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Cucinotta FA, Pak S. Cancer and circulatory disease risks for the largest solar particle events in the space age. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 40:1-7. [PMID: 38245334 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
In this paper we use the NASA Space Cancer Risk (NSCR version 2022) model to predict cancer and circulatory disease risks using energy spectra representing the largest SPE's observed in the space age. Because tissue dose-rates behind shielding for large SPE's lead to low dose-rates (<0.2 Gy/h) we consider the integrated risk for several historical periods of high solar activity, including July-November, 1960 events and August-October 1989 events along with the February 1956 and August 1972 events. The galactic cosmic ray (GCR) contribution to risks is considered in predictions. Results for these largest historical events show risk of exposure induced death (REID) are mitigated to < 1.2 % with a 95 % confidence interval with passive radiation shielding of 20 g/cm2 aluminum, while larger amounts would support the application of the ALARA principle. Annual GCR risks are predicted to surpass the risks from large SPEs by ∼30 g/cm2 of aluminum shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis A Cucinotta
- Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States of America.
| | - Sungmin Pak
- Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States of America
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Gulabrao PP, Clarno KT. Buildup with Bremsstrahlung in the Martian Atmosphere. NUCL SCI ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00295639.2020.1794455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Praneel P. Gulabrao
- University of Texas at Austin, 301 East Dean Keeton Street C2100, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Kevin T. Clarno
- University of Texas at Austin, 301 East Dean Keeton Street C2100, Austin, Texas 78712
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Datta K, Suman S, Kallakury BVS, Fornace AJ. Exposure to heavy ion radiation induces persistent oxidative stress in mouse intestine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42224. [PMID: 22936983 PMCID: PMC3427298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress is attributed to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to radiolysis of water molecules and is short lived. Persistent oxidative stress has also been observed after radiation exposure and is implicated in the late effects of radiation. The goal of this study was to determine if long-term oxidative stress in freshly isolated mouse intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) is dependent on radiation quality at a dose relevant to fractionated radiotherapy. Mice (C57BL/6J; 6 to 8 weeks; female) were irradiated with 2 Gy of γ-rays, a low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, and intestinal tissues and IEC were collected 1 year after radiation exposure. Intracellular ROS, mitochondrial function, and antioxidant activity in IEC were studied by flow cytometry and biochemical assays. Oxidative DNA damage, cell death, and mitogenic activity in IEC were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Effects of γ radiation were compared to 56Fe radiation (iso-toxic dose: 1.6 Gy; energy: 1000 MeV/nucleon; LET: 148 keV/µm), we used as representative of high-LET radiation, since it's one of the important sources of high Z and high energy (HZE) radiation in cosmic rays. Radiation quality affected the level of persistent oxidative stress with higher elevation of intracellular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide in high-LET 56Fe radiation compared to unirradiated controls and γ radiation. NADPH oxidase activity, mitochondrial membrane damage, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential were greater in 56Fe-irradiated mice. Compared to γ radiation oxidative DNA damage was higher, cell death ratio was unchanged, and mitotic activity was increased after 56Fe radiation. Taken together our results indicate that long-term functional dysregulation of mitochondria and increased NADPH oxidase activity are major contributing factors towards heavy ion radiation-induced persistent oxidative stress in IEC with potential for neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States of America.
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Suman S, Datta K, Trani D, Laiakis EC, Strawn SJ, Fornace AJ. Relative biological effectiveness of 12C and 28Si radiation in C57BL/6J mice. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2012; 51:303-9. [PMID: 22562428 PMCID: PMC4208103 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-012-0418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Study of heavy ion radiation-induced effects on mice could provide insight into the human health risks of space radiation exposure. The purpose of the present study is to assess the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of (12)C and (28)Si ion radiation, which has not been reported previously in the literature. Female C57BL/6J mice (n = 15) were irradiated using 4-8 Gy of (28)Si (300 MeV/nucleon energy; LET 70 keV/μm) and 5-8 Gy of (12)C (290 MeV/nucleon energy; LET 13 keV/μm) ions. Post-exposure, mice were monitored regularly, and their survival observed for 30 days. The LD(50/30) dose (the dose at which 50 % lethality occurred by 30-day post-exposure) was calculated from the survival curve and was used to determine the RBE of (28)Si and (12)C in relation to γ radiation. The LD(50/30) for (28)Si and (12)C ion is 5.17 and 7.34 Gy, respectively, and the RBE in relation to γ radiation (LD(50/30)-7.25 Gy) is 1.4 for (28)Si and 0.99 for (12)C. Determination of RBE of (28)Si and (12)C for survival in mice is not only important for space radiation risk estimate studies, but it also has implications for HZE radiation in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Suman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room E504 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA
| | - Kamal Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room E504 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA
- Corresponding authors: Albert J. Fornace Jr., M.D., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room E504 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA, Phone: 202 687-7843, Fax: 202 687 3140, & Kamal Datta, M.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E518, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA; Phone: 202-687-7956;
| | - Daniela Trani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room E504 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA
| | - Evagelia C. Laiakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room E504 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA
| | - Steven J. Strawn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room E504 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room E504 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA
- Center of Excellence In Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SA
- Corresponding authors: Albert J. Fornace Jr., M.D., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room E504 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA, Phone: 202 687-7843, Fax: 202 687 3140, & Kamal Datta, M.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E518, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA; Phone: 202-687-7956;
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Hu S, Kim MHY, McClellan GE, Cucinotta FA. Modeling the acute health effects of astronauts from exposure to large solar particle events. HEALTH PHYSICS 2009; 96:465-476. [PMID: 19276707 DOI: 10.1097/01.hp.0000339020.92837.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Radiation exposure from Solar Particle Events (SPE) presents a significant health concern for astronauts for exploration missions outside the protection of the Earth's magnetic field, which could impair their performance and result in the possibility of failure of the mission. Assessing the potential for early radiation effects under such adverse conditions is of prime importance. Here we apply a biologically based mathematical model that describes the dose- and time-dependent early human responses that constitute the prodromal syndromes to consider acute risks from SPEs. We examine the possible early effects on crews from exposure to some historically large solar events on lunar and/or Mars missions. The doses and dose rates of specific organs were calculated using the Baryon radiation transport (BRYNTRN) code and a computerized anatomical man model, while the hazard of the early radiation effects and performance reduction were calculated using the Radiation-Induced Performance Decrement (RIPD) code. Based on model assumptions we show that exposure to these historical events would cause moderate early health effects to crew members inside a typical spacecraft or during extra-vehicular activities, if effective shielding and medical countermeasure tactics were not provided. We also calculate possible even worse cases (double intensity, multiple occurrences in a short period of time, etc.) to estimate the severity, onset and duration of various types of early illness. Uncertainties in the calculation due to limited data on relative biological effectiveness and dose-rate modifying factors for protons and secondary radiation, and the identification of sensitive sites in critical organs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Hu
- Division of Space Life Sciences, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA
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Zapp EN, Ramsey CR, Townsend LW, Badhwar GD. Solar particle event dose and dose-rate distributions: parameterization of dose-time profiles, with subsequent dose-rate analysis. RADIAT MEAS 1999; 30:393-400. [PMID: 11543143 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(99)00064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Calculations of total dose and equivalent dose as functions of time, as well as dose-rate and equivalent dose rate since event start are presented for fifteen of the larger solar particle events that occurred during the period between November 1987 and August 1991. The doses, dose-equivalents, and rates presented are for exposures to the skin, ocular lens, and bone marrow behind a thickness of aluminum shielding which provides protection comparable to that of a thin spacecraft. The calculated dose vs time profiles are parameterized using a Weibull cumulative distribution as the fitting function. Parameters are determined using least-squares techniques. Fitted curves are then differentiated to produce smoothed dose-rate curves for each of the events. These results provide a useful starting point for the development of methods to predict the cumulative doses and times to reach various dose limits from a limited number of dosimeter measurements early in the evolution of a solar particle event.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Zapp
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-2300, USA
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Zapp EN, Ramsey CR, Townsend LW, Badhwar GD. Solar particle event dose distributions: parameterization of dose-time profiles. ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1998; 43:249-259. [PMID: 11541928 DOI: 10.1016/s0094-5765(98)00158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Calculations of total dose and dose equivalent as a function of time since the start of the event are presented for four of the major solar particle events that occurred during the period from August to December 1989. Results are presented for exposures to the skin, ocular lens and bone marrow shielded by a nominal thickness of aluminum shielding, comparable to that provided by a spacesuit. The calculated curves of organ dose and dose equivalent versus time are parameterized using a Weibull functional form for the fitting equation. The fitting parameters are determined using least squares regression techniques. These results provide a useful starting point for the development of methods to predict the cumulative doses and times to reach various dose limits from a limited number of dose measurements early in a solar particle event.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Zapp
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-2300, USA
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Cucinotta FA, Townsend LW, Wilson JW, Shinn JL, Badhwar GD, Dubey RR. Light ion components of the galactic cosmic rays: nuclear interactions and transport theory. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 1996; 17:77-86. [PMID: 11540375 DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(95)00515-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Light nuclei are present in the primary galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and are produced in thick targets due to projectile or target fragmentation from both nucleon and heavy ion induced reactions. In the primary GCR, 4He is the most abundant nucleus after 1H. However, there are also a substantial fluxes of 2H and 3He. In this paper we describe theoretical models based on quantum multiple scattering theory for the description of light ion nuclear interactions. The energy dependence of the light ion fragmentation cross section is considered with comparisons of inclusive yields and secondary momentum distributions to experiments described. We also analyze the importance of a fast component of lights ions from proton and neutron induced target fragmentation. These theoretical models have been incorporated into the cosmic ray transport code HZETRN and will be used to analyze the role of shielding materials in modulating the production and the energy spectrum of light ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Cucinotta
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681-0001, USA
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