Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Smith BL, Lyons CE, Correa FG, Benoit SC, Myers B, Solomon MB, Herman JP. Behavioral and physiological consequences of enrichment loss in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 77:37-46. [PMID: 28012292 PMCID: PMC5619656 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Significant loss produces the highest degree of stress and compromised well-being in humans. Current rodent models of stress involve the application of physically or psychologically aversive stimuli, but do not address the concept of loss. We developed a rodent model for significant loss, involving removal of long-term access to a rewarding enriched environment. Our results indicate that removal from environmental enrichment produces a profound behavioral and physiological phenotype with depression-like qualities, including helplessness behavior, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis dysregulation and overeating. Importantly, this enrichment removal phenotype was prevented by antidepressant treatment. Furthermore, the effects of enrichment removal do not occur following relief from chronic stress and are not duplicated by loss of exercise or social contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L. Smith
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience
| | - Carey E Lyons
- University of Cincinnati, Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program
| | | | - Stephen C. Benoit
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience
| | - Brent Myers
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience
| | - Matia B. Solomon
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience
| | - James P. Herman
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience
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Sirohi S, Schurdak JD, Seeley RJ, Benoit SC, Davis JF. Central & peripheral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signaling differentially regulate addictive behaviors. Physiol Behav 2016; 161:140-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tracy AL, Schurdak JD, Chambers JB, Benoit SC. Aversion learning can reduce meal size without taste avoidance in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:606-14. [PMID: 26833633 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nausea and aversive food responses are commonly reported following bariatric surgery, along with post-surgical reduction in meal size. This study investigates whether a meal size limit can be conditioned by associating large meals with aversive outcomes. METHODS In rats, the intake of meals exceeding a pre-defined size threshold was paired with lithium chloride-induced gastric illness, and the effects on self-determined food intakes and body weight were measured. RESULTS Rats given LiCl contingent on the intake of a large meal learned to reliably reduce intake below this meal size threshold, while post-meal saline or LiCl before meals did not change meal size. It was further demonstrated that this is not a conditioned taste aversion and that this effect transferred to foods not explicitly trained. Finally, when rats received LiCl following all large meals, the number of small meals increased, but total food intake and body weight decreased. CONCLUSIONS While further work is needed, this is the first demonstration that meal size may be conditioned, using an aversion procedure, to remain under a target threshold and that this effect is distinct from taste avoidance. Corresponding reduction in food intake and body weight suggests that this phenomenon may have implications for developing weight loss strategies and understanding the efficacy of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Tracy
- Department of Psychology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa, USA
| | - Jennifer D Schurdak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James B Chambers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen C Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Inge TH, Prigeon RL, Elder DA, Jenkins TM, Cohen RM, Xanthakos SA, Benoit SC, Dolan LM, Daniels SR, D'Alessio DA. Insulin Sensitivity and β-Cell Function Improve after Gastric Bypass in Severely Obese Adolescents. J Pediatr 2015; 167:1042-8.e1. [PMID: 26363548 PMCID: PMC4843108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity would be improved in adolescents after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). STUDY DESIGN A longitudinal study of 22 adolescents and young adults without diabetes undergoing laparoscopic RYGB (mean age 17.1 ± 1.42 years; range 14.5-20.1; male/female 8/14; Non-Hispanic White/African American 17/5) was conducted. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were done to obtain insulin sensitivity (insulin sensitivity index), insulin secretion (acute insulin response to glucose ), and the disposition index as primary outcome variables. These variables were compared over the 1 year of observation using linear mixed modeling. RESULTS In the 1-year following surgery, body mass index fell by 38% from a mean of 61 ± 12.3 to 39 ± 8.0 kg/m(2) (P < .01). Over the year following surgery, fasting glucose and insulin values declined by 54% and 63%, respectively. Insulin sensitivity index increased 300% (P < .01), acute insulin response to glucose decreased 56% (P < .01), leading to a nearly 2-fold increase in the disposition index (P < .01). Consistent with improved β-cell function, the proinsulin to C-peptide ratio decreased by 21% (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS RYGB reduced body mass index and improved both insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in severely obese teens and young adults. These findings demonstrate that RYGB is associated with marked metabolic improvements in obese young people even as significant obesity persists. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00360373.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Inge
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
| | - Ronald L Prigeon
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Baltimore VA Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Deborah A Elder
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Todd M Jenkins
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Robert M Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Stephen C Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | | | - David A D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Durham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Benoit SC, Hunter TD, Francis DM, De La Cruz-Munoz N. Use of bariatric outcomes longitudinal database (BOLD) to study variability in patient success after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2015; 24:936-43. [PMID: 24570089 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-014-1197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to determine the contributions of various predictors to the large variations in absolute weight loss and percent body mass index (BMI) loss after bariatric surgery. METHODS The data source was the Bariatric Outcomes Longitudinal Database(SM) by the Surgical Review Corporation. Eligibility criteria included a first bariatric surgery for adjustable gastric band (AGB), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYBG), or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) between January 2007 and February 2010; age 21 years or older; presurgery BMI > 30 kg/m2; and at least one preoperative visit within 6 months and at least one postoperative visit 30 days or more after surgery. Potential predictor variables included procedural details, patient demographics, comorbidities, and prior surgical history. Linear regression models of absolute weight loss and %BMI loss were fitted at 12, 18, and 24 months. The 12-month absolute weight loss endpoint was then chosen for a more in-depth analysis of variability through variable transformations and separate models by procedure. RESULTS A total of 31,443 AGB, 40,352 RYGB, and 2,194 SG patients met all inclusion criteria. Regression models explained 37 to 55% of the variability in %BMI loss and 52 to 65% of variability in absolute weight loss. The key predictors for absolute weight loss at 12 months were procedure (44.8%) and baseline weight (18.5%), with 34.2% of the variability unexplained. Other significant predictors, each of which accounted for <1% of variability, included age, race, and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Research on additional sources of variability is still needed to help explain the remaining differences in outcomes after bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Benoit
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Reading Campus, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH, USA,
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9
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Müller TD, Nogueiras R, Andermann ML, Andrews ZB, Anker SD, Argente J, Batterham RL, Benoit SC, Bowers CY, Broglio F, Casanueva FF, D'Alessio D, Depoortere I, Geliebter A, Ghigo E, Cole PA, Cowley M, Cummings DE, Dagher A, Diano S, Dickson SL, Diéguez C, Granata R, Grill HJ, Grove K, Habegger KM, Heppner K, Heiman ML, Holsen L, Holst B, Inui A, Jansson JO, Kirchner H, Korbonits M, Laferrère B, LeRoux CW, Lopez M, Morin S, Nakazato M, Nass R, Perez-Tilve D, Pfluger PT, Schwartz TW, Seeley RJ, Sleeman M, Sun Y, Sussel L, Tong J, Thorner MO, van der Lely AJ, van der Ploeg LHT, Zigman JM, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Smith RG, Horvath T, Tschöp MH. Ghrelin. Mol Metab 2015; 4:437-60. [PMID: 26042199 PMCID: PMC4443295 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Increasing evidence supports more complicated and nuanced roles for the hormone, which go beyond the regulation of systemic energy metabolism. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss the diverse biological functions of ghrelin, the regulation of its secretion, and address questions that still remain 15 years after its discovery. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In recent years, ghrelin has been found to have a plethora of central and peripheral actions in distinct areas including learning and memory, gut motility and gastric acid secretion, sleep/wake rhythm, reward seeking behavior, taste sensation and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - R Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela (CIMUS)-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS)-CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M L Andermann
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S D Anker
- Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - J Argente
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CIBER Fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - R L Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S C Benoit
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - C Y Bowers
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, Peptide Research Section, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - F Broglio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F F Casanueva
- Department of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), CIBER de Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D D'Alessio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - I Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Geliebter
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Department of Medicine, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Ghigo
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P A Cole
- Monash Obesity & Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Monash Obesity & Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - D E Cummings
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Dagher
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Diano
- Dept of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Granata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - H J Grill
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Grove
- Department of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - K M Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - K Heppner
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - M L Heiman
- NuMe Health, 1441 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - L Holsen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Holst
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - A Inui
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - J O Jansson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Kirchner
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - B Laferrère
- New York Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - C W LeRoux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Lopez
- Department of Physiology, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela (CIMUS)-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS)-CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Morin
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - M Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - R Nass
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - D Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - P T Pfluger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - T W Schwartz
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Sleeman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Y Sun
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Sussel
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Tong
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M O Thorner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A J van der Lely
- Department of Medicine, Erasmus University MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - J M Zigman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - M Kojima
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - K Kangawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - R G Smith
- The Scripps Research Institute, Florida Department of Metabolism & Aging, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - T Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany ; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Jury NJ, McCormick BA, Horseman ND, Benoit SC, Gregerson KA. Enhanced responsiveness to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during lactation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117339. [PMID: 25689282 PMCID: PMC4331562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiology of mood regulation in the postpartum is poorly understood despite the fact that postpartum depression (PPD) is a common pathology. Serotonergic mechanisms and their dysfunction are widely presumed to be involved, which has led us to investigate whether lactation induces changes in central or peripheral serotonin (5-HT) systems and related affective behaviors. Brain sections from lactating (day 10 postpartum) and age-matched nulliparous (non-pregnant) C57BL/6J mice were processed for 5-HT immunohistochemistry. The total number of 5-HT immunostained cells and optical density were measured. Lactating mice exhibited lower immunoreactive 5-HT and intensity in the dorsal raphe nucleus when compared with nulliparous controls. Serum 5-HT was quantified from lactating and nulliparous mice using radioimmunoassay. Serum 5-HT concentrations were higher in lactating mice than in nulliparous controls. Affective behavior was assessed in lactating and non-lactating females ten days postpartum, as well as in nulliparous controls using the forced swim test (FST) and marble burying task (MBT). Animals were treated for the preceding five days with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI, citalopram, 5mg/kg/day) or vehicle. Lactating mice exhibited a lower baseline immobility time during the FST and buried fewer marbles during the MBT as compared to nulliparous controls. Citalopram treatment changed these behaviors in lactating mice with further reductions in immobility during the FST and decreased marble burying. In contrast, the same regimen of citalopram treatment had no effect on these behaviors in either non-lactating postpartum or nulliparous females. Our findings demonstrate changes in both central and peripheral 5-HT systems associated with lactation, independent of pregnancy. They also demonstrate a significant interaction of lactation and responsiveness to SSRI treatment, which has important implications in the treatment of PPD. Although recent evidence has cast doubt on the effectiveness of SSRIs, these results support their therapeutic use in the treatment of PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Jury
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Betsy A. McCormick
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, United States of America
| | - Nelson D. Horseman
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Karen A. Gregerson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, United States of America
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, United States of America
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11
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Grayson BE, Hakala-Finch AP, Kekulawala M, Laub H, Egan AE, Ressler IB, Woods SC, Herman JP, Seeley RJ, Benoit SC, Ulrich-Lai YM. Weight loss by calorie restriction versus bariatric surgery differentially regulates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in male rats. Stress 2014; 17:484-93. [PMID: 25238021 PMCID: PMC4415587 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2014.967677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral modifications for the treatment of obesity, including caloric restriction, have notoriously low long-term success rates relative to bariatric weight-loss surgery. The reasons for the difference in sustained weight loss are not clear. One possibility is that caloric restriction alone activates the stress-responsive hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, undermining the long-term maintenance of weight loss, and that this is abrogated after bariatric surgery. Accordingly, we compared the HPA response to weight loss in five groups of male rats: (1) high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) rats treated with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB, n = 7), (2) DIO rats treated with vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG, n = 11), (3) DIO rats given sham surgery and subsequently restricted to the food intake of the VSG/RYGB groups (Pair-fed, n = 11), (4) ad libitum-fed DIO rats given sham surgery (Obese, n = 11) and (5) ad libitum chow-fed rats given sham surgery (Lean, n = 12). Compared with Lean controls, food-restricted rats exhibited elevated morning (nadir) non-stress plasma corticosterone concentration and increased hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin mRNA expression, indicative of basal HPA activation. This was largely prevented when weight loss was achieved by bariatric surgery. DIO increased HPA activation by acute (novel environment) stress and this was diminished by bariatric surgery-, but not pair-feeding-, induced weight loss. These results indicate that the HPA axis is differentially affected by weight loss from caloric restriction versus bariatric surgery, and this may contribute to the differing long-term effectiveness of these two weight-loss approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette E. Grayson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
- Corresponding author, request for reprints: Bernadette E. Grayson, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, 2170 E. Galbraith Rd., Cincinnati, OH 45237, , ph: 513-748-4850, fax: 513-297-0966
| | - Andrew P. Hakala-Finch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Melani Kekulawala
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Holly Laub
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Ann E. Egan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Ilana B. Ressler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - James P. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Stephen C. Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Yvonne M. Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
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12
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Tong J, Davis HW, Summer S, Benoit SC, Haque A, Bidlingmaier M, Tschöp MH, D'Alessio D. Acute administration of unacylated ghrelin has no effect on Basal or stimulated insulin secretion in healthy humans. Diabetes 2014; 63:2309-19. [PMID: 24550190 PMCID: PMC4066344 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Unacylated ghrelin (UAG) is the predominant ghrelin isoform in the circulation. Despite its inability to activate the classical ghrelin receptor, preclinical studies suggest that UAG may promote β-cell function. We hypothesized that UAG would oppose the effects of acylated ghrelin (AG) on insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. AG (1 µg/kg/h), UAG (4 µg/kg/h), combined AG+UAG, or saline were infused to 17 healthy subjects (9 men and 8 women) on four occasions in randomized order. Ghrelin was infused for 30 min to achieve steady-state levels and continued through a 3-h intravenous glucose tolerance test. The acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), insulin sensitivity index (SI), disposition index (DI), and intravenous glucose tolerance (kg) were compared for each subject during the four infusions. AG infusion raised fasting glucose levels but had no effect on fasting plasma insulin. Compared with the saline control, AG and AG+UAG both decreased AIRg, but UAG alone had no effect. SI did not differ among the treatments. AG, but not UAG, reduced DI and kg and increased plasma growth hormone. UAG did not alter growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon, or free fatty acid levels. UAG selectively decreased glucose and fructose consumption compared with the other treatments. In contrast to previous reports, acute administration of UAG does not have independent effects on glucose tolerance or β-cell function and neither augments nor antagonizes the effects of AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Tong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Harold W Davis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Suzanne Summer
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Stephen C Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Ahrar Haque
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OHInstitute for Obesity and Diabetes, Helmholtz Center Munich and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - David D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OHCincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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13
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Cushing CC, Peugh JL, Brode CS, Inge TH, Benoit SC, Zeller MH. Longitudinal trends in food cravings following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in an adolescent sample. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2014; 11:14-8. [PMID: 25443061 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food cravings are more prevalent and potentially problematic for many individuals with obesity. Initial evidence suggests that bariatric surgery has some short-term beneficial effects on cravings in adults, but little is known about the effect on adolescents or the trajectory beyond 6 months. METHODS The purpose of the present study was to determine the longitudinal effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on food cravings in a sample of adolescents with severe obesity (body mass index (BMI)≥40 kg/m2). Sixteen adolescents were recruited and underwent RYGB. Participants completed the Food Craving Inventory before RYGB, and 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postoperatively. The present study took place in a single pediatric tertiary care hospital. RESULTS RYGB produced a negative (cravings decreased as time increased) nonlinear trend for total food cravings as well as for each individual subscale (sweets, high fat foods, carbohydrates, fast food) over the 24-month study period. This means that while cravings decrease postsurgically, there is a decline in the slope with the line reaching asymptote at approximately 18 months. BMI change was not a significant predictor of food cravings, but low statistical power may account for this lack of significance. CONCLUSION These findings provide preliminary evidence that RYGB decreases food cravings in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James L Peugh
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Cassie S Brode
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Thomas H Inge
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Stephen C Benoit
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Meg H Zeller
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati, Ohio
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14
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Abstract
Roux en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is currently the most effective therapy employed to treat obesity and its associated complications. In addition to weight loss and resolution of metabolic syndromes, such as diabetes, the RYGB procedure has been reported to increase alcohol consumption in humans. Using an outbred rodent model, we demonstrate that RYGB increases postsurgical ethanol consumption, that this effect cannot be explained solely by postsurgical weight loss and that it is independent of presurgical body weight or dietary composition. Altered ethanol metabolism and postsurgical shifts in release of ghrelin were also unable to account for changes in alcohol intake. Further investigation of the potential physiological factors underlying this behavioral effect identified altered patterns of gene expression in brain regions associated with reward following RYGB surgery. These findings have important clinical implications as they demonstrate that RYGB surgery leads directly to increased alcohol intake in otherwise alcohol nonpreferring rat and induces neurobiological changes in brain circuits that mediate a variety of appetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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15
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Habegger KM, Heppner KM, Amburgy SE, Ottaway N, Holland J, Raver C, Bartley E, Müller TD, Pfluger PT, Berger J, Toure M, Benoit SC, DiMarchi RD, Perez-Tilve D, D’Alessio DA, Seeley RJ, Tschöp MH. GLP-1R responsiveness predicts individual gastric bypass efficacy on glucose tolerance in rats. Diabetes 2014; 63:505-13. [PMID: 24186863 PMCID: PMC3900539 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several bariatric operations are currently used to treat obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. These vary in efficacy, but most are more effective than current pharmaceutical treatments. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) produces substantial body weight (BW) loss and enhanced glucose tolerance, and is associated with increased secretion of the gut hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Given the success of GLP-1-based agents in lowering blood glucose levels and BW, we hypothesized that an individual sensitivity to GLP-1 receptor agonism could predict metabolic benefits of surgeries associated with increased GLP-1 secretion. One hundred ninety-seven high-fat diet-induced obese male Long-Evans rats were monitored for BW loss during exendin-4 (Ex4) administration. Stable populations of responders and nonresponders were identified based on Ex4-induced BW loss and GLP-1-induced improvements in glucose tolerance. Subpopulations of Ex4 extreme responders and nonresponders underwent RYGB surgery. After RYGB, responders and nonresponders showed similar BW loss compared with sham, but nonresponders retained impaired glucose tolerance. These data indicate that the GLP-1 response tests may predict some but not all of the improvements observed after RYGB. These findings present an opportunity to optimize the use of bariatric surgery based on an improved understanding of GLP-1 biology and suggest an opportunity for a more personalized therapeutic approach to the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk M. Habegger
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kristy M. Heppner
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sarah E. Amburgy
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Nickki Ottaway
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jenna Holland
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Christine Raver
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Erin Bartley
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Timo D. Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jose Berger
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Mouhamadoul Toure
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Stephen C. Benoit
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - David A. D’Alessio
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author: Matthias H. Tschöp,
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16
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Picard A, Rouch C, Kassis N, Moullé VS, Croizier S, Denis RG, Castel J, Coant N, Davis K, Clegg DJ, Benoit SC, Prévot V, Bouret S, Luquet S, Le Stunff H, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Magnan C. Hippocampal lipoprotein lipase regulates energy balance in rodents. Mol Metab 2013; 3:167-76. [PMID: 24634821 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain lipid sensing is necessary to regulate energy balance. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) may play a role in this process. We tested if hippocampal LPL regulated energy homeostasis in rodents by specifically attenuating LPL activity in the hippocampus of rats and mice, either by infusing a pharmacological inhibitor (tyloxapol), or using a genetic approach (adeno-associated virus expressing Cre-GFP injected into Lpl (lox/lox) mice). Decreased LPL activity by either method led to increased body weight gain due to decreased locomotor activity and energy expenditure, concomitant with increased parasympathetic tone (unchanged food intake). Decreased LPL activity in both models was associated with increased de novo ceramide synthesis and neurogenesis in the hippocampus, while intrahippocampal infusion of de novo ceramide synthesis inhibitor myriocin completely prevented body weight gain. We conclude that hippocampal lipid sensing might represent a core mechanism for energy homeostasis regulation through de novo ceramide synthesis.
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Key Words
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- ANS, autonomic nervous system
- CERS, ceramide synthase
- CNS, central nervous system
- Ceramides
- Energy expenditure
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- LPL, lipoprotein lipase
- Lipid sensing
- Obesity
- Parasympathetic nervous system
- RQ, respiratory quotient
- SMPD1, acid sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1
- SPHK1, sphingosine kinase 1
- SPT, serine palmitoyltransferase
- TG, triglycerides
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Picard
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, BFA, EAC 4413 CNRS, Case courrier 7126, 4, rue Marie Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Claude Rouch
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, BFA, EAC 4413 CNRS, Case courrier 7126, 4, rue Marie Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-CNRS EAC 4413, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, BFA, EAC 4413 CNRS, Case courrier 7126, 4, rue Marie Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-CNRS EAC 4413, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Valentine S Moullé
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, BFA, EAC 4413 CNRS, Case courrier 7126, 4, rue Marie Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Sophie Croizier
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, INSERM U837, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Raphaël G Denis
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, INSERM U837, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Julien Castel
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, BFA, EAC 4413 CNRS, Case courrier 7126, 4, rue Marie Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-CNRS EAC 4413, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Coant
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, BFA, EAC 4413 CNRS, Case courrier 7126, 4, rue Marie Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Kathryn Davis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stephen C Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vincent Prévot
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, INSERM U837, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Bouret
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, INSERM U837, 59045 Lille Cedex, France ; The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, BFA, EAC 4413 CNRS, Case courrier 7126, 4, rue Marie Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-CNRS EAC 4413, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, BFA, EAC 4413 CNRS, Case courrier 7126, 4, rue Marie Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Céline Cruciani-Guglielmacci
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, BFA, EAC 4413 CNRS, Case courrier 7126, 4, rue Marie Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, BFA, EAC 4413 CNRS, Case courrier 7126, 4, rue Marie Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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17
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Cushing CC, Benoit SC, Peugh JL, Reiter-Purtill J, Inge TH, Zeller MH. Longitudinal trends in hedonic hunger after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in adolescents. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013; 10:125-30. [PMID: 24135561 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Initial outcome studies have reported that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is safe and efficacious for adolescents with extreme obesity. Although rapid weight loss is seen initially, data also show that modest weight regain typically occurs as early as the second postoperative year. The contribution of various psychological factors, including hedonic hunger, to postoperative weight regain has not previously been studied in adolescents. The objective of this study was to examine the variability in hedonic hunger and body mass index (BMI) over the initial 2-year period of weight loss and modest weight regain in adolescent RYGB recipients. METHODS A total of 16 adolescents completed the Power of Food Scale before surgery and at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postoperatively. Height and weight were measured at each time point, from which BMI was calculated. RESULTS Nonlinear trends were observed for time on both overall hedonic hunger and hedonic hunger specifically related to food available in the adolescent's environment. The BMI reduction during the first 18 months postoperatively was paralleled by reduction in hedonic hunger; increases in hedonic hunger also paralleled the modest BMI increase at 24 months. In growth analysis, significant power gains are available to models using 4 or more points of data. However, only large effect sizes that are>.85 were detectable with a sample of 16 patients. CONCLUSION These data provide preliminary evidence that hedonic hunger is in need of further study in adolescent patients receiving RYGB both preoperatively and postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen C Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James L Peugh
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jennifer Reiter-Purtill
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Thomas H Inge
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Meg H Zeller
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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18
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Isom AM, Gudelsky GA, Benoit SC, Richtand NM. Antipsychotic medications, glutamate, and cell death: A hidden, but common medication side effect? Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:252-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Davis JF, Perello M, Choi DL, Magrisso IJ, Kirchner H, Pfluger PT, Tschoep M, Zigman JM, Benoit SC. GOAT induced ghrelin acylation regulates hedonic feeding. Horm Behav 2012; 62:598-604. [PMID: 22982020 PMCID: PMC3489978 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone that regulates homeostatic and reward-related feeding behavior. Recent evidence indicates that acylation of ghrelin by the gut enzyme ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT) is necessary to render ghrelin maximally active within its target tissues. Here we tested the hypothesis that GOAT activity modulates food motivation and food hedonics using behavioral pharmacology and mutant mice deficient for GOAT and the ghrelin receptor (GHSR). We evaluated operant responding following pharmacological administration of acyl-ghrelin and assessed the necessity of endogenous GOAT activity for operant responding in GOAT and GHSR-null mice. Hedonic-based feeding behavior also was examined in GOAT-KO and GHSR-null mice using a "Dessert Effect" protocol in which the intake of a palatable high fat diet "dessert" was assessed in calorically-sated mice. Pharmacological administration of acyl-ghrelin augmented operant responding; notably, this effect was dependent on intact GHSR signaling. GOAT-KO mice displayed attenuated operant responding and decreased hedonic feeding relative to controls. These behavioral results correlated with decreased expression of the orexin-1 receptor in reward-related brain regions in GOAT-KO mice. In summary, the ability of ghrelin to stimulate food motivation is dependent on intact GHSR signaling and modified by endogenous GOAT activity. Furthermore, GOAT activity is required for hedonic feeding behavior, an effect potentially mediated by forebrain orexin signaling. These data highlight the significance of the GOAT-ghrelin system for the mediation of food motivation and hedonic feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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20
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Kurosawa Y, DeGrauw TJ, Lindquist DM, Blanco VM, Pyne-Geithman GJ, Daikoku T, Chambers JB, Benoit SC, Clark JF. Cyclocreatine treatment improves cognition in mice with creatine transporter deficiency. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2837-46. [PMID: 22751104 PMCID: PMC3408730 DOI: 10.1172/jci59373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The second-largest cause of X-linked mental retardation is a deficiency in creatine transporter (CRT; encoded by SLC6A8), which leads to speech and language disorders with severe cognitive impairment. This syndrome, caused by the absence of creatine in the brain, is currently untreatable because CRT is required for creatine entry into brain cells. Here, we developed a brain-specific Slc6a8 knockout mouse (Slc6a8-/y) as an animal model of human CRT deficiency in order to explore potential therapies for this syndrome. The phenotype of the Slc6a8-/y mouse was comparable to that of human patients. We successfully treated the Slc6a8-/y mice with the creatine analog cyclocreatine. Brain cyclocreatine and cyclocreatine phosphate were detected after 9 weeks of cyclocreatine treatment in Slc6a8-/y mice, in contrast to the same mice treated with creatine or placebo. Cyclocreatine-treated Slc6a8-/y mice also exhibited a profound improvement in cognitive abilities, as seen with novel object recognition as well as spatial learning and memory tests. Thus, cyclocreatine appears promising as a potential therapy for CRT deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ton J. DeGrauw
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Diana M. Lindquist
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Victor M. Blanco
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gail J. Pyne-Geithman
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James B. Chambers
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen C. Benoit
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph F. Clark
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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21
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McNamara RK, Magrisso IJ, Hofacer R, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Benoit SC. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency augments risperidone-induced hepatic steatosis in rats: positive association with stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Pharmacol Res 2012; 66:283-91. [PMID: 22750665 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric patients frequently exhibit long-chain n-3 (LCn-3) fatty acid deficits and elevated triglyceride (TAG) production following chronic exposure to second generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Emerging evidence suggests that SGAs and LCn-3 fatty acids have opposing effects on stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), which plays a pivotal role in TAG biosynthesis. Here we evaluated whether low LCn-3 fatty acid status would augment elevations in rat liver and plasma TAG concentrations following chronic treatment with the SGA risperidone (RSP), and evaluated relationships with hepatic SCD1 expression and activity indices. In rats maintained on the n-3 fatty acid-fortified (control) diet, chronic RSP treatment significantly increased liver SCD1 mRNA and activity indices (18:1/18:0 and 16:1/16:0 ratios), and significantly increased liver, but not plasma, TAG concentrations. Rats maintained on the n-3 deficient diet exhibited significantly lower liver and erythrocyte LCn-3 fatty acid levels, and associated elevations in LCn-6/LCn-3 ratio. In n-3 deficient rats, RSP-induced elevations in liver SCD1 mRNA and activity indices (18:1/18:0 and 16:1/16:0 ratios) and liver and plasma TAG concentrations were significantly greater than those observed in RSP-treated controls. Plasma glucose levels were not altered by diet or RSP, and body weight was lower in RSP- and VEH-treated n-3 deficient rats. These preclinical data support the hypothesis that low n-3 fatty acid status exacerbates RSP-induced hepatic steatosis by augmenting SCD1 expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
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22
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Castañeda TR, Abplanalp W, Um SH, Pfluger PT, Schrott B, Brown K, Grant E, Carnevalli L, Benoit SC, Morgan DA, Gilham D, Hui DY, Rahmouni K, Thomas G, Kozma SC, Clegg DJ, Tschöp MH. Metabolic control by S6 kinases depends on dietary lipids. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32631. [PMID: 22412899 PMCID: PMC3296718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted deletion of S6 kinase (S6K) 1 in mice leads to higher energy expenditure and improved glucose metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling these effects remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we analyze the potential role of dietary lipids in regulating the mTORC1/S6K system. Analysis of S6K phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro showed that dietary lipids activate S6K, and this effect is not dependent upon amino acids. Comparison of male mice lacking S6K1 and 2 (S6K-dko) with wt controls showed that S6K-dko mice are protected against obesity and glucose intolerance induced by a high-fat diet. S6K-dko mice fed a high-fat diet had increased energy expenditure, improved glucose tolerance, lower fat mass gain, and changes in markers of lipid metabolism. Importantly, however, these metabolic phenotypes were dependent upon dietary lipids, with no such effects observed in S6K-dko mice fed a fat-free diet. These changes appear to be mediated via modulation of cellular metabolism in skeletal muscle, as shown by the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism. Taken together, our results suggest that the metabolic functions of S6K in vivo play a key role as a molecular interface connecting dietary lipids to the endogenous control of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara R. Castañeda
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - William Abplanalp
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sung Hee Um
- Department of Molecular Oncogenesis, Metabolic Disease Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- HelmholtzZentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Brigitte Schrott
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Brown
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Erin Grant
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Larissa Carnevalli
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM), Germany Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen C. Benoit
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Morgan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Dean Gilham
- Resverlogix Corporation (TSX:RVX), NW Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Y. Hui
- Department of Pathology, Centre of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Metabolic Disease Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - George Thomas
- Department of Molecular Oncogenesis, Metabolic Disease Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sara C. Kozma
- Department of Molecular Oncogenesis, Metabolic Disease Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Deborah J. Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- HelmholtzZentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Yi CX, Heppner KM, Kirchner H, Tong J, Bielohuby M, Gaylinn BD, Müller TD, Bartley E, Davis HW, Zhao Y, Joseph A, Kruthaupt T, Ottaway N, Kabra D, Habegger KM, Benoit SC, Bidlingmaier M, Thorner MO, Perez-Tilve D, Tschöp MH, Pfluger PT. The GOAT-ghrelin system is not essential for hypoglycemia prevention during prolonged calorie restriction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32100. [PMID: 22363801 PMCID: PMC3283719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Ghrelin acylation by ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) has recently been reported to be essential for the prevention of hypoglycemia during prolonged negative energy balance. Using a unique set of four different genetic loss-of-function models for the GOAT/ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) system, we thoroughly tested the hypothesis that lack-of-ghrelin activation or signaling would lead to hypoglycemia during caloric deprivation. Methodology Male and female knockout (KO) mice for GOAT, ghrelin, GHSR, or both ghrelin and GHSR (dKO) were subjected to prolonged calorie restriction (40% of ad libitum chow intake). Body weight, fat mass, and glucose levels were recorded daily and compared to wildtype (WT) controls. Forty-eight hour blood glucose profiles were generated for each individual mouse when 2% or less body fat mass was reached. Blood samples were obtained for analysis of circulating levels of acyl- and desacyl-ghrelin, IGF-1, and insulin. Principal Findings Chronic calorie restriction progressively decreased body weight and body fat mass in all mice regardless of genotype. When fat mass was depleted to 2% or less of body weight for 2 consecutive days, random hypoglycemic events occurred in some mice across all genotypes. There was no increase in the incidence of hypoglycemia in any of the four loss-of-function models for ghrelin signaling including GOAT KO mice. Furthermore, no differences in insulin or IGF-1 levels were observed between genotypes. Conclusion The endogenous GOAT-ghrelin-GHSR system is not essential for the maintenance of euglycemia during prolonged calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xia Yi
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristy M. Heppner
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Henriette Kirchner
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jenny Tong
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Maximillian Bielohuby
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik - Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruce D. Gaylinn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Timo D. Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Erin Bartley
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Harold W. Davis
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anupama Joseph
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Traci Kruthaupt
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nickki Ottaway
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dhiraj Kabra
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kirk M. Habegger
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Benoit
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik - Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael O. Thorner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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24
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Hofacer R, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Magrisso IJ, Benoit SC, McNamara RK. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency selectively up-regulates delta6-desaturase expression and activity indices in rat liver: prevention by normalization of omega-3 fatty acid status. Nutr Res 2012; 31:715-22. [PMID: 22024496 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of perinatal dietary omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid depletion and subsequent repletion on the expression of genes that regulate long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in rat liver and brain. It was hypothesized that chronic n-3 fatty acid deficiency would increase liver Fads1 and Fads2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression/activity and that n-3 fatty acid repletion would normalize this response. Adult rats fed the n-3-free diet during perinatal development exhibited significantly lower erythrocyte, liver, and frontal cortex LCn-3 fatty acid composition and reciprocal elevations in LC omega-6 (n-6) fatty acid composition compared with controls (CONs) and repleted rats. Liver Fads2, but not Fads1, Elovl2, or Elovl5, mRNA expression was significantly greater in n-3-deficient (DEF) rats compared with CONs and was partially normalized in repleted rats. The liver 18:3n-6/18:2n-6 ratio, an index of delta6-desturase activity, was significantly greater in DEF rats compared with CON and repleted rats and was positively correlated with Fads2 mRNA expression among all rats. The liver 18:3n-6/18:2n-6 ratio, but not Fads2 mRNA expression, was also positively correlated with erythrocyte and frontal cortex LCn-6 fatty acid compositions. Neither Fads1 or Fads2 mRNA expression was altered in brain cortex of DEF rats. These results confirm previous findings that liver, but not brain, delta6-desaturase expression and activity indices are negatively regulated by dietary n-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylon Hofacer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219-0516, USA
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25
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Wilson-Pérez HE, Chambers AP, Sandoval DA, Stefater MA, Woods SC, Benoit SC, Seeley RJ. The effect of vertical sleeve gastrectomy on food choice in rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:288-95. [PMID: 22334194 PMCID: PMC3355245 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective Diets high in fat are implicated in the development and maintenance of obesity, and obese individuals display greater preferences for high-fat foods than do their lean counterparts. Weight-reduction bariatric surgery is associated with changes in food choice. In particular, after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), humans and rodents select or prefer foods which are lower in fat content. We asked whether a bariatric surgical procedure limited to the stomach, Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG), causes a similar reduction of fat intake/preference. Research Design and Methods Rats received VSG or Sham surgery or remained surgically naïve, and were assessed for food preference using three diet-choice paradigms. Using progressive-ratio and conditioned taste aversion paradigms, we further asked whether surgically-induced changes in food choice are secondary to changes in the reward value of food and/or to the formation of a food aversion. Finally, food choice was compared between VSG and RYGB-operated rats. Results VSG rats decreased their intake of dietary fat, and shifted their preference toward lower caloric-density foods. This change in food choice was not associated with changes in motivated responding on a progressive-ratio schedule for either a fat or a carbohydrate food reinforcer. When VSG and RYGB were compared directly, both procedures caused comparable changes in food choice. The conditioned taste aversion paradigm revealed that VSG rats form an aversion to an intra-gastric oil administration whereas RYGB rats do not. Conclusions VSG and RYGB, two anatomically-distinct bariatric procedures, produce similar changes in food choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Wilson-Pérez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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26
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Hofacer R, Magrisso IJ, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Benoit SC, McNamara RK. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency increases stearoyl-CoA desaturase expression and activity indices in rat liver: positive association with non-fasting plasma triglyceride levels. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 86:71-7. [PMID: 22047910 PMCID: PMC3246035 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Although omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids negatively regulate triglyceride biosynthesis, the mechanisms mediating this effect are poorly understood, and emerging evidence suggests that stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Scd1) is required for de novo triglyceride biosynthesis. To investigate this mechanism, we determined the effects of perinatal n-3 deficiency and postnatal repletion on rat liver Scd1 mRNA expression and activity indices (liver 16:1/16:0 and 18:1/18:0 ratios), and determined relationships with postprandial (non-fasting) plasma triglyceride levels. Rats were fed conventional diets with or without the n-3 fatty acid precursor α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) during perinatal development (E0-P100), and a subset of rats fed the ALA- diet were switched to the ALA+ diet post-weaning (P21-P100, repletion). Compared with controls, rats fed the ALA- diet exhibited significantly lower liver long-chain n-3 fatty acid compositions and elevations in monounsaturated fatty acid composition, both of which were normalized in repleted rats. Liver Scd1 mRNA expression and activity indices (16:1/16:0 and 18:1/18:0 ratios) were significantly greater in n-3 deficient rats compared with controls and repleted rats. Among all rats, liver Scd1 mRNA expression was positively correlated with liver 18:1/18:0 and 16:1/16:0 ratios. Plasma triglyceride levels, but not glucose or insulin levels, were significantly greater in n-3 deficient rats compared with controls and repleted rats. Liver Scd1 mRNA expression and activity indices were positively correlated with plasma triglyceride levels. These preclinical findings demonstrate that n-3 fatty acid status is an important determinant of liver Scd1 mRNA expression and activity, and suggest that down-regulation of Scd1 is a mechanism by which n-3 fatty acids repress constitutive triglyceride biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylon Hofacer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219
| | - I. Jack Magrisso
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219
| | - Ronald Jandacek
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - Therese Rider
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - Stephen C. Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219
| | - Robert K. McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Robert K. McNamara, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 260 Stetson Street, Suite 3306, Cincinnati, OH 45219-0516, PH: 513-558-5601, FAX: 513-558-4805,
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27
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Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipose-derived protein with beneficial metabolic effects. Low adiponectin is associated with obesity and related diseases. Significant weight loss increases adiponectin, reducing disease risk. This study compared the effects of two weight-loss diets with different macronutrient compositions on adiponectin. Eighty-one obese women in two cohorts were randomized to a low-fat (LF) or a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet. All subjects underwent equivalent weight-loss intervention, with weight and other measures assessed at baseline and after 6 (cohort I) or 4 (cohort II) months. Body fat was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Adiponectin was measured by radioimmunoassay. Diet intake was assessed using 24-h recalls and 3-day diet records. Data were analyzed via t-tests and repeated-measures factorial ANOVA using time, diet, and replicate (cohort I vs. cohort II) as factors. Age, weight, body fat, BMI, adiponectin, and diet were similar at baseline. Following intervention, macronutrient composition of the diet was vastly different between the groups, reflecting the assigned diet. Both groups lost weight and body fat (P < 0.001), with effect in LC dieters greater than LF dieters (-9.1 kg vs. -4.97 kg weight, P < 0.05 and -5.45 kg vs. -2.62 kg fat, P < 0.001). Adiponectin increased in the LC (+1.92 mcg/ml, P < 0.01), but not the LF (+0.86 mcg/ml, P = 0.81), group. There was no correlation between weight loss and increase in adiponectin. These results confirm that diet-induced loss of weight and body fat is associated with increased adiponectin concentrations. This effect is evident with weight loss of 10% or more, and may be greater with LC diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne S Summer
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Clinical Translational Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Krawczewski Carhuatanta KA, Demuro G, Tschöp MH, Pfluger PT, Benoit SC, Obici S. Voluntary exercise improves high-fat diet-induced leptin resistance independent of adiposity. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2655-64. [PMID: 21586558 PMCID: PMC3115604 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of exercise as primary prevention of obesity is the subject of intense investigation. Here, we show that voluntary exercise in a mouse strain susceptible to diet-induced obesity (C57B6J) decreases fat mass and increases energy expenditure. In addition, exercise attenuates obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Using FosB immunoreactivity as a marker of chronic neuronal activation, we found that exercise activates leptin receptor-positive neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, involved in homeostatic control of energy balance. FosB immunoreactivity in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus is decreased in sedentary mice exposed to HFD but is increased in exercised mice independent of adiposity. To determine whether the antiobesity effects of voluntary exercise improve central nervous system (CNS) leptin action, we measured the anorectic and weight reducing effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) leptin in sedentary and exercised mice exposed to HFD (EH), as well as in sedentary mice that have been calorie restricted (SR) to match the fat mass of EH mice. ICV leptin was ineffective in lowering food intake and body weight (BW) in sedentary mice exposed to HFD mice. The anorectic potency of leptin was partially restored in EH and SR groups. However, ICV leptin significantly lowered BW in EH but not SR mice. Thus, exercise leads to the maintenance of a lower BW and leaner composition, as well as to improved CNS leptin action, independent of fat mass. These results support the notion that physical exercise directly influences the responsiveness of the CNS circuits involved in energy homeostasis by allowing the defense of a lowered BW.
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Davis JF, Choi DL, Schurdak JD, Fitzgerald MF, Clegg DJ, Lipton JW, Figlewicz DP, Benoit SC. Leptin regulates energy balance and motivation through action at distinct neural circuits. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:668-74. [PMID: 21035790 PMCID: PMC3058141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overconsumption of calorically dense foods contributes substantially to the current obesity epidemic. The adiposity hormone leptin has been identified as a potential modulator of reward-induced feeding. The current study asked whether leptin signaling within the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and midbrain is involved in effort-based responding for food rewards and/or the modulation of mesolimbic dopamine. METHODS The contribution of endogenous leptin signaling for food motivation and mesolimbic dopamine tone was examined after viral-mediated reduction of the leptin receptor within LH and midbrain neurons in male rats. RESULTS Knockdown of leptin receptors selectively in the LH caused increased body weight, caloric consumption, and body fat in rats maintained on a calorically dense diet. Knockdown of leptin receptors selectively in midbrain augmented progressive ratio responding for sucrose and restored high-fat, diet-induced suppression of dopamine content in the nucleus accumbens. CONCLUSIONS In summary, endogenous leptin signaling in the hypothalamus restrains the overconsumption of calorically dense foods and the consequent increase in body mass, whereas leptin action in the midbrain regulates effort-based responding for food rewards and mesolimbic dopamine tone. These data highlight the ability of leptin to regulate overconsumption of palatable foods and food motivation through pathways that mediate energy homeostasis and reward, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Derrick L. Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Debbie J. Clegg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jack W. Lipton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Dianne P. Figlewicz
- R&D (151), VA Puget Sound Health Care System Seattle WA, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
| | - Stephen C. Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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30
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Clegg DJ, Gotoh K, Kemp C, Wortman MD, Benoit SC, Brown LM, D'Alessio D, Tso P, Seeley RJ, Woods SC. Consumption of a high-fat diet induces central insulin resistance independent of adiposity. Physiol Behav 2011; 103:10-6. [PMID: 21241723 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasma insulin enters the CNS where it interacts with insulin receptors in areas that are related to energy homeostasis and elicits a decrease of food intake and body weight. Here, we demonstrate that consumption of a high-fat (HF) diet impairs the central actions of insulin. Male Long-Evans rats were given chronic (70-day) or acute (3-day) ad libitum access to HF, low-fat (LF), or chow diets. Insulin administered into the 3rd-cerebral ventricle (i3vt) decreased food intake and body weight of LF and chow rats but had no effect on HF rats in either the chronic or the acute experiment. Rats chronically pair-fed the HF diet to match the caloric intake of LF rats, and with body weights and adiposity levels comparable to those of LF rats, were also unresponsive to i3vt insulin when returned to ad libitum food whereas rats pair-fed the LF diet had reduced food intake and body weight when administered i3vt insulin. Insulin's inability to reduce food intake in the presence of the high-fat diet was associated with a reduced ability of insulin to activate its signaling cascade, as measured by pAKT. Finally, i3vt administration of insulin increased hypothalamic expression of POMC mRNA in the LF- but not the HF-fed rats. We conclude that consumption of a HF diet leads to central insulin resistance following short exposure to the diet, and as demonstrated by reductions in insulin signaling and insulin-induced hypothalamic expression of POMC mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United States.
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31
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Irani BG, Xiang Z, Yarandi HN, Holder JR, Moore MC, Bauzo RM, Proneth B, Shaw AM, Millard WJ, Chambers JB, Benoit SC, Clegg DJ, Haskell-Luevano C. Implication of the melanocortin-3 receptor in the regulation of food intake. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:80-7. [PMID: 21199647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is well recognized to be involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, and energy homeostasis. To probe the role of the MC(3) in the regulation of food intake, JRH322-18 a mixed MC(3) partial agonist/antagonist and MC(4) agonist tetrapeptide was examined in wild type (WT) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC(4)) knockout mice and shown to reduce food intake in both models. In the wild type mice, 2.0 nmol of JRH322-18 statistically reduced food intake 4h post icv treatment into satiated nocturnally feeding wild type mice. The same dose in the MC(4)KO mice significantly reduced cumulative food intake 24h post treatment. Conditioned taste aversion as well as activity studies supports that the decreased food intake was not due to visceral illness. Since these studies resulted in loss-of-function results, the SHU9119 and agouti-related protein (AGRP) melanocortin receptor antagonists were administered to wild type as well as the MC(3) and MC(4) knockout mice in anticipation of gain-of-function results. The SHU9119 ligand produced an increase in food intake in the wild type mice as anticipated, however no effect was observed in the MC(3) and MC(4) knockout mice as compared to the saline control. The AGRP ligand however, produced a significant increase in food intake in the wild type as well as the MC(3) and MC(4) knockout mice and it had a prolonged affect for several days. These data support the hypothesis that the MC(3) plays a subtle role in the regulation of food intake, however the mechanism by which this is occurring remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boman G Irani
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, PO Box 100487, Gainesville, FL-32610, United States
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32
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Davis JF, Choi DL, Shurdak JD, Krause EG, Fitzgerald MF, Lipton JW, Sakai RR, Benoit SC. Central melanocortins modulate mesocorticolimbic activity and food seeking behavior in the rat. Physiol Behav 2010; 102:491-5. [PMID: 21172367 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic melanocortin system is known for its role in regulating energy homeostasis through it actions within hypothalamic brain centers. However, emerging evidence suggests that this system regulates addictive behaviors through signaling within mesolimbic neurons. Here, we hypothesized the melanocortin system modulates feeding behavior through its actions on mesolimbic neurons. In particular, we predicted that central administration of the melanocortin antagonist agouti-related peptide (AgRP) would activate midbrain dopamine neurons, increase mesolimbic dopamine turnover, and alter food seeking behaviors. We found that intraventricular administration of agouti-related peptide increased neuronal activation within midbrain dopamine neurons in addition to increasing dopamine turnover in the medial prefrontal cortex. Additionally, using the conditioned place preference paradigm to assay food seeking behavior, we report that central injection of agouti-related peptide attenuates the acquisition of a conditioned place preference for sucrose, but not high fat diet. These results suggest that the melanocortin system is capable of regulating mesocorticolimbic activity and food seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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33
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Krikorian R, Shidler MD, Dangelo K, Couch SC, Benoit SC, Clegg DJ. Dietary ketosis enhances memory in mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:425.e19-27. [PMID: 21130529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We randomly assigned 23 older adults with mild cognitive impairment to either a high carbohydrate or very low carbohydrate diet. Following the 6-week intervention period, we observed improved verbal memory performance for the low carbohydrate subjects (p = 0.01) as well as reductions in weight (p < 0.0001), waist circumference (p < 0.0001), fasting glucose (p = 0.009), and fasting insulin (p = 0.005). Level of depressive symptoms was not affected. Change in calorie intake, insulin level, and weight were not correlated with memory performance for the entire sample, although a trend toward a moderate relationship between insulin and memory was observed within the low carbohydrate group. Ketone levels were positively correlated with memory performance (p = 0.04). These findings indicate that very low carbohydrate consumption, even in the short term, can improve memory function in older adults with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. While this effect may be attributable in part to correction of hyperinsulinemia, other mechanisms associated with ketosis such as reduced inflammation and enhanced energy metabolism also may have contributed to improved neurocognitive function. Further investigation of this intervention is warranted to evaluate its preventive potential and mechanisms of action in the context of early neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krikorian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA.
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34
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Davis JF, Choi DL, Clegg DJ, Benoit SC. Signaling through the ghrelin receptor modulates hippocampal function and meal anticipation in mice. Physiol Behav 2010; 103:39-43. [PMID: 21036184 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to predict a particular meal is achieved in part by learned associations with stimuli that predict nutrient availability. Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide produced by both the gut and brain that rises before anticipated meals and it has been suggested that pre-prandial ghrelin increases may act as a signal to predict meal delivery. Here, we used wild type and ghrelin receptor deficient mice to test the hypothesis that ghrelin signaling is necessary for the processing of emotionally relevant stimuli, spatial learning and habituated feeding responses. We tested spatial and fear-related memory with the Morris water maze and step through passive avoidance tests, respectively and utilized food anticipatory activity to monitor habituated feeding responses following two weeks of a meal feeding paradigm. Our results indicate that ghrelin signaling modulates spatial memory performance and is necessary for the development of food anticipatory activity. Collectively, these results suggest that ghrelin receptor signaling is necessary for adaptations in the anticipatory responses that accompany restricted feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Davis
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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35
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Zheng Q, Zhu J, Shanabrough M, Borok E, Benoit SC, Horvath TL, Clegg DJ, Reizes O. Enhanced anorexigenic signaling in lean obesity resistant syndecan-3 null mice. Neuroscience 2010; 171:1032-40. [PMID: 20923696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and several types of cancers. The hypothalamus is a region of the brain critical in the regulation of body weight. One of the critical and best studied hypothalamic circuits is comprised of the melanocortinergic orexigenic agouti-related protein (AgRP) and anorexigenic α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) neurons. These neurons project axons to the same hypothalamic target neurons and balance each other's activity leading to body weight regulation. We previously showed that the brain proteoglycan syndecan-3 regulates feeding behavior and body weight, and syndecan-3 null (SDC-3(-/-)) mice are lean and obesity resistant. Here we show that the melanocortin agonist Melanotan II (MTII) potently suppresses food intake and activates the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei (PVN) in SDC-3(-/-) mice based on c-fos immunoreactivity. Interestingly, we determined that the AgRP neuropeptide is reduced in the PVN of SDC-3(-/-) mice compared to wild type mice. In contrast, neuropeptide Y, coexpressed in the AgRP neuron, is not differentially expressed nor is the counteracting neuropeptide α-MSH. These findings are unprecedented and indicate that AgRP protein localization can be selectively regulated within the hypothalamus resulting in altered neuropeptide response and tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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36
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Davidson TL, Kanoski SE, Chan K, Clegg DJ, Benoit SC, Jarrard LE. Hippocampal lesions impair retention of discriminative responding based on energy state cues. Behav Neurosci 2010; 124:97-105. [PMID: 20141284 DOI: 10.1037/a0018402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present research investigated the hypothesis that the hippocampus is involved with the control of appetitive behavior by interoceptive "hunger" and "satiety" signals. Rats were trained to solve a food deprivation intensity discrimination problem in which stimuli produced by 0-hr and 24-hr food deprivation served as discriminative cues for the delivery of sucrose pellets. For Group 0+, sucrose pellets were delivered at the conclusion of each 4-min session that took place under 0-hr food deprivation, whereas no pellets were delivered during sessions that took place when the rats had been food deprived for 24 hr. Group 24+ received the reverse discriminative contingency (i.e., they received sucrose pellets under 24-hr but not under 0-hr food deprivation). When asymptotic discrimination performance was achieved (indexed by greater incidence of food magazine approach behavior on reinforced compared with nonreinforced sessions), half of the rats in each group received hippocampal lesions, and the remaining rats in each group were designated as sham- or nonlesioned controls. Following recovery from surgery, food deprivation discrimination performance was compared for lesioned and control rats in both Groups 0+ and 24+. Discriminative responding was impaired for rats with hippocampal lesions relative to their controls. This impairment was based largely on elevated responding to nonreinforced food deprivation cues. In addition, hippocampal damage was associated with increased body weight under conditions of ad libitum feeding. The results suggest that the inhibition of appetitive behavior by energy state signals may depend, in part, on the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - KinHo Chan
- Department of Psychology, Hartwick College
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center
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37
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Benoit SC, Davis JF, Davidson TL. Learned and cognitive controls of food intake. Brain Res 2010; 1350:71-6. [PMID: 20561510 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While much has been elucidated about the hypothalamic controls of energy balance, the epidemic of obesity continues to escalate. Recent work has suggested that extra-hypothalamic central nervous system structures may play a previously un-appreciated role in the control of ingestive behavior and body weight regulation. Because animals can and do learn about food and food-related stimuli, as well as the consequences of eating, we and others have sought to understand the cognitive process that underlies that learning. Additionally, we have begun to investigate the neuro-anatomical bases for complex learning about food and food cues. Here we review some evidence for learning about food as well as evidence that the hippocampus may play a critical role in the brain's ability to regulate body weight through such learning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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38
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Perez-Tilve D, Hofmann SM, Basford J, Nogueiras R, Pfluger PT, Patterson JT, Grant E, Wilson-Perez HE, Granholm NA, Arnold M, Trevaskis JL, Butler AA, Davidson WS, Woods SC, Benoit SC, Sleeman MW, DiMarchi RD, Hui DY, Tschöp MH. Melanocortin signaling in the CNS directly regulates circulating cholesterol. Nat Neurosci 2010; 13:877-82. [PMID: 20526334 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol circulates in the blood in association with triglycerides and other lipids, and elevated blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol carries a risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the blood is thought to be beneficial. Circulating cholesterol is the balance among dietary cholesterol absorption, hepatic synthesis and secretion, and the metabolism of lipoproteins by various tissues. We found that the CNS is also an important regulator of cholesterol in rodents. Inhibiting the brain's melanocortin system by pharmacological, genetic or endocrine mechanisms increased circulating HDL cholesterol by reducing its uptake by the liver independent of food intake or body weight. Our data suggest that a neural circuit in the brain is directly involved in the control of cholesterol metabolism by the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Perez-Tilve
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Choi DL, Davis JF, Fitzgerald ME, Benoit SC. The role of orexin-A in food motivation, reward-based feeding behavior and food-induced neuronal activation in rats. Neuroscience 2010; 167:11-20. [PMID: 20149847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Consumption beyond homeostatic needs, referred to here as reward-based feeding behavior, is a central contributor to the current obesity epidemic worldwide. Importantly, reward-based feeding can be driven by palatability, the taste and texture of the food, as well as cues associated with the consumption of palatable foods. The hypothalamic orexin system regulates both diet preference and anticipation of food rewards making it a likely target to modulate reward-based feeding behavior. In the current manuscript we hypothesized that orexin signaling mediates food-motivated behaviors and reward-based feeding behavior. We further hypothesized that orexin neurons and targets of the orexin system become activated in response to cues associated with the consumption of palatable food. Data from these studies suggest that orexin signaling promotes progressive ratio responding for palatable foods while blockade of orexin signaling attenuates reward-based feeding of a high fat diet. In addition, cues linked to the consumption of chocolate, or the receipt of a daily meal, activate the orexin system and its target regions differentially. Collectively, these data suggest that orexin signaling mediates reward-based feeding behavior and, within specific target regions, may regulate cue-induced overconsumption of palatable foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Feeding for pleasure, or "non-homeostatic feeding", potentially contributes to the rapid development of obesity worldwide. Obesity is associated with an imbalance of regulatory hormones which normally act to maintain stable energy balance and body weight. The adiposity hormones insulin and leptin are two such signals elevated in obesity with the capacity to dampen feeding behavior through their action on hypothalamic circuits which regulate appetite and metabolism. Recent evidence suggests that both hormones achieve this degree of regulation by inhibiting the rewarding aspects of feeding behavior, perhaps by signaling within midbrain reward circuits. This review describes the capacity of both insulin and leptin to regulate reward-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Davis
- Department of Psychiatry North, E, Lab 334, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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41
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Benoit SC, Kemp CJ, Elias CF, Abplanalp W, Herman JP, Migrenne S, Lefevre AL, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Magnan C, Yu F, Niswender K, Irani BG, Holland WL, Clegg DJ. Palmitic acid mediates hypothalamic insulin resistance by altering PKC-θ subcellular localization in rodents. J Clin Invest 2010. [DOI: 10.1172/jci36714c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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42
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Thaler JP, Choi SJ, Sajan MP, Ogimoto K, Nguyen HT, Matsen M, Benoit SC, Wisse BE, Farese RV, Schwartz MW. Atypical protein kinase C activity in the hypothalamus is required for lipopolysaccharide-mediated sickness responses. Endocrinology 2009; 150:5362-72. [PMID: 19819945 PMCID: PMC2795721 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
By activating the Toll-like receptor 4-nuclear factor-kappaB signal transduction pathway, the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces anorexia, weight loss, fever, and other components of the sickness response. By comparison, the hormones leptin and insulin cause anorexia without sickness via a central mechanism involving the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling pathway. In the current study, we investigated whether a common Toll-like receptor 4 and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling intermediate, atypical protein kinase Czeta/lambda (aPKC), contributes to changes of energy balance induced by these stimuli. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that aPKC is expressed in the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, key sites of leptin, insulin, and LPS action. Although administration of LPS, insulin, and leptin each acutely increased hypothalamic aPKC activity at doses that also reduce food intake, LPS treatment caused over 10-fold greater activation of hypothalamic a PKC signaling than that induced by leptin or insulin. Intracerebroventricular pretreatment with an aPKC inhibitor blocked anorexia induced by LPS but not insulin or leptin. Similarly, LPS-induced hypothalamic inflammation (as judged by induction of proinflammatory cytokine gene expression) and neuronal activation in the paraventricular nucleus (as judged by c-fos induction) were reduced by central aPKC inhibition. Although intracerebroventricular aPKC inhibitor administration also abolished LPS-induced fever, it had no effect on sickness-related hypoactivity or weight loss. We conclude that although hypothalamic aPKC signaling is not required for food intake inhibition by insulin or leptin, it plays a key role in inflammatory anorexia and fever induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Thaler
- Division of Metabolism, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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43
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Benoit SC, Kemp CJ, Elias CF, Abplanalp W, Herman JP, Migrenne S, Lefevre AL, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Magnan C, Yu F, Niswender K, Irani BG, Holland WL, Clegg DJ. Palmitic acid mediates hypothalamic insulin resistance by altering PKC-theta subcellular localization in rodents. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2577-89. [PMID: 19726875 DOI: 10.1172/jci36714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling can be modulated by several isoforms of PKC in peripheral tissues. Here, we assessed whether one specific isoform, PKC-theta, was expressed in critical CNS regions that regulate energy balance and whether it mediated the deleterious effects of diets high in fat, specifically palmitic acid, on hypothalamic insulin activity in rats and mice. Using a combination of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we found that PKC-theta was expressed in discrete neuronal populations of the arcuate nucleus, specifically the neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein neurons and the dorsal medial nucleus in the hypothalamus. CNS exposure to palmitic acid via direct infusion or by oral gavage increased the localization of PKC-theta to cell membranes in the hypothalamus, which was associated with impaired hypothalamic insulin and leptin signaling. This finding was specific for palmitic acid, as the monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, neither increased membrane localization of PKC-theta nor induced insulin resistance. Finally, arcuate-specific knockdown of PKC-theta attenuated diet-induced obesity and improved insulin signaling. These results suggest that many of the deleterious effects of high-fat diets, specifically those enriched with palmitic acid, are CNS mediated via PKC-theta activation, resulting in reduced insulin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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44
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Davidson TL, Chan K, Jarrard LE, Kanoski SE, Clegg DJ, Benoit SC. Contributions of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex to energy and body weight regulation. Hippocampus 2009; 19:235-52. [PMID: 18831000 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of selective ibotenate lesions of the complete hippocampus (CHip), the hippocampal ventral pole (VP), or the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in male rats were assessed on several measures related to energy regulation (i.e., body weight gain, food intake, body adiposity, metabolic activity, general behavioral activity, conditioned appetitive responding). The testing conditions were designed to minimize the nonspecific debilitating effects of these surgeries on intake and body weight. Rats with CHip and VP lesions exhibited significantly greater weight gain and food intake compared with controls. Furthermore, CHip-lesioned rats, but not rats with VP lesions, showed elevated metabolic activity, general activity in the dark phase of the light-dark cycle, and greater conditioned appetitive behavior, compared with control rats without these brain lesions. In contrast, rats with mPFC lesions were not different from controls on any of these measures. These results indicate that hippocampal damage interferes with energy and body weight regulation, perhaps by disrupting higher-order learning and memory processes that contribute to the control of appetitive and consummatory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Davidson
- Department of Psychological Sciences and the Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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45
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Davis JF, Tracy AL, Schurdak JD, Tschöp MH, Lipton JW, Clegg DJ, Benoit SC. Exposure to elevated levels of dietary fat attenuates psychostimulant reward and mesolimbic dopamine turnover in the rat. Behav Neurosci 2009; 122:1257-63. [PMID: 19045945 DOI: 10.1037/a0013111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that decreased central dopamine is associated with diet-induced obesity in humans and in animal models. In the current study, the authors assessed the hypothesis that diet-induced obesity reduces mesolimbic dopamine function. Specifically, the authors compared dopamine turnover in this region between rats fed a high-fat diet and those consuming a standard low-fat diet. The authors also assessed behavioral consequences of diet-induced obesity by testing the response of these animals in a conditioned place paradigm using amphetamine as a reinforcer and in an operant conditioning paradigm using sucrose reinforcement. Results demonstrate that animals consuming a high-fat diet, independent of the development of obesity, exhibit decreased dopamine turnover in the mesolimbic system, reduced preference for an amphetamine cue, and attenuated operant responding for sucrose. The authors also observed that diet-induced obesity with a high-fat diet attenuated mesolimbic dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens. These data are consistent with recent hypotheses that the hormonal signals derived from adipose tissue regulate the activity of central nervous system structures involved in reward and motivation, which may have implications for the treatment of obesity and/or addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Genome Research Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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46
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Krause EG, Melhorn SJ, Davis JF, Scott KA, Ma LY, de Kloet AD, Benoit SC, Woods SC, Sakai RR. Angiotensin type 1 receptors in the subfornical organ mediate the drinking and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to systemic isoproterenol. Endocrinology 2008; 149:6416-24. [PMID: 18687780 PMCID: PMC2613063 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Circulating angiotensin II (ANGII) elicits water intake and activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by stimulating angiotensin type 1 receptors (AT1Rs) within circumventricular organs. The subfornical organ (SFO) and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) are circumventricular organs that express AT1Rs that bind blood-borne ANGII and stimulate integrative and effector regions of the brain. The goal of these studies was to determine the contribution of AT1Rs within the SFO and OVLT to the water intake and HPA response to increased circulating ANGII. Antisense oligonucleotides directed against the AT1R [AT1R antisense (AT1R AS)] were administered into the OVLT or SFO. Quantitative receptor autoradiography confirmed that AT1R AS decreased ANGII binding in the SFO and OVLT compared with the scrambled sequence control but did not affect AT1R binding in other nuclei. Subsequently, water intake, ACTH, and corticosterone (CORT) were assessed after administration of isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist that decreases blood pressure and elevates circulating ANGII. Delivery of AT1R AS into the SFO attenuated water intake, ACTH, and CORT after isoproterenol, whereas similar treatment in the OVLT had no effect. To determine the specificity of this blunted drinking and HPA response, the same parameters were measured after treatment with hypertonic saline, a stimulus that induces drinking independently of ANGII. Delivery of AT1R AS into the SFO or OVLT had no effect on water intake, ACTH, or CORT after hypertonic saline. The results imply that AT1R within the SFO mediate drinking and HPA responses to stimuli that increase circulating ANGII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Krause
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychiatry, Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA.
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47
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Abstract
The hormones insulin and leptin have been demonstrated to act in the central nervous system (CNS) as regulators of energy homeostasis at medial hypothalamic sites. In a previous review, we described new research demonstrating that, in addition to these direct homeostatic actions at the hypothalamus, CNS circuitry that subserves reward and motivation is also a direct and an indirect target for insulin and leptin action. Specifically, insulin and leptin can decrease food reward behaviors and modulate the function of neurotransmitter systems and neural circuitry that mediate food reward, i.e., midbrain dopamine and opioidergic pathways. Here we summarize new behavioral, systems, and cellular evidence in support of this hypothesis and in the context of research into the homeostatic roles of both hormones in the CNS. We discuss some current issues in the field that should provide additional insight into this hypothetical model. The understanding of neuroendocrine modulation of food reward, as well as food reward modulation by diet and obesity, may point to new directions for therapeutic approaches to overeating or eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne P Figlewicz
- Metabolism/Endocrinology (151) VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 So. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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48
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Benoit SC, Tracy AL, Davis JF, Choi D, Clegg DJ. Novel functions of orexigenic hypothalamic peptides: from genes to behavior. Nutrition 2008; 24:843-7. [PMID: 18725081 PMCID: PMC2556279 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of energy balance depends on the precise co-ordination of multiple peripheral and central systems. Much recent research has highlighted the importance of behavioral mechanisms is this control and suggested that the regulation of body weight shares central nervous system pathways in common with other complex behaviors, including learning and drug addiction. We present a brief review of some of this work and highlight the novel functions for central orexigenic neuropeptides. We review evidence that organisms engage in critical regulatory behaviors before and after ingestion has occurred. Additional evidence supports the idea that appetitive mechanisms are engaged that are critical for the regulation of intake during the act of ingestion. We briefly discuss the recent work on the potential role for central nervous system reward centers, how those might be critically linked to the central regulation of food intake, and how they may be dysregulated by the abundance of highly palatable, energy-dense foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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49
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Nogueiras R, López M, Lage R, Perez-Tilve D, Pfluger P, Mendieta-Zerón H, Sakkou M, Wiedmer P, Benoit SC, Datta R, Dong JZ, Culler M, Sleeman M, Vidal-Puig A, Horvath T, Treier M, Diéguez C, Tschöp MH. Bsx, a novel hypothalamic factor linking feeding with locomotor activity, is regulated by energy availability. Endocrinology 2008; 149:3009-15. [PMID: 18308842 PMCID: PMC2408820 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that the hypothalamic homeobox domain transcription factor Bsx plays an essential role in the central nervous system control of spontaneous physical activity and the generation of hyperphagic responses. Moreover, we found Bsx to be a master regulator for the hypothalamic expression of key orexigenic neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein. We now hypothesized that Bsx, which is expressed in the dorsomedial and arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, is regulated by afferent signals in response to peripheral energy balance. Bsx expression was analyzed using in situ hybridization in fed vs. fasted (24 h) and ghrelin vs. leptin-treated rats, as well as in mice deficient for leptin or the ghrelin signaling. Ghrelin administration increased, whereas ghrelin receptor antagonist decreased ARC Bsx expression. Leptin injection attenuated the fasting-induced increase in ARC Bsx levels but had no effect in fed rats. Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus Bsx expression was unaffected by pharmacological modifications of leptin or ghrelin signaling. Obese leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice, but not obese melanocortin 4 receptor-knockout mice, showed higher expression of Bsx, consistent with dependency from afferent leptin rather than increased adiposity per se. Interestingly, exposure to a high-fat diet triggered Bsx expression, consistent with the concept that decreased leptin signaling due to a high-fat diet induced leptin resistance. Our data indicate that ARC Bsx expression is specifically regulated by afferent energy balance signals, including input from leptin and ghrelin. Future studies will be necessary to test if Bsx may be involved in the pathogenesis of leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Psychiatry, Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA
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50
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Nogueiras R, Wiedmer P, Perez-Tilve D, Veyrat-Durebex C, Keogh JM, Sutton GM, Pfluger PT, Castaneda TR, Neschen S, Hofmann SM, Howles PN, Morgan DA, Benoit SC, Szanto I, Schrott B, Schürmann A, Joost HG, Hammond C, Hui DY, Woods SC, Rahmouni K, Butler AA, Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Tschöp MH. The central melanocortin system directly controls peripheral lipid metabolism. J Clin Invest 2008; 117:3475-88. [PMID: 17885689 PMCID: PMC1978426 DOI: 10.1172/jci31743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions of the melanocortin signaling system have been linked to obesity. We investigated a possible role of the central nervous melanocortin system (CNS-Mcr) in the control of adiposity through effects on nutrient partitioning and cellular lipid metabolism independent of nutrient intake. We report that pharmacological inhibition of melanocortin receptors (Mcr) in rats and genetic disruption of Mc4r in mice directly and potently promoted lipid uptake, triglyceride synthesis, and fat accumulation in white adipose tissue (WAT), while increased CNS-Mcr signaling triggered lipid mobilization. These effects were independent of food intake and preceded changes in adiposity. In addition, decreased CNS-Mcr signaling promoted increased insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in WAT while decreasing glucose utilization in muscle and brown adipose tissue. Such CNS control of peripheral nutrient partitioning depended on sympathetic nervous system function and was enhanced by synergistic effects on liver triglyceride synthesis. Our findings offer an explanation for enhanced adiposity resulting from decreased melanocortin signaling, even in the absence of hyperphagia, and are consistent with feeding-independent changes in substrate utilization as reflected by respiratory quotient, which is increased with chronic Mcr blockade in rodents and in humans with loss-of-function mutations in MC4R. We also reveal molecular underpinnings for direct control of the CNS-Mcr over lipid metabolism. These results suggest ways to design more efficient pharmacological methods for controlling adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Nogueiras
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Petra Wiedmer
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Christelle Veyrat-Durebex
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Julia M. Keogh
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Gregory M. Sutton
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tamara R. Castaneda
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Susanne Neschen
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Susanna M. Hofmann
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Philip N. Howles
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Donald A. Morgan
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen C. Benoit
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ildiko Szanto
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Brigitte Schrott
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Craig Hammond
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - David Y. Hui
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew A. Butler
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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