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Anez-Bustillos L, Dao DT, Baker MA, Fell GL, Puder M, Gura KM. Intravenous Fat Emulsion Formulations for the Adult and Pediatric Patient: Understanding the Differences. Nutr Clin Pract 2016; 31:596-609. [PMID: 27533942 DOI: 10.1177/0884533616662996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous fat emulsions (IVFEs) provide essential fatty acids (EFAs) and are a dense source of energy in parenteral nutrition (PN). Parenterally administered lipid was introduced in the 17th century but plagued with side effects. The formulation of IVFEs later on made it a relatively safe component for administration to patients. Many ingredients are common to all IVFEs, yet the oil source(s) and its (their) percentage(s) makes them different from each other. The oil used dictates how IVFEs are metabolized and cleared from the body. The fatty acids (FAs) present in each type of oil provide unique beneficial and detrimental properties. This review provides an overview of IVFEs and discusses factors that would help clinicians choose the optimal product for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Anez-Bustillos
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Duy T Dao
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meredith A Baker
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gillian L Fell
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Puder
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen M Gura
- Department of Pharmacy, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Hartman C, Ben-Artzi E, Berkowitz D, Elhasid R, Lajterer N, Postovski S, Hadad S, Shamir R. Olive oil-based intravenous lipid emulsion in pediatric patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation: A short-term prospective controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2009; 28:631-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 01/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Matulka RA, Thompson DVML, Burdock GA. Lack of toxicity by medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in canines during a 90-day feeding study. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:35-9. [PMID: 19135768 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fats in food are natural energy sources to animals and are included in the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) manual as a requirement for dog food. Medium chain triglycerides are comprised of a glycerol backbone esterified to medium chain length (8-12 carbon) fatty acids (FA) and, in the context of this report, are all saturated FA. Unlike esterified long chain (>12 carbons) FA (long chain triglycerides or LCT), MCT are lower in caloric value, and are eliminated from the body more quickly than LCT. The objective of this study was to determine the safety of MCT when fed to beagles for 90 days at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% MCT added to conventional feed. The beagles were monitored for signs of toxicity by clinical observations, body weight measurements, food consumption level, physical examinations, hematology and serum chemistry, ophthalmic examinations, and urinalysis. There were no signs of toxic effects observed in any of the animals that were related to feed, and the animal viability was 100% at the end of the study. Some animals exhibited significant increased blood urea nitrogen, potassium and cholesterol levels in the 10% and 15% MCT-fed groups. Also, in the same groups with elevated nitrogen, there were concomitant reductions in total blood protein and urine volumes. These changes in serum chemistry may be the result of protein sparing effects due to the high levels of MCT intake, and are not deemed to be pathological in nature. Animals receiving 15% MCT in feed had lower levels of food intake due to palatability issues. From the other examination parameters, there were no significant changes noted between groups receiving MCT and vehicle feed. No safety concerns were noted at any dose level, although an issue with palatability precluded identifying 15% as the highest dose level tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray A Matulka
- Burdock Group, 801 North Orange Avenue, Suite 710, Orlando, FL 32801, USA.
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Cano NJM, Saingra Y, Dupuy AM, Lorec-Penet AM, Portugal H, Lairon D, Cristol JP, Come A, Le Brun A, Atlan P, Leverve XM. Intradialytic parenteral nutrition: comparison of olive oil versus soybean oilbasedlipid emulsions. Br J Nutr 2007; 95:152-9. [PMID: 16441928 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid, oxidative and inflammatory parameters are frequently altered in dialysis patients and may be worsened by intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE). We assessed the efficacy and tolerance of olive as compared with standard soybean oil-based ILE during intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN). IDPN mixtures containing amino acids, glucose, and either olive oil (OO group,n17) or soybean oil-based ILE (SO group,n18) were administered in a 5-week randomized, double-blind study. On days 0 and 35, patients' nutritional status was assessed by BMI, normalized protein catabolic rate, predialytic creatinine, serum albumin and transthyretin; lipid metabolism by plasma LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, apo A-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, E and lipoprotein (a); oxidative status by α-tocopherol, retinol, selenium, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde and advanced oxidized protein products; inflammatory status by serum C-reactive protein, orosomucoid, IL-2 and IL-6. No serious adverse event was observed. Significant changes were observed from day 0 to day 35 (P<0·05): nutritional criteria improved (albumin in OO; albumin, transthyretin and creatinine in SO); LDL-cholesterol, apo B, C-II, C-III and apo A-I/A-II ratio increased in both groups. HDL-cholesterol decreased in OO; apo E increased and lipoprotein (a) decreased in SO; α-tocopherol/cholesterol ratio increased in OO; malondialdehyde decreased in both groups; IL-2 increased in both groups. The between-group comparison only showed the following differences: α-tocopherol/cholesterol increased in OO; lipoprotein (a) decreased in SO. From these data, it was concluded that OO- and SO-based IDPNs similarly improved nutritional status and influenced plasma lipid, oxidative, inflammatory and immune parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël J M Cano
- Service d'Hépatogastroentérologie et Nutrition, Clinique Résidence du Parc, Rue Gaston Berger, 13362, Marseille cedex 10, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A lipid emulsion for use in parenteral nutrition containing a significant proportion of olive oil in place of soybean oil (ClinOleic; Baxter, Maurepas, France) is now available. The purpose of this review is to provide background information about the rationale for this emulsion, to collate and synthesize the literature about it, and to highlight recent studies in which it has been used. RECENT FINDINGS ClinOleic offered significant advantage over soybean oil-based emulsions in terms of glucose metabolism in preterm infants. ClinOleic was recently used for the first time in malnourished haemodialysis, trauma and burn patients and was found to be safe and well tolerated. In burn patients ClinOleic was associated with better liver function. SUMMARY ClinOleic is safe and well tolerated in preterm infants, and in home parenteral nutrition, haemodialysis, trauma and burn patients and may offer advantages with regard to liver function, oxidative stress and immune function. ClinOleic may offer significant advantage over soybean oil-based emulsions in terms of glucose metabolism in preterm infants. More clinical studies of ClinOleic are required and these should include evaluation of oxidative stress markers and immune function as well as of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Sala-Vila
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Summers LK, Barnes SC, Fielding BA, Beysen C, Ilic V, Humphreys SM, Frayn KN. Uptake of individual fatty acids into adipose tissue in relation to their presence in the diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:1470-7. [PMID: 10837287 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue triacylglycerol reflects, but is not identical to, the fatty acid composition of the habitual diet. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue is explained by differences between fatty acids in early storage in adipose tissue after a meal. DESIGN Nine healthy men ate a meal containing several fatty acids. Blood samples were taken for 6 h after the meal from an arterialized hand vein and a vein draining the anterior abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. RESULTS Net storage of fatty acids in adipose tissue occurred between 1 and 4 h after the meal. In relation to the amount fed, storage of fatty acids differed (P < 0. 01) between classes (n-3 polyunsaturated < saturated < n-6 polyunsaturated < monounsaturated); oleic acid was stored in the greatest amounts. These differences agreed closely with published data, except for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The only individual metabolic step at which significant differences between fatty acids was shown was incorporation of fatty acids into chylomicron triacylglycerol. Differences between fatty acids in rate of extraction from chylomicron triacylglycerol and net uptake into adipose tissue in the postprandial period were significant (P < 0. 01), but not when expressed in relation to proportions in chylomicron triacylglycerol. CONCLUSIONS The characteristic fatty acid pattern of adipose tissue may predominantly reflect the early metabolic handling of different fatty acids. Adipose tissue uptake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is slow in relation to that of other fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Summers
- Oxford Lipid Metabolism Group, the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Summers LK, Fielding BA, Herd SL, Ilic V, Clark ML, Quinlan PT, Frayn KN. Use of structured triacylglycerols containing predominantly stearic and oleic acids to probe early events in metabolic processing of dietary fat. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Goulet O, de Potter S, Antébi H, Driss F, Colomb V, Béréziat G, Alcindor LG, Corriol O, Le Brun A, Dutot G, Forget D, Perennec V, Ricour C. Long-term efficacy and safety of a new olive oil-based intravenous fat emulsion in pediatric patients: a double-blind randomized study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70:338-45. [PMID: 10479195 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/70.3.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) prepared from a mixture of soybean and olive oils contains only long-chain triacylglycerols, with a low proportion (20%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids and 60% monounsaturated fatty acids. OBJECTIVE The goal of this randomized, double-blind clinical trial was to assess in children the efficacy and safety of this new ILE compared with a control group receiving a soybean-oil emulsion. DESIGN Eighteen children received for 2 mo 24% of nonprotein energy (1.80 g kg (-)(1) d(-)(1)) either as the new ILE or a soybean oil-based emulsion. Assessments were performed on days -30, 0, 30, and 60 and the changes (day 60 - day 0) assessed by analysis of variance. RESULTS There were no significant differences in triacylglycerol, apolipoproteins A-I and B, or HDL cholesterol between the 2 groups, whereas total and LDL cholesterol were higher in the soybean oil group on day 60. The pattern of 20:4n-6 in erythrocyte membranes did not change significantly, nor did the ratio of 20:3n-9 to 20:4n-6. On day 60, 18:1n-9 was significantly higher in the olive oil group, the ratio of Sigma(n)-6 > C(18) + 18:3n-6 to 18:2n-6 was 2.20 +/- 0.09 in the olive oil group and 1.33 +/- 0.16 in the soybean-oil group, and Sigma(n)-3 > C(18) was 3.83 +/- 0.30 in the olive oil group and 4. 03 +/- 0.33 in the soybean-oil group. The peroxidation index was lower after the olive oil treatment. CONCLUSIONS The olive oil-based emulsion was well tolerated, maintained a normal EFA status, and may be more suitable for prevention of lipid peroxidation than the soybean-oil-based emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Goulet
- Hôpital des Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
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Fielding BA, Samra JS, Ravell CL, Frayn KN. Metabolism of individual fatty acids during infusion of a triacylglycerol emulsion. Lipids 1999; 34:535-41. [PMID: 10405965 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The triacylglycerol emulsion Intralipid was infused into six normal subjects to investigate the metabolism of individual fatty acids in subcutaneous adipose tissue and forearm muscle, by measurement of arteriovenous differences. The composition of plasma nonesterified fatty acids changed steadily after passage through adipose tissue and became similar to that of the emulsion, reflecting hydrolysis of the Intralipidtriacylglycerol by lipoprotein lipase, since endogenous lipolysis (hormone-sensitive lipase activity plus lipoprotein lipase hydrolysis of very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerol) was decreased. There was no significant net release of total or individual fatty acids from forearm muscle although there was a tendency for the composition of the fatty acids in forearm venous plasma to change during passage through the tissue to reflect the composition of the emulsion. This may reflect hydrolysis of emulsion particles by lipoprotein lipase situated in capillaries which drain into the forearm vein. The behavior of stearic acid in the plasma nonesterified fatty acid pool was consistently aberrant, with arterialized concentrations considerably higher than predicted from adipose tissue release, both before and during Intralipid infusion. We conclude that there are no significant differences in the metabolism of specific fatty acids, with the exception of stearic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Fielding
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Evans K, Clark ML, Frayn KN. Effects of an oral and intravenous fat load on adipose tissue and forearm lipid metabolism. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 276:E241-8. [PMID: 9950782 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.2.e241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the fate of lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-derived fatty acids by measuring arteriovenous differences across subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in vivo. Six subjects were fasted overnight and were then given 40 g of triacylglycerol either orally or as an intravenous infusion over 4 h. Intracellular lipolysis (hormone-sensitive lipase action; HSL) was suppressed after both oral and intravenous fat loads (P < 0.001). Insulin, a major regulator of HSL activity, showed little change after either oral or intravenous fat load, suggesting that suppression of HSL action occurred independently of insulin. The rate of action of LPL (measured as triacylglycerol extraction) increased with both oral and intravenous fat loads in adipose tissue (P = 0.002) and skeletal muscle (P = 0.001). There was increased escape of LPL-derived fatty acids into the circulation from adipose tissue, shown by lack of reesterification of fatty acids. There was no release into the circulation of LPL-derived fatty acids from skeletal muscle. These results suggest that insulin is not essential for HSL suppression or increased triacylglycerol clearance but is important in reesterification of fatty acids in adipose tissue but not uptake by skeletal muscle, thus affecting fatty acid partitioning between adipose tissue and the circulation, postprandial nonesterified fatty acid concentrations, and hepatic very low density lipoprotein secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Evans
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Biochemistry, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Carpentier YA, Simoens C, Siderova V, El Nakadi I, Vanweyenberg V, Eggerickx D, Deckelbaum RJ. Recent developments in lipid emulsions: relevance to intensive care. Nutrition 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(97)83047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Halliwell KJ, Fielding BA, Samra JS, Humphreys SM, Frayn KN. Release of individual fatty acids from human adipose tissue in vivo after an overnight fast. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Berkenboom G, Brékine D, Unger P, Richelle M, Carpentier Y, Fontaine J. Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil on cyclosporine A-induced vascular toxicity. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1996; 10:379-85. [PMID: 8877082 DOI: 10.1007/bf02627963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We wished to determine whether dietary supplementation with fish oil prevents the vascular toxicity of cyclosporine (Cx). In a first set of experiments, we assessed the endothelial function of aortas isolated from rats supplemented for 6 weeks with fish oil (FO), administered by gavage, and providing 150 mg/kg/day of eicosapentaenoic acid and 100 mg/kg/day of docosahexaenoic acid. FO treatment altered neither acetylcholine- and histamine-induced relaxations, nor serotonin-induced contractions (NS vs. control group). Thereafter, three groups of rats were treated in parallel. Group 1 received FO supplementation (by gavage) for 6 weeks, and Cx (10 mg/kg/day po) was added during the last 2 weeks, group 2 received Cx only (10 mg/kg/day po) for 2 weeks, and group 3 served as a control. Both acetylcholine-and histamine-induced relaxations were reduced in group 2 compared with the control group, as indicated by the area under the curve (AUC), which was significantly higher: 296 +/- 17 vs. 138 +/- 32, and 392 +/- 38 vs. 318 +/- 25 for acetylcholine and histamine, respectively. In group 1, AUC for acetylcholine remained significantly different from the control (241 +/- 31 vs. 138 +/- 32), whereas AUC for histamine was 367 +/- 28 (NS vs. control). The serotonin-induced contractions were also enhanced in group 2 compared with those of the control group, and this alteration was not attenuated in group 1. After mechanical removal of the endothelium, the increased responsiveness to serotonin persisted in groups 1 and 2, suggesting this functional alteration to be located in the smooth muscle cells. Thus, in the rat the attenuation of Cx-induced vascular toxicity by fish oil supplementation is only partial, that is, it involves a slight improvement in endothelial function, but with persistence of functional changes in smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Berkenboom
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Belgium
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Cinétique d'émulsions injectables à base d'huile d'olive et d'huile de soja (en perfusion intraveineuse) chez l'homme. NUTR CLIN METAB 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0985-0562(96)80066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Simoens C, Richelle M, Rössle C, Derluyn M, Deckelbaum RJ, Carpentier YA. Manipulation of tissue fatty acid profile by intravenous lipids in dogs. Clin Nutr 1995; 14:177-85. [PMID: 16843930 DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(95)80017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/1994] [Accepted: 02/14/1995] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the effects on the fatty acid (FA) composition of various dog tissues of 4 different lipid emulsions (a 100% long-chain triacylglycerol (LCT) derived from soya bean oil emulsion, a mixed 50% medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT)/50% LCT emulsion as well as both these emulsions supplemented with 10% fish oil (FO) triacylglycerols), when daily infused over 15 days as a substantial component of total parenteral nutrition. Lipids represented 55% of the non-protein energy. Blood samples as well as biopsies from liver, muscle and adipose tissue were taken 15 days before, and again immediately after TPN. In addition, the spleen was also removed immediately after TPN. Tissue FA composition was analysed by gas liquid chromatography of each lipid component after separation by thin layer chromatography. No differences in either safety or tolerance were detected between the different TPN preparations. In particular, infusion over 2 weeks of fat emulsions containing 10% fish oil was tolerated as well as conventional LCT and MCT/LCT emulsions. Relative linoleate content of tissue triacylglycerol (TG) was markedly increased in animals that received the LCT emulsions (e.g. from 22.6 +/- 2.5% to 32.2 +/- 0.6% in the liver), this effect being markedly reduced with MCT/LCT preparations. n-3FA were slightly incorporated into liver TG (from 0.0 +/- 0.0% to 2.3 +/- 0.7% and 1.2 +/- 0.4% for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) respectively, with LCT + FO), but remained undetectable in extrahepatic tissue TG. Of interest, medium chain FA were found in tissue TG after infusion of the mixed MCT/LCT emulsions. As expected, changes of tissue phospholipid (PL) composition involved only long-chain FA. Infusion of soya bean oil emulsion was associated with an increased content of linoleate in liver PL (from 13.6 +/- 0.4% to 17.7 +/- 0.4%), but not in other tissues. MCT/LCT did not markedly affect PL/FA pattern in any tissue. Supplementation with fish oil was associated with an efficient incorporation of n-3FA into tissue PL, particularly in the liver (from 0.4 +/- 0.1% to 2.5 +/- 0.3% for EPA and from 3.9 +/- 0.8% to 9.1 +/- 0.4% for DHA, with the LCT + FO emulsion).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Simoens
- L. Deloyers Laboratory for Experimental Surgery, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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