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Tunca H, Doğru A, Köçkar F, Kiliç HE, Sevindik TO. Oxidative stress in Arthrospira platensis by two organophosphate pesticides. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20200463. [PMID: 37729300 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320200463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that organophosphate insecticides are harmfull to aquatic ecosystems, oxidative damages caused by Dimethoate and Chlorpyrifos are not studied on Arthrospira platensis Gomont. In this study, various Chlorpyrifos (0-150 µg mL-1) and Dimethoate (0-250 µg mL-1) concentrations were added to the culture medium in laboratory to evaulate growth rate, chlorophyll-a content and antioxidant parameters of A. platensis. Optical Density (OD560) and chlorophyll-a decreased compared to the control for seven days in both pesticide applications. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased at 50 µg mL-1 Chlorpyrifos concentration but it decreased at all concentrations. Although Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities increased with Chlorpyrifos application, they did not change with Dimethoate application. Malondialdehyde (MDA) amount decreased at 150 µg mL-1 Chlorpyrifos concentration but it increased in Dimethoate application. The H2O2 content were increased in both applications. Proline decreased in 50 and 75 µg mL-1 Chlorpyrifos concentrations and increased at 150 µg mL-1 concentration, while it increased at 25 µg mL-1 Dimethoate concentration. The results were tested at 0.05 significance level. These pesticides inhibit A. platensis growth and chlorophyll-a production and cause oxidative stress. The excessive use may affect the phytoplankton and have negative consequences in the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Tunca
- Sakarya University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Esentepe Campus, Serdivan, 54187, Sakarya, Turkiye
| | - Ali Doğru
- Sakarya University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Esentepe Campus, Serdivan, 54187, Sakarya, Turkiye
| | - Feray Köçkar
- Balıkesir University, Arts and Science Faculty, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Cagil Campus, 10145, Balıkesir, Turkiye
| | - Hediye E Kiliç
- Sakarya University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Esentepe Campus, Serdivan, 54187, Sakarya, Turkiye
| | - Tuğba O Sevindik
- Sakarya University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Esentepe Campus, Serdivan, 54187, Sakarya, Turkiye
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Hernández-García CI, Martínez-Jerónimo F. Changes in the morphology and cell ultrastructure of a microalgal community exposed to a commercial glyphosate formulation and a toxigenic cyanobacterium. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1195776. [PMID: 37426024 PMCID: PMC10324582 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1195776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human activities significantly influence the health of aquatic ecosystems because many noxious chemical wastes are discharged into freshwater bodies. Intensive agriculture contributes to the deterioration by providing indirectly fertilizers, pesticides, and other agrochemicals that affect the aquatic biota. Glyphosate is one of the most used herbicides worldwide, and microalgae are particularly sensitive to its formulation, inducing displacement of some green microalgae from the phytoplankton that leads to alterations in the floristic composition, which fosters the abundance of cyanobacteria, some of which can be toxigenic. The combination of chemical stressors such as glyphosate and biological ones, like cyanotoxins and other secondary metabolites of cyanobacteria, could induce a combined effect potentially more noxious to microalgae, affecting not only their growth but also their physiology and morphology. In this study, we evaluated the combined effect of glyphosate (Faena®) and a toxigenic cyanobacterium on the morphology and ultrastructure of microalgae in an experimental phytoplankton community. For this purpose, Microcystis aeruginosa (a cosmopolitan cyanobacterium that forms harmful blooms) and the microalgae Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Chlorella vulgaris, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and Scenedesmus incrassatulus were cultivated, individually and jointly, exposing them to sub-inhibitory concentrations of glyphosate (IC10, IC20, and IC40). Effects were evaluated through scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. Exposure to Faena® produced alterations in the external morphology and ultrastructure of microalgae both individually and in combined cultures. SEM evidenced the loss of the typical shape and integrity of the cell wall and an increase in the biovolume. TEM revealed reduction and disorganization of the chloroplast, variation in starch and polyphosphate granules, formation of vesicles and vacuoles, cytoplasm degradation, and cell wall continuity loss. The presence of M. aeruginosa was, for microalgae, an additional stress factor adding to the chemical stress produced by Faena®, increasing the damage in their morphology and ultrastructure. These results alert to the effects that can be caused by glyphosate and the presence of toxigenic bacteria on the algal phytoplankton in contaminated and anthropic and eutrophic freshwater ecosystems.
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Hamed SM, Okla MK, Al-Saadi LS, Hozzein WN, Mohamed HS, Selim S, AbdElgawad H. Evaluation of the phycoremediation potential of microalgae for captan removal: Comprehensive analysis on toxicity, detoxification and antioxidants modulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128177. [PMID: 34999404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Captan is one of the most widely used organochlorine fungicides, its frequent application contaminates both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and negatively affects their key ecological processes. This study demonstrated the toxicity and efficient removal of captan by two different taxonomic species; the green microalga Scenedesmus obliquus and cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. After a week of exposure to mild (15 mg/L) and severe (30 mg/L) captan doses, the intracellular captan uptake, degradation and metabolic regulation of captan detoxification were studied. Compared to N. muscorum, S. obliquus accumulated more captan, but efficiently degraded it into two safe eco-friendly by-products; phthalic acid and 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro phthalimide. S. obliquus showed less decrease in cell growth, photosynthesis activity and related parameters including Chla content and activity of PEPC and RuBisCo enzymes. Captan at the severe dose induced oxidative damage particularly in N. muscorum, as expressed by the high levels of H2O2, MDA, NADPH oxidase and protein peroxidation. Both species invested glutathione-s-transferase enzyme in captan detoxification however, induction of antioxidant defence system e.g. ascorbate and glutathione cycle was more pronounced in S. obliquus which could explain its tolerance ability. This study provided a better understanding of the environmental risks of captan and introduced S. obliquus as a promising captan phycoremediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham M Hamed
- Soil Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, P.O. 175 El-Orman, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad K Okla
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Wael N Hozzein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hussein S Mohamed
- Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (RIMAP), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City, Egypt; Basic sciences department, Higher Technological Institute, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Fernández C, Asselborn V, Parodi ER. Toxic effects of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and glyphosate on the non-target organism Selenastrum capricornutum (Chlorophyta). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200233. [PMID: 34378759 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxic effects of the insecticides chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin, and the herbicide glyphosate on the growth, biovolume and ultrastructure of the green microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum were evaluated. Concentrations between 9.37-150 mg L-1 of chlorpyrifos, 3.12-100 mg L-1 of cypermethrin and 4.7-60 mg L-1 of glyphosate were assayed along with a control culture. The assayed concentrations were prepared using commercial formulations. After 48 h all tested concentrations of the three pesticides reduced significantly the population growth. The 96 h effective concentration 50 (EC50) was 14.45 mg L-1 for chlorpyrifos, 12.37 mg L-1 for cypermethrin and 15.60 mg L-1 for glyphosate. Cells exposed to the three pesticides showed an increase in the cellular size related to the increase in pesticide concentration and exposure time. The most significant damages observed on the ultrastructure of cells exposed to the three pesticides included thylakoids and mitochondria disruption, formation of electrodense bodies, accumulation of lipids and increase in the size and number of starch granules. The present study demonstrates that the effects of pesticides also extend to non-target organisms having significant ecological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fernández
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) - CONICET, Camino Carrindanga 7.5 Km, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Centro de Emprendedorismo y Desarrollo Territorial Sostenible (CEDETS), Universidad Provincial del Sudoeste (UPSO) - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Ciudad de Cali 320, B8003FTH Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Viviana Asselborn
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, B8000FTN, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Elisa R Parodi
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) - CONICET, Camino Carrindanga 7.5 Km, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, B8000FTN, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Hamed SM, Hozzein WN, Selim S, Mohamed HS, AbdElgawad H. Dissipation of pyridaphenthion by cyanobacteria: Insights into cellular degradation, detoxification and metabolic regulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123787. [PMID: 33254796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Excessive use of organophosphorus pesticides such as pyridaphenthion (PY) to constrain insects induced crop loss, results in soil and water sources contamination. Cyanobacteria are sensitive biological indicators and promising tools for bioremediation of soil and water pollutants. To understand PY toxicity, detoxification and degradation in cyanobacteria, we performed a comparative study in the two diazotrophic cyanobacteria; Anabaena laxa and Nostoc muscorum. They were exposed to mild (5 mg/L) and high (10 mg/L) concentrations of PY for 7 days. Compared to A. laxa, N. muscorum efficiently showed high PY accumulation and degradation to a safe environmentally product; 6-hydroxy-2-phenylpyridazin-3(2 H)-one. PY inhibited cell growth and reduced Chl a content and photosynthesis related enzymes (PEPC and RuBisCo) activities in both species, but to less extend in N. muscorum. It also induced oxidative damage, particularly in A. laxa, as indicated by high H2O2, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation levels and increased NADPH oxidase enzyme activity. N. muscorum invested more in antioxidants induction, i.e., induced ascorbate and glutathione cycle, however, these antioxidants increments in A. laxa were less pronounced. Overall, this study provides more in-deep insights into the PY toxicity and the role of N. muscorum as a promising PY remediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham M Hamed
- Soil Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, P.O. 175, El‒Orman, Egypt.
| | - Wael N Hozzein
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Microbiology and Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, P.O. Box 41522, Egypt
| | - Hussein S Mohamed
- Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (RIMAP), Beni-Suef University, Beni, Suef City, Egypt
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Fang L, Xiao Y, Zhang C, Gao Z, Wu S, Gong J, Rohani S. Intermolecular interactions and solubility behavior of multicomponent crystal forms of 2,4-D: design, structure analysis, and solid-state characterization. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01080h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Five new multicomponent solid forms of 2,4-D were successfully synthesized. The equilibrium solubility measurement confirmed the improvements in water solubility of new multicomponent crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yuntian Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Chengtian Zhang
- China Nuclear Mining Science and Technology Corporation, Tongzhou, Beijing, 10000, P. R. China
| | - Zhenguo Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Songgu Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, P. R. China
| | - Sohrab Rohani
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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Tao MT, Bian ZQ, Zhang J, Wang T, Shen HY. Quantitative evaluation and the toxicity mechanism of synergism within three organophosphorus pesticide mixtures to Chlorella pyrenoidosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2095-2103. [PMID: 32926050 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00262c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) pollutants in the environment pose toxicity risks to living organisms, and the possible toxicity mechanism needs to be further clarified. Therefore, the individual and combined toxicity of three OPPs namely acephate (ACE), trichlorfon (TRI) and glyphosate (GIY) towards a freshwater green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) was investigated by the time-dependent microplate toxicity analysis method. Here, a ternary mixture system of the three OPPs including five rays with different concentration ratios was designed by the uniform design ray method. The standard additive reference model, concentration addition (CA), was used to analyse toxicity interaction within ternary mixtures and the toxicity interaction intensity was characterized using a deviation from CA model (dCA). Besides, the effects of the three OPPs and their mixtures on the chlorophyll (CHL) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of C. pyrenoidosa were also investigated to explore the possible mechanisms. The results show that toxicity of the three pesticides and their ternary mixture rays is time-dependent and the combined toxicity correlates well with the components, ACE and GLY. It is likely that there is a significant time-dependent synergism in ternary mixtures induced by ACE and GLY. The synergism intensity of the ternary mixtures is not more than 30% at the whole experimental concentration level. The CHL reduction rate and MDA content of C. pyrenoidosa increase, while the SOD activity of C. pyrenoidosa decreases with the lengthening of exposure time under the action of the three pesticides and their ternary mixtures. So, the possible mechanism of the three pesticides and their mixtures may be by affecting the photosynthesis, and then causing oxidative damage to C. pyrenoidosa cells. The results can provide reference for the combined toxicity assessment of OPPs to living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Tao
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui Province, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
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Agathokleous E, Feng Z, Peñuelas J. Chlorophyll hormesis: Are chlorophylls major components of stress biology in higher plants? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138637. [PMID: 32330746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High oxidative stress inhibits the synthesis and accumulation of chlorophylls, the pigments that absorb and use light. We collated evidence from a diverse array of studies demonstrating that chlorophyll concentration increases in response to low-level stress and decreases in response to high-level stress. These observations were from 33 species, >20 stress-inducing agents, 43 experimental setups and 177 dose responses, suggesting generality. Data meta-analysis indicated that the maximum stimulatory response did not differ significantly among species and agents. The stimulatory response maximized within a defined time window (median = 150-160% of the control response), after which it decreased but remained elevated (median = 120-130% of control response). The common stimulation of chlorophylls by low-level stress indicates that chlorophylls are major components of stress biology, with their increased concentration at low-level stress suggestive of their requirement for normal functioning and health. Increased chlorophyll concentration in response to low-level stress may equip systems with an enhanced capacity for defense against high-level (health-threatening) challenges within defined time windows, such as pollution or herbivores. These developments have wide-ranging implications in ecophysiology, biotic interactions and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - ZhaoZhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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Huang B, Tang J, He H, Gu L, Pan X. Ecotoxicological effects and removal of 17β-estradiol in chlorella algae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:377-383. [PMID: 30849658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2) is a steroid estrogen able to affect the reproduction of aquatic organisms even at extremely low concentrations. The behavior of E2 in the presence of chlorella algae was investigated in laboratory experiments. The results showed that the algae's growth was inhibited by 26% after 7 days of culturing in a 2.0 mg L-1 solution of E2. The 96 h EC50 value of 21.46 mg L-1 reflected moderate toxicity. Even low concentrations of E2 were found to affect total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels after 7 and 10 days and to alter stress-generated enzymatic activity in the algae. The efficiency of chlorella's E2 degradation decreased with the increasing of E2 concentration, but 92% of the E2 can be removed from a 0.5 mg L-1 solution over 10 days. The degradation mechanism was speculated. The microalgae suffered relatively less growth inhibition at low E2 concentrations, and their removal effectiveness was then better. The data help to elucidate the interaction between chlorella algae and E2 in an aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Jin Tang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, PR China
| | - Huan He
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Lipeng Gu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China.
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Duan K, Cui M, Wu Y, Huang X, Xue A, Deng X, Luo L. Effect of Dibutyl Phthalate on the Tolerance and Lipid Accumulation in the Green Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:338-343. [PMID: 29909428 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, Chlorella vulgaris were cultured in the presence of the common plasticizer dibutyl phthalate (DBP) with different concentrations for 10 days. The cell density, DBP concentrations, neutral lipid concentrations, and lipid morphology in C. vulgaris were studied using optical microscopy, gas chromatography (GC), fluorescence spectrophotometry, and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). We observed that the neutral lipid contents and cell density of C. vulgaris were negatively influenced by DBP of high concentrations (50 and 100 mg/L), but significantly stimulated by DBP of low concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mg/L). Lipid bodies were destroyed into pieces by DBP of high concentrations (50 and 100 mg/L), but were slightly suppressed by DBP at low concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mg/L). Chlorella vulgaris treated with DBP (50 mg/L) for 2 days showed the highest removal efficiency (31.69%). The results suggested that C. vulgaris could be used in practice to remove DBP and has the potential of being oleaginous microalgae in DBP contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Meng Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yanni Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xueyong Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Ahui Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xunan Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Liping Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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Insights into microalgae mediated biodegradation of diazinon by Chlorella vulgaris : Microalgal tolerance to xenobiotic pollutants and metabolism. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Effects of diffusion on total biomass in heterogeneous continuous and discrete-patch systems. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-016-0302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Asselborn V, Fernández C, Zalocar Y, Parodi ER. Effects of chlorpyrifos on the growth and ultrastructure of green algae, Ankistrodesmus gracilis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 120:334-341. [PMID: 26099464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos on the growth, biovolume, and ultrastructure of the green microalga Ankistrodesmus gracilis was evaluated. Concentrations of 9.37, 18.75, 37.5, 75 and 150mgL(-1) of chlorpyrifos were assayed along with a control culture. At the end of the bioassay the ultrastructure of algal cells from control culture and from cultures exposed to 37.5 and 150mgL(-1) was observed under transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After 24 and 48h, treatments with 75 and 150mgL(-1) inhibited the growth of A. gracilis; whereas after 72 and 96h, all the treatments except at 9.37mgL(-1) significantly affected the algae growth. The effective concentration 50 (EC50) after 96h was 22.44mgL(-1) of chlorpyrifos. After the exposure to the insecticide, an increase in the biovolume was observed, with a larger increase in cells exposed to 75 and 150mgL(-1). Radical changes were observed in the ultrastructure of cells exposed to chlorpyrifos. The insecticide affected the cell shape and the distribution of the crests in the wall. At 37.5mgL(-1) electodense bodies were observed along with an increase in the size and number of starch granules. At 150mgL(-1) such bodies occupied almost the whole cytoplasm together with lipids and remains of thylakoids. Autospores formation occurred normally at 37.5mgL(-1) while at 150mgL(-1) karyokinesis occurred, but cell-separation-phase was inhibited. The present study demonstrates that the exposure of phytoplankton to the insecticide chlorpyrifos leads to effects observed at both cellular and population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Asselborn
- Laboratorio de Ecología Acuática, Depto. Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, B8000ICL Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Carolina Fernández
- CONICET-BB-IADO (Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía), CC 804, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Yolanda Zalocar
- CONICET-CECOAL (Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral), CC 291, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Elisa R Parodi
- Laboratorio de Ecología Acuática, Depto. Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, B8000ICL Bahía Blanca, Argentina; CONICET-BB-IADO (Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía), CC 804, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Lu D, Huang L, Diao J, Zhou Z. Enantioselective toxicological response of the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus to isocarbophos. Chirality 2012; 24:481-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing; China
| | - Ledan Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing; China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing; China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing; China
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15
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Pan X, Chang F, Kang L, Liu Y, Li G, Li D. Effects of gibberellin A(3) on growth and microcystin production in Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanophyta). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:1691-1697. [PMID: 18395293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors that affect the growth and microcystin production of microcystis have received worldwide attention because of the hazards microcystin poses to environmental safety and public health. Nevertheless, the effects of organic anthropogenic pollution on microcystis are rarely discussed. Gibberellin A(3) (GA(3)) is a vegetable hormone widely used in agriculture and horticulture that can contaminate water as an anthropogenic pollutant. Because of its common occurrence, we studied the effects of GA(3) on growth and microcystin production of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) PCC7806 with different concentrations (0.001-25mg/L) in batch culture. The control was obtained without gibberellin under the same culture conditions. Growth, estimated by dry weight and cell number, increased after the GA(3) treatment. GA(3) increased the amounts of chlorophyll a, phycocyanin and cellular-soluble protein in the cells of M. aeruginosa PCC7806, but decreased the accumulation of water-soluble carbohydrates. In addition, GA(3) was observed to affect nitrogen absorption of the test algae, but to have no effect on the absorption of phosphorus. The amount of microcystin measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) increased in GA(3) treatment groups, but the stimulatory effects were different in different culture phases. It is suggested that GA(3) increases M. aeruginosa growth by stimulating its absorbance of nitrogen and increasing its ability to use carbohydrates, accordingly increasing cellular pigments and thus finally inducing accumulation of protein and microcystin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Province, PR China.
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16
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Cáceres T, Megharaj M, Naidu R. Toxicity and transformation of fenamiphos and its metabolites by two micro algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorococcum sp. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 398:53-59. [PMID: 18452972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicity of an organophosphorous pesticide, fenamiphos and its metabolites, fenamiphos sulfoxide (FSO), fenamiphos sulfone (FSO(2)), fenamiphos phenol (FP), fenamiphos sulfoxide phenol (FSOP) and fenamiphos sulfone phenol (FSO(2)P), to the aquatic alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the terrestrial alga Chlorococcum sp. was studied. The toxicity followed the order: fenamiphos phenol>fenamiphos sulfone phenol>fenamiphos sulfoxide phenol>fenamiphos. The oxidation products of fenamiphos, FSO and FSO(2) were not toxic to the algal species up to 100 mg L(-1). Both algae were able to transform fenamiphos, FSO and FSO(2), while the phenols were found to be stable in the incubation media. Bioaccumulation of both fenamiphos and its metabolites was observed in the case of Chlorococcum sp. while only metabolites were accumulated in P. subcapitata. This study demonstrates that (i) the hydrolysis products of fenamiphos, FSOP and FSO(2)P are more toxic to both fresh water and soil algae than their parent chemicals, (ii) further fenamiphos can be transformed and bioconcentrated by these algae. Therefore, contamination of natural environments such as waterbodies with fenamiphos or its metabolites can have adverse impacts on the food chain and associated biota (especially to the primary consumers such as Daphnia) since algae are the primary producers located at the base of the food chain. Further, the finding that the fenamiphos phenols are more toxic to algae highlights the need to consider the transformation products in ecological risk assessment of fenamiphos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Cáceres
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, SPRI Building, SA, Australia
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17
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Råberg S, Nyström M, Erös M, Plantman P. Impact of the herbicides 2,4-D and diuron on the metabolism of the coral Porites cylindrica. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2003; 56:503-514. [PMID: 12860435 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(03)00039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of two herbicides on the hermatypic coral Porites cylindrica. The herbicides tested were 2,4-D and diuron, since they are commonly used and have different toxic characteristics. Corals were exposed to 10 and 100 mg l(-1) 2,4-D, and to 10, 50 and 100 micro g(-l) diuron for 48 h respectively, and the effects were measured using an oxymeter and a diving PAM fluorometer. Coral gross primary production rate, gross primary production to respiration ratio and effective quantum yield were significantly reduced when exposed to 100 mg l(-1) 2,4-D while respiration seemed unaffected. All three concentrations of diuron caused a significant reduction in all measured parameters except respiration and maximum fluorescence yield, where a significant reduction was detected at 50 and 100 micro g(-1) diuron, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Råberg
- Department of Botany, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Sabater C, Carrasco JM. Effects of pyridaphenthion on growth of five freshwater species of phytoplankton. A laboratory study. CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 44:1775-1781. [PMID: 11534908 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicity of the insecticide and acaricide pyridaphenthion to five species of freshwater phytoplankton, Scenedesmus acutus, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella saccharophila and Pseudanabaena galeata was determined. Insecticide concentrations eliciting a 50% growth reduction over 96 h (EC50) ranged from 2.2 to 30.9 mg/l. The two species of Chlorella and the cyanobacteria P. galeata were more tolerant than the two species of Scenedesmus. Concentrations of pyridaphenthion detected in some natural waters were less than the toxic threshold for these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sabater
- Department of Biotechnology, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain
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19
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Abstract
The present article represents a comprehensive effort to assess the hypothesis that hormesis is a highly generalizable biological phenomenon independent of environmental stressor, biological endpoint, and experimental model system. The evaluative methodology and complementary approaches employed to assess this question are (1) evolutionary biology-based theoretical paradigm; (2) evaluation of > 20,000 toxicology articles using a priori entry and evaluative criteria; (3) evaluation of 17 large-scale studies each providing data on numerous agents tested in the same experimental model by the same research team; (4) the assimilation of experimental pharmacological data on 24 receptor systems in which biphasic dose responses have been established reproducibly along with hormetic mechanism elucidation; and (5) assessment of the original hormesis database with 1600 dose-response relationships demonstrating evidence consistent with the hormesis hypothesis. The complementary approaches for assessing hormesis provided strong support for its credibility as a central biological theory based on its high frequency of occurrence and quantitative features of expression within microbe, plant, and invertebrate and vertebrate animal systems. The findings suggest that hormetic effects represent evolutionary-based adaptive responses to environmentally induced disruptions in homeostasis. Such adaptive responses, which are incorporated into organismal integrative physiological systems and now clarified at the mechanistic level for more than two dozen receptor systems, provide a cogent basis for the application of hormetic mechanisms in the elucidation of fundamental evolutionary-based biological processes and in the development of novel clinical modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA.
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20
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Sabater C, Carrasco JM. Effects of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion on growth in five freshwater species of phytoplankton. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2001; 16:314-320. [PMID: 11501280 DOI: 10.1002/tox.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicity of the insecticide fenitrothion was measured using four freshwater algae (Chlorella saccharophila, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus acutus, and Scenedesmus subspicatus) and one cyanobacteria (Pseudanabaena galeata). Insecticide concentrations eliciting 50% growth reduction over 96 hr (EC50) ranged from 0.84 to 11.9 mg/L. Fenitrothion was more toxic than other pesticides studied with the same algal species such as chlorsulfuron, molinate, and pyridaphenthion. The transformation of effective concentrations of fenitrothion and other pesticides obtained from toxicity measurements into percent of the saturation level in water is used as a first evaluation of potential hazard to aquatic systems. The insecticides fenitrothion and pyridaphenthion were less hazardous than the herbicides atrazine, benthiocarb, cinosulfuron, chlorsulfuron, methyl-bensulfuron, and molinate. The two species of Chlorella and the cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena were more tolerant to fenitrothion than the two species of Scenedesmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sabater
- Pesticide Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, E.T.S.I.A., Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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21
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Wong PK. Effects of 2,4-D, glyphosate and paraquat on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll-a synthesis of Scenedesmus quadricauda Berb 614. CHEMOSPHERE 2000; 41:177-82. [PMID: 10819198 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 2,4-D, glyphosate and paraquat on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll-a synthesis by a freshwater green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda Berb 614, were determined. These herbicides are the most often used in Hong Kong. Within the concentration range 0.02-200 mg/l, paraquat was more toxic than glyphosate and 2,4-D to the growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll-a synthesis. The presence of 0.02, 0.2 or 2 mg/l of 2,4-D was not toxic to the alga. Algal growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll-a synthesis were stimulated by the presence of low concentrations (0.02 or 0.2 and 0.02 mg/l, respectively) of 2,4-D and glyphosate. The presence of 0.02 or 0.2 mg/l of paraquat, 2 mg/l of glyphosate or 20 mg/l of 2,4-D was significantly inhibitory to the three test parameters, whereas the presence of 2 or more mg/l of paraquat, 20 or more mg/l of glyphosate or 200 mg/l of 2,4-D completely inhibited algal growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll-a synthesis. The use of the alga as a bio-indicator of herbicide contamination in freshwater environment was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Wong
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Abo‐El‐Seoud M, Frost M. Biochemical changes in wheat plants as affected by residues of dimethoate and pirimicarb. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1108/09566169810240481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wheat plants were grown in field plots of 3×3m area. After growth period of two months, the growing plants were sprayed with dimethoate and pirimicarb at the recommended dose. Spraying was repeated after a further 45 days. Plant samples were taken at intervals of zero, three, six, nine, 12 and 15 days after each application. A gradual and continuous degradation of the applied pesticides had taken place in the treated wheat shoots up to the end of the experiment. However, dimethoate showed more residues and persistence rather than pirimicarb. The break down and metabolism of the applied pesticides was correlated with some biochemical changes in the sprayed plants. Sampling dates of three and six days after application were the most critical periods to affect plant metabolism. A decline was noticed in chlorophyll, sugars and carbohydrates, total proteins and RNA content of wheat shoots as a function of the applied pesticides. Free amino acids were accumulated in the sprayed plants, meanwhile the DNA content did not show observable changes as a consequence of the applied pesticides treatment.
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23
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Fargasová A. The effects of organotin compounds on growth, respiration rate, and chlorophyll a content of Scenedesmus quadricauda. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 1997; 37:193-198. [PMID: 9378084 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1997.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of 12 organotins in a four concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/liter) of a 12-day growth and on the respiration rate and chlorophyll a content in 9-day tests were determined for the freshwater algae Scenedesmus quadricauda. Tested organotin compounds belonged to di-R2SnX2 (R:methyl, butyl) and triorganotins R3SnX (R:phenyl, benzyl, butyl).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fargasová
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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24
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Hendriks A, Enserink E. Modelling response of single-species populations to microcontaminants as a function of species size with examples for waterfleas (Daphnia magna) and cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). Ecol Modell 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3800(95)00111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Okay OS, Morkoç E, Gaines A. Effects of two herbicidal wastewaters on Chlorella sp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1994; 84:1-6. [PMID: 15091717 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(94)90063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/1992] [Accepted: 10/28/1992] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects on Chlorella sp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum of two industrial wastewaters known to contain the herbicide residues of Trifluralin and Propanil have been determined by monitoring the number of cells, the chlorophyll fluorescence and the carbon dioxide assimilation simultaneously for a period of 14 days. The growth of the diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, was inhibited by concentrations of herbicidal waste of the order of 0.1-0.5%, apparently because the rate of reproduction was reduced. Chlorella sp. cells, on the other hand, whilst dramatically inhibited by 1% concentrations of herbicidal waste, were able to recover over a period of 14 days. If discharged at concentrations below 0.01%, the industrial wastes appeared not to affect phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Okay
- Marmara Research Center, TUBITAK, PO Box 21, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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26
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Wong PK, Chang L. Effects of copper, chromium and nickel on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a synthesis of Chlorella pyrenoidosa 251. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1991; 72:127-139. [PMID: 15092108 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(91)90063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/1990] [Revised: 08/20/1990] [Accepted: 11/30/1990] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Individual and combined effects of three heavy metals; namely, copper, chromium and nickel, on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a synthesis of the unicellular green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa 251, were determined. Within the concentration range of 0.1 to 1.0 mg litre(-1) of the three heavy metals tested on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a synthesis of the alga, the order of toxicity of the three heavy metals was copper > chromium > nickel. The presence of one of the three heavy metals interacted synergistically with the other two heavy metals in various bimetallic combinations on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a synthesis of the alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Wong
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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