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Prichystalova R, Caron-Beaudoin E, Richardson L, Dirkx E, Amadou A, Zavodna T, Cihak R, Cogliano V, Hynes J, Pelland-St-Pierre L, Verner MA, van Tongeren M, Ho V. An approach to classifying occupational exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals by sex hormone function using an expert judgment process. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:753-768. [PMID: 32704083 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances that interfere with the endocrine system and cause adverse effects. We aimed to classify the effects of 24 known EDCs, prevalent in certain occupations, according to four modes of action (estrogenic, antiestrogenic, androgenic, and/or antiandrogenic). A literature search, stratified into four types of literature was conducted (namely: national and international agency reports; review articles; primary studies; ToxCastTM). The state of the evidence of each EDC on sex hormone function was summarized and reviewed by an expert panel. For each mode of action, the experts evaluated the likelihood of endocrine disruption in five categories: "No", "Unlikely", "Possibly", "Probably", and "Yes". Seven agents were categorized as "Yes," or having strong evidence for their effects on sex hormone function (antiandrogenic: lead, arsenic, butylbenzyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate; estrogenic: nonylphenol, bisphenol A). Nine agents were categorized as "Probable," or having probable evidence (antiandrogenic: bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, nonylphenol, toluene, bisphenol A, diisononyl phthalate; androgenic: cadmium; estrogenic: copper, cadmium and; anti-estrogenic: lead). Two agents (arsenic, polychlorinated biphenyls) had opposing conclusions supporting both "probably" estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. This synthesis will allow researchers to evaluate the health effects of selected EDCs with an added level of precision related to the mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prichystalova
- Faculty of Safety Engineering, Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - E Caron-Beaudoin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - L Richardson
- Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - E Dirkx
- Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - A Amadou
- Département Prévention Cancer Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Inserm UA 08 Radiations: Défense, Santé, Environement, Lyon, France
| | - T Zavodna
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Cihak
- Výzkumný ústav organických syntéz a.s., Centre for Ecology, Toxicology and Analytics, Rybitví, Czech Republic
| | - V Cogliano
- National Center for Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J Hynes
- JH Tox Consulting, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - L Pelland-St-Pierre
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M A Verner
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M van Tongeren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - V Ho
- Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Paternal Exposure to Non-essential Heavy Metal Affects Embryo Cleavage and Implantation in Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Cycles: Evidence for a Paradoxical Effect. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2550-2561. [PMID: 33683670 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the adverse effects of non-essential heavy metals on semen quality have been demonstrated in experimental animal models and occupational human exposure studies, little is known about the reproductive efficiency of exposed sperm during the process of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Our study aims to evaluate the effect of paternal exposure to non-essential heavy metals on embryo efficiency outcomes (embryo cleavage, fragmentation, implantation, and live birth) in ICSI cycle. Ninety-five heterosexual couples who underwent 95 ICSI cycles and 78 fresh embryo transfers between January 2003 and December 2009 were evaluated. Men whose female partner was undergoing ICSI were asked to provide semen and blood samples. Heavy metal levels (Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Ba, and U) were analyzed using an ion-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; Agilent 7500 ce, Agilent Technologies, Germany) equipped with a cell dynamic range (CDR). Paternal exposure to trace heavy metals was found to influence intermediate reproductive endpoints in ICSI cycles. After adjusting for paternal and maternal confounders, paternal blood concentrations of Cd [-0.30(-0.11,-0.02)], As [-0.26(-0.16,-0.11)], and U [-0.22(-0.24,-0.02)] were inversely associated with embryo cell cleavage on day 3. Counterintuitively, paternal blood and semen Pb levels [0.26(0.01,0.22); 0.25(0.03,0.14)] as well as semen U levels [0.27(0.01,0.19)] were positively associated with the proportion of implanted embryos. There were no significant associations observed for clinical pregnancy and live birth rates with any paternal heavy metal concentrations in semen and blood. These findings highlight the importance of paternal health for embryo efficiency outcomes in ICSI treatment cycles and the need for more male partner inclusive counseling in fertility practice. They also underline a paradoxical positive association between some heavy metal pollutants at low exposure levels and reproductive outcomes.
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Zhou L, Wang S, Cao L, Ren X, Li Y, Shao J, Xu L. Lead acetate induces apoptosis in Leydig cells by activating PPARγ/caspase-3/PARP pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:34-44. [PMID: 31145012 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1625034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the cytotoxicity of lead acetate (Pb(AC)2, a representative air pollutant) by focusing on PPARγ/caspase-3/PARP apoptotic signaling pathway and to explore the inhibitory effect of PPARγ antagonist on apoptosis of TM3 Leydig cells. MTT assay was utilized to examine cell viability. Cell apoptosis was analyzed using a flow cytometry by staining with Annexin V-PE/7AAD staining and a fluorescence microscope by staining with Hoechst 33,258. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins were examined using western blot. From the results, Pb reduced significantly TM3 cell proliferation in concentration- and time-dependent manner. It increased significantly apoptosis; increased the PPARγ, Bax, procaspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, proPARP, cleaved PARP levels; and decreased Bcl-2 level in Pb-treated TM3 cells as compared to control cells. Furthermore, pretreatment with PPARγ antagonist significantly attenuated the apoptosis and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP induced by Pb. Our results suggested that Pb induced cytotoxicity on TM3 Leydig cells, at least in part, by increasing PPARγ expression, stimulating cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, and then induced cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, China
| | - Susu Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, China
| | - Lina Cao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiangmei Ren
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuanhong Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, China
| | - Jihong Shao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, China
| | - Lichun Xu
- Department of Hygiene,School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University , China
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Dolati P, Khodabandeh Z, Zamiri MJ, Jamhiri I, Mehrabani D. The Effect of Lead Acetate and Quercetin on the Tight and Gap Junctions in the Mouse Testis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 198:535-543. [PMID: 32232643 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollutant effects on fertility sometime are irretrievable. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lead acetate and quercetin on tight (claudin 11 and occludin) and gap junctional (connexin 43) proteins and the integrity of the blood-testis barrier status. Experimental groups, including the lead acetate (Pb), quercetin (QE), lead acetate with quercetin (Pb + QE), and control mice, were treated at least one spermatogenic cycle. Gene expression of claudin 11 and occludin decreased in Pb + QE, Pb, and QE compared with the control group. Connexin 43 (Cx43) expression in the control and Pb groups was lower than in Pb + QE and QE. The immunohistochemical data were generally in line with these findings. In conclusion, the results showed that Pb exposure led to disorders in cellular interactions that affect testicular function; however, simultaneous treatment with quercetin did not alleviate these effects. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Dolati
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Khodabandeh
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Javad Zamiri
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iman Jamhiri
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Davood Mehrabani
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research and Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Calderón-Vallejo D, Del Carmen Díaz-Galindo M, Quintanar-Stephano A, Olvera-Sandoval C, Quintanar JL. Protective role of ascorbic acid on lead-induced damage to the thyroid gland in the rat. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:632-635. [PMID: 33178423 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead exposure is known to affect the pituitary-thyroid axis. Likewise, ascorbic acid (AA) has a protective action against lead poisoning. We examine the protective role of AA in lead-induced damage to the thyroid gland. The Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control that received 0.2% AA in drinking water throughout the experiment (15 days), intoxicated with lead acetate (20 mg/kg) intraperitoneally every 48 h for 15 days, and the experimental group treated with lead acetate and 0.2% AA in drinking water throughout the experiment. Plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and lead were determined. The thyroid gland was weighed, then epithelial cell height and nuclear volume were measured on histological slides. The results show that AA reduced the thyroid atrophy caused by lead acetate, as well as the loss of weight of the gland. In addition, it prevented the decrease of the hormone triiodothyronine, although the thyroxine hormone remained lower than the control values and the thyroid-stimulating hormone remains high. Our results indicated that AA could play a protective role in lead poisoning in the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Calderón-Vallejo
- Depto. de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, C.P., 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - María Del Carmen Díaz-Galindo
- Depto. de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, C.P., 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Andrés Quintanar-Stephano
- Depto. de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, C.P., 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Carlos Olvera-Sandoval
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Avenida Alvaro Obregon s/n, Nueva, 21100 Mexicali, Mexico
| | - J Luis Quintanar
- Depto. de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, C.P., 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Ren J, Cui J, Chen Q, Zhou N, Zhou Z, Zhang GH, Wu W, Yang H, Cao J. Low-level lead exposure is associated with aberrant sperm quality and reproductive hormone levels in Chinese male individuals: Results from the MARHCS study low-level lead exposure is associated with aberrant sperm quality. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125402. [PMID: 31809925 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies in animals suggest an adverse effect of high-level lead exposure on male reproductive outcomes. However, evidence of the effects of low-level lead exposure is inconsistent. The purpose of our study was to explore the relationship between low-level lead exposure from daily environmental contaminants and semen quality in a community population without occupational exposure. We recruited 751 students in the Male Reproductive Health in Chongqing College Students (MARHCS) study and 190 community males from Bishan, Chongqing. Eight urinary metals (Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, and Cr), semen quality, and serum sex hormones were detected. Even if the blood lead concentration was below the US lead poisoning standard for children (100 μg/L), a significant dose-response relationship was found between lead exposure and a decrease in semen quality. Multilinear regression showed that urinary Pb was negatively associated with sperm concentration, total sperm count, progressive motility and total sperm motility (regression coefficient: -0.074, -0.103, -0.024, and -0.014, respectively; p: <0.001, <0.001, 0.007, and <0.001, respectively), accompanied by decreased serum follicle-stimulating hormone, serum testosterone and the testosterone/luteinizing hormone ratio (β coefficient: -0.090, -0.082, and -0.020, respectively; p: 0.002, <0.001, and 0.021, respectively). Logistic regression also indicated that the risk of having abnormal semen quality was higher in the high Pb group (OR: 2.501, 95% CI: 1.411, 4.435, p = 0.002) than in the low Pb group after adjusting for confounders, with a dose-response relationship in the trend test (p = 0.007). Our results revealed an inverse association between Pb exposure at low levels and semen quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Ren
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Junpeng Cui
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Niya Zhou
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyuan Zhou
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jia Cao
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Sukhn C, Awwad J, Ghantous A, Zaatari G. Associations of semen quality with non-essential heavy metals in blood and seminal fluid: data from the Environment and Male Infertility (EMI) study in Lebanon. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:1691-1701. [PMID: 29931406 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human exposure to environmental pollutants is widespread. It was suggested that exposure to non-essential heavy metals may adversely affect semen development in men. PURPOSE To evaluate associations between non-essential heavy metals in blood and seminal fluid and semen quality parameters in men. METHODS Male partners of heterosexual couples were included. The following elements were measured in blood and seminal fluid: lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), mercury (Hg), and uranium (U) using ion-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. SETTING The fertility clinic at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Semen quality parameters (volume, concentration, total count, progressive motility, viability, and normal morphology). RESULTS We found that participants with low-quality semen had significantly higher Cd and Ba concentrations in the seminal fluid than participants with normal-quality semen. We also observed significant associations between low sperm viability and higher blood Cd and Ba, as well as higher seminal Pb, Cd, Ba, and U. Furthermore, U concentrations in the seminal fluid were associated with increased odds ratios for below-reference progressive sperm motility and normal morphology. CONCLUSIONS Environmental exposures to Pb, Cd, Ba, and U appear to adversely influence sperm development in men. In non-occupationally exposed men, measurements of heavy metals in the seminal fluid may be more predictive of below-reference sperm quality parameters than in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Sukhn
- Environment Core Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Johnny Awwad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Akram Ghantous
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghazi Zaatari
- Environment Core Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
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Lack of beneficial effect of activated charcoal in lead induced testicular toxicity in male albino rats. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mefs.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Mandil R, Rahal A, Prakash A, Garg SK, Gangwar NK, Swain DK. Ameliorative potential of α-tocopherol against flubendiamide and copper-induced testicular-insult in Wistar rats. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 260:91-101. [PMID: 27823922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Study was undertaken to evaluate ameliorative potential of α-tocopherol against copper sulphate and flubendiamide alone and in combination-induced toxicity in rats following 90 days exposure. Absolute and relative organ weights did not differ between treatments groups. Increase of LPO in copper and flubendiamide intoxicated rats but modest increase in copper + flubendiamide group. GSH and activities of SOD, GPx and GST showed moderate decrease in intoxicated groups. Reduced CAT activity in alone exposed groups was observed. ACP, ALP and SDH remain unaltered. Increase in LDH, γ-GT, abnormal sperm and reduced 17β-HSD, percent live and HOST +ve sperms and testosterone level was observed in all three exposed groups. Xenobiotics alone and in combination exhibited degenerative germinal epithelium, necrotic germ cells, loss of spermatozoa and spermatids. Treatment with α-tocopherol, reparative potential was observed as values of most of the parameters including testicular histoarchitecture were restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Mandil
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India.
| | - Anu Rahal
- Central Institute for Research on Goat (CIRG), Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281122, India
| | - Atul Prakash
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Satish K Garg
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Neeraj K Gangwar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Dilip K Swain
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
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Li CJ, Yeh CY, Chen RY, Tzeng CR, Han BC, Chien LC. Biomonitoring of blood heavy metals and reproductive hormone level related to low semen quality. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 300:815-822. [PMID: 26340548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive hormones and exposure to environmental metals are correlated with low-quality semen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of heavy metals and reproductive hormones in the blood in addition to other relevant factors to clarify the relationship between these factors and semen quality. We recruited 154 male participants from a reproductive medical center. All participants were provided with a questionnaire on lifestyle implementation. The levels of metals in the blood were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The levels of hormones in the blood were determined using an automatic gamma counter. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict the effects of statistically significant risk factors on semen quality by adjusting for relevant confounders and modifiers. After adjusting for the age, education level, and related factors in the multiple logistic regression analyses, we observed that the increased blood Pb levels were significantly and positively associated with low semen quality. High blood Pb levels (>50 μg/L) had an 11-fold risk of low semen quality. Our results suggest that progressive motility sperm may be a sensitive indicator of the semen quality among all the semen parameters in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Jen Li
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Yeh
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Yu Chen
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Ruey Tzeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Cheng Han
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chu Chien
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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Wani AL, Ara A, Usmani JA. Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip Toxicol 2015; 8:55-64. [PMID: 27486361 PMCID: PMC4961898 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2015-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead toxicity is an important environmental disease and its effects on the human body are devastating. There is almost no function in the human body which is not affected by lead toxicity. Though in countries like US and Canada the use of lead has been controlled up to a certain extent, it is still used vehemently in the developing countries. This is primarily because lead bears unique physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for a large number of applications for which humans have exploited its benefits from historical times and thus it has become a common environmental pollutant. Lead is highly persistent in the environment and because of its continuous use its levels rise in almost every country, posing serious threats. This article reviews the works listed in the literature with recent updates regarding the toxicity of lead. Focus is also on toxic effects of lead on the renal, reproductive and nervous system. Finally the techniques available for treating lead toxicity are presented with some recent updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ab Latif Wani
- Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Anjum Ara
- Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Jawed Ahmad Usmani
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Utter Pradesh, India
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Abarikwu SO. Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury: Occurrence, Toxicity and Diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02387-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ayinde OC, Ogunnowo S, Ogedegbe RA. Influence of Vitamin C and Vitamin E on testicular zinc content and testicular toxicity in lead exposed albino rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 13:17. [PMID: 23241495 PMCID: PMC3554483 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-13-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occupational and environmental exposures to lead remain a public health problem as lead alters physiological processes by inducing oxidative stress and mimicking divalent cations. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Vitamin C (VC) and Vitamin E (VE) on the reproductive function of lead exposed male rats. Experimental animals were exposed to oral doses of lead, VC and VE at 60 mg/kg body weight, 40 mg/kg body weight, and 150 mg/kg body weight respectively, while control animals received 0.9% saline solution. Oral administration spanned for six weeks after which changes in testicular redox status, lead deposition, testicular zinc content, serum androgen content, semen quality and testis histology were examined. Results There were significant (p < 0.05) increases in oxidative stress indices and testicular lead content. A significant (p < 0.05) depletion of zinc in the testis of lead exposed animals was also observed. Fluctuations were observed in androgen levels of lead treated animals with a significant increase (p < 0.05) in Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (TT) content, while there was no significant change in luteinizing hormone (LH) content. Testicular tissue showed an alteration in its normal histology with degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium accompanied by a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the number of luminal spermatozoa. A downgrade in the semen appearance and semen quality –sperm motility, morphology, and count was also observed after lead exposure. VC and VE treatment showed a significant (p < 0.05) reversal of the physiological alteration induced by lead. Conclusions Lead exposure resulted in a decline in the reproductive function of male rats by inducing oxidative stress, inhibiting enzymes and depleting testicular zinc contents. However, results clearly showed that VC and VE attenuated the deleterious impact of lead on the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluseyi C Ayinde
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
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14
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Wang H, Ji YL, Wang Q, Zhao XF, Ning H, Liu P, Zhang C, Yu T, Zhang Y, Meng XH, Xu DX. Maternal lead exposure during lactation persistently impairs testicular development and steroidogenesis in male offspring. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:1384-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei 230032 China
| | - Yan-Li Ji
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei 230032 China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei 230032 China
| | - Xian-Feng Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei 230032 China
| | - Huan Ning
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei 230032 China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei 230032 China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei 230032 China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei 230032 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei 230032 China
| | - Xiu-Hong Meng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei 230032 China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei 230032 China
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15
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Nigerian herbal remedies and heavy metals: violation of standard recommended guidelines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Disturbances of energetic metabolism in rat epididymal epithelial cells as a consequence of chronic lead intoxication. Biometals 2011; 22:877-87. [PMID: 19353276 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult male Wistar rats were intoxicated with 1% lead acetate (PbAc) administered in drinking water for nine months, which amounts to a period five times longer than the duration of one spermatogenesis. There were mitochondrial ultrastructure disorders of epididymal epithelial cells observed in PbAc-treated rats; also a significant lead-induced decrease in ATP concentration in epididymal epithelial cells (by 32%, P < 0.05), Adenylate Energy Charge value (AEC) (by 8%, P < 0.05) and an increase in ADP (28.5%, P < 0.05), AMP (27%, P < 0.05) and adenosine (by 56%, P < 0.05). The results were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detected even at low lead concentrations in whole blood (M:7.03 μg/dL; Q1-Q3: 2.99-7.65). The function of mitochondria in cultured epididymal epithelial cells of control and PbAc-treated animals were evaluated using fluorophores: Mitotracker Green FM and JC-1. After incubation with Mitotracker Green FM, we observed active mitochondria producing bright green fluorescence in the cytoplasm of cultured epididymal epithelial cells, both in the control group and the Pb-treated animals. Incubation of cultured epididymal epithelial cells of animals from both groups produced red-orange fluorescence with the mitochondrial JC-1 probe indicating mitochondria with high membrane potential (ΔΨm > 80-100 mV) and green fluorescence in the mitochondria with low membrane potential (ΔΨm < 80 mV). The results showed that a chronic low-level exposure to lead, even without severe clinical symptoms of contamination, disrupted the ultrastructure and energy metabolism of mitochondria in epididymal epithelial cells.
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17
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Leiva KP, Rubio J, Peralta F, Gonzales GF. Effect ofPunica granatum(pomegranate) on sperm production in male rats treated with lead acetate. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 21:495-502. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.555789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Chang SI, Kim SH, Park JD, Ryu DY. Decreased Levels of Plasma Testosterone/LH Ratio in Male Mice Exposed to Sodium Arsenite. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2010. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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19
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Wirth JJ, Mijal RS. Adverse Effects of Low Level Heavy Metal Exposure on Male Reproductive Function. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2010; 56:147-67. [DOI: 10.3109/19396360903582216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Huang BM, Liu MY. INHIBITORY ACTIONS OF LEAD ON STEROIDOGENESIS IN MA-10 MOUSE LEYDIG TUMOR CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:5-9. [PMID: 14660163 DOI: 10.1080/01485010490250434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory actions of Pb on StAR protein expression and steroidogenic enzymes on steroidogenesis were analyzed by both linear and 2nd order polynomial models in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Lead acetate, ranging from 10(-8) M to 10(-5) M, caused inhibitory effects on StAR protein expression and steroidogenic enzymes. The correlation coefficients R2 (linear vs. 2nd order polynomial) were 0.93 vs. 0.96 for human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated progesterone production, 0.38 vs. 0.79 for dibutyryl cAMP-stimulated progesterone production, 0.03 vs. 0.99 for the expression of StAR protein, 0.6 vs. 0.92 for P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme activity, and 0.52 vs. 0.96 for 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Thus, 2nd order polynomial model showed higher correlation coefficients than the linear model for predicting inhibitory actions of Pb on StAR protein expression and the activities of steroidogenic enzymes after exposure of Pb on steroidogenesis in MA-10 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-M Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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21
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Allouche L, Hamadouche M, Touabti A. Chronic effects of low lead levels on sperm quality, gonadotropins and testosterone in albino rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:503-10. [PMID: 19188052 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study evaluates the impact of low or moderate levels of lead acetate (PbAc) on sperm parameters, gonadotropins (FSH, LH) and testosterone. Adult albino wistar male rats were allocated to five groups and given 0%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.3% PbAc in distilled drinking water for 24 weeks. There was no change in body weight gain and in absolute or relative weight of testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles. The ventral prostate weight was decreased in groups exposed to 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.3% PbAc without statistically significant differences. Sperm velocity was decreased in all treated groups while reduction of sperm motility was observed in rats exposed to 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.3% PbAc without statistically significant differences compared to the control group. However, there was a significant increase greater than 100% in the total percentage of abnormal sperm in groups treated with 0.1% (p<0.01) and 0.3% PbAc (p<0.05).The frequency of dead sperm was significantly increased only in the 0.3% PbAc group (p<0.01). Significant increases in frequencies of amorphous head sperm (p<0.01) and abnormal tails (p<0.01) were found in the group exposed to 0.1% PbAc, while the frequency of neck abnormalities was increased in the high-lead-exposed group (p<0.01). The levels of LH and FSH were not significantly affected after lead treatment and significant increase in serum testosterone level was noted only in animals administered 0.05% PbAc (p<0.01). In conclusion, our results reveal that some sperm parameters were altered at low or moderate lead concentrations with no obvious alteration of hypothalamic-pituitary function. The increase of testosterone level observed suggests that lead may target testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Allouche
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Setif, Algeria
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22
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Doumouchtsis KK, Doumouchtsis SK, Doumouchtsis EK, Perrea DN. The effect of lead intoxication on endocrine functions. J Endocrinol Invest 2009; 32:175-83. [PMID: 19411819 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the effects of lead on the endocrine system are mainly based on occupationally lead-exposed workers and experimental animal models. Although evidence is conflicting, it has been reported that accumulation of lead affects the majority of the endocrine glands. In particular, it appears to have an effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis causing blunted TSH, GH, and FSH/LH responses to TRH, GHRH, and GnRH stimulation, respectively. Suppressed GH release has been reported, probably caused by reduced synthesis of GHRH, inhibition of GHRH release or reduced somatotrope responsiveness. Higher levels of PRL in lead intoxication have been reported. In short-term lead-exposed individuals, high LH and FSH levels are usually associated to normal testosterone concentrations, whereas in long-term exposed individuals' low testosterone levels do not induce high LH and FSH concentrations. These findings suggest that lead initially causes some subclinical testicular damage, followed by hypothalamic or pituitary disturbance when longer periods of exposure take place. Similarly, lead accumulates in granulosa cells of the ovary, causing delays in growth and pubertal development and reduced fertility in females. In the parenchyma of adrenals histological and cytological changes are demonstrated, causing changes in plasma basal and stress-mediated corticosterone concentrations and reduced cytosolic and nuclear glucocorticoid receptor binding. Thyroid hormone kinetics are also affected. Central defect of the thyroid axis or an alteration in T4 metabolism or binding to proteins may be involved in derangements in thyroid hormone action. Lead toxicity involves alterations on calcitropic hormones' homeostasis, which increase the risk of skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Doumouchtsis
- Department of General Medicine and Endocrinology, St George's Hospital, University of London, London, UK.
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23
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Lead chloride affects sperm motility and acrosome reaction in mice. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:341-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Wang L, Xun P, Zhao Y, Wang X, Qian L, Chen F. Effects of lead exposure on sperm concentrations and testes weight in male rats: a meta-regression analysis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:454-463. [PMID: 18306093 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701839331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between exposure to lead (PB) and sperm concentrations and testes weight are important in risk assessment of metal toxicity to male reproductive functions. The authors carried out two systematic reviews and meta-analyses of rats. In addition, a meta-regression analysis was taken to explore a dose-response relationship between the mean difference of testes weight (MD(testes)) and available confounding factors. Data were obtained from computerized literature searches of several databases from their inception through December 2005. The reference lists of identified articles were examined further for relevant articles. The authors identified 6 and 12 studies, separated into 16 and 28 subgroups, in the two meta-analyses. The authors conducted random- or fixed-effect models toward the effect size. Heterogeneity between study results was explored through chi-square tests and meta-regression. Results showed that a decrease in sperm concentrations was found as low as mean difference of sperm concentrations (MD(sperm)) = 30.9 and 95%CI = (25.43-36.37) in a fixed-effect model or MD(sperm) = 35.47 and 95%CI = (15.27-55.68) in a random-effect model after Pb exposure. Similarly, a significantly lower testes weight was also evident: MD(testes) = 0.033 and 95%CI = (0.021-0.046) in a fixed-effect model or MD(testes) = 0.047 and 95%CI = (0.0044-0.089) in a random-effect model. In the meta-regression analysis, two confounders, age and body weight, explained part of the observed heterogeneity. The body weight after Pb exposure was inversely associated with MD(testes). These findings support the notion that Pb exposure produced decreased sperm concentrations and testes weight in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Abstract
To determine the effect of styrene on the male reproductive function of rats, male Wistar rats received a daily intraperitoneal (ip) injection of the xenobiotic at a dose of 600 mg/kg body weight. Serum testosterone (T) level was measured in duplicate by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Blood luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After 10 days of treatment, an increase of the relative weight of the testis occurred, but that of the seminal vesicles and prostate remained unchanged compared to controls injected with an equivalent volume of the vehicle (corn oil). Serum T concentration dropped, while serum hypophyse hormone levels increased. Testicular histological observations revealed a pronounced morphological alteration, with enlarged intracellular spaces, loosening of tissue, and dramatic loss of gametes in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. Spermatogenesis damage was also confirmed by the decrease in motility and the number of epididymal spermatozoa of treated rats. According to these results, with regard to the lack of a dose response relationship in this study, we may conclude that the testis, precisely the germinal and Sertoli cells, are the major targets for styrene toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoufel Chamkhia
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
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26
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Rubio J, Riqueros MI, Gasco M, Yucra S, Miranda S, Gonzales GF. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) reversed the lead acetate induced—Damage on reproductive function in male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1114-22. [PMID: 16510228 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Rats were treated with 0, 8, 16 and 24 mg/kg of lead acetate (LA) (i.p.) for 35 days with or without Maca. Maca was co-administrated orally from day 18 to day 35. The lengths of stages of the seminiferous epithelium were assessed by transillumination. Also, sex organ weights, testicular and epididymal sperm count, sperm motility, daily sperm production, sperm transit rate and serum testosterone levels were measured. Lead acetate treatment resulted in a dose-response reduction of lengths of stages VIII and IX-XI, and serum testosterone levels. However, rats treated with 8 and 16 mg/kg but not 24 mg/kg of lead acetate showed a low number of testicular spermatids, low daily sperm production (DSP) and low epididymal sperm count. Administration of Maca to rats treated with lead acetate resulted in higher lengths of stages VIII and IX-XI with respect to lead acetate-treated rats. Moreover, treatment with Maca to lead acetate-treated rats resulted in lengths of stages VIII and IX-XI similar to the control group. Maca administration also reduced the deleterious effect on DSP caused by lead acetate treatment. Maca prevented LA-induced spermatogenic disruption in rats and it may become in a potential treatment of male infertility associated with lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rubio
- Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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27
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Marchlewicz M, Wiszniewska B, Gonet B, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Safranow K, Kolasa A, Głabowski W, Kurzawa R, Jakubowska K, Rać ME. Increased Lipid Peroxidation and Ascorbic Acid Utilization in Testis and Epididymis of Rats Chronically Exposed to Lead. Biometals 2006; 20:13-9. [PMID: 16699871 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-006-9009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis has been recently presented that lead may exert its negative effect at least partially through the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in tissues. However, little is known about the influence of lead intoxication on equilibrium between generation and elimination of ROS in the male reproductive system. Sexually mature male Wistar rats were given ad libitum 1% of aqueous solution of lead acetate (PbAc) for 9 months. Significantly higher lead concentrations were found in blood [median 7.03 (Q25-Q75: 2.99-7.65) versus 0.18 (0.12-0.99) microg dl-1, P < 0.01], caput epididymis [median 5.51 (Q25-Q75: 4.31-7.83) versus 0.51 (0.11-0.80) microg g-1 d.m., P < 0.001], cauda epididymis [median 5.88 (Q25-Q75: 4.06-8.37) versus 0.61 (0.2 - 1.08) microg g-1 d.m., P < 0.001] and testis [median 1.81 (Q25-Q75: 0.94-2.31) versus 0.17 (0.03-0.3) microg g-1 d.m., P < 0.01] of lead-intoxicated rats when compared to the control. The concentration of ascorbyl radical, generated in vitro from L: -ascorbic acid (present in tissues in vivo) was measured by means of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The EPR signal of ascorbyl radical in caput epididymis, cauda epididymis, testis and liver of lead acetate-treated animals revealed a significant decrease by 53%, 45%, 40% and 69% versus control tissues, respectively. Plasma L: -ascorbic acid content measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and total antioxidant status (TAS) measured by means of spectrophotometry were also significantly lower in the intoxicated versus control animals (28% and 21%, respectively). In the group exposed to lead the concentration of lipid peroxide in homogenates of the reproductive system organs was significantly elevated versus control group. It can be assumed that the lower EPR signal was caused by decreased tissue concentrations of L: -ascorbic acid. The latter may have resulted from consumption of ascorbic acid for scavenging of ROS excess in tissues of animals chronically exposed to lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Marchlewicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
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28
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Abstract
A significant increase in the incidence of male infertility has been described in the international literature, raising questions about its causes. Part of this effect may result from synthetic toxic substances acting on the endocrine system (endocrine disruptors), many of which are routinely used in work processes. We provide a critical review of the specialized literature on work-related chemical substances capable of causing male infertility. Pesticides such as DDT, linuron, and others, heavy metals like mercury, lead, cadmium, and copper, and substances from various industrial uses and residues such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), ethylene dibromide (EDB), phthalates, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and ethanol are among the main endocrine disruptors that can cause male infertility. Based on the literature, gonadal dysfunction and congenital malformation are the main alterations caused by these substances in the male reproductive system. We conclude that despite the relative lack of studies on this issue, the relevance of such risk calls for further studies as well as measures to prevent workers' exposure to the various substances.
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29
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Choi SM, Yoo SD, Lee BM. Toxicological characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2004; 7:1-24. [PMID: 14681080 DOI: 10.1080/10937400490253229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) play a role in a variety of adverse health effects in an intact organism or its progeny as a consequence of changes in the endocrine system. Primary toxic effects of EDCs were reported to be related to infertility, reduction in sperm count, and teratogenicity, but other important toxic effects of EDCs such as carcinogenicity and mutagenicity have also been demonstrated. The aim of the present study was to systematically analyze the toxicological characteristics of EDCs in pesticides, industrial chemicals, and metals. A comprehensive literature survey on the 48 EDCs classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was conducted using a number of databases which included Medline, Toxline, and Toxnet. The survey results revealed that toxicological characteristics of EDCs were shown to produce developmental toxicity (81%), carcinogenicity (79%, when positive in at least one animal species; 48%, when classified based on IARC evaluation), mutagenicity (79%), immunotoxicity (52%), and neurotoxicity (50%). Regarding the hormone-modulating effects of the 48 EDCs, estrogenic effects were the most predominant in pesticides, while effects on thyroid hormone were found for heavy metals. EDCs showing estrogen-modulating effects were closely related to carcinogenicity or mutagenicity with a high degree of sensitivity. Systematic information on the toxicological characteristics of the EDCs will be useful for future research directions on EDCs, the development of new screening methods, legal regulation, and for investigations of their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Min Choi
- Division of Toxicology/Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyonggi-do, South Korea
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30
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Liu MY, Leu SF, Yang HY, Huang BM. Inhibitory mechanisms of lead on steroidogenesis in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. ARCHIVES OF ANDROLOGY 2003; 49:29-38. [PMID: 12647776 DOI: 10.1080/225-01485010290031556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lead can directly influence Leydig cell steroidogenesis, which results in reduction of testosterone and causes low sperm counts in human beings and animals. This study investigated the effect of 6 h incubation time of lead on steroidogenesis in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Lead acetate, ranging from 10(-8) to 10(-5) M, caused profounder inhibitory effects on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)- and dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP)-stimulated progesterone production for 6 h in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Lead acetate significantly inhibited hCG- and dbcAMP-stimulated progesterone production from 20 to 35% in MA-10 cells at 6 h. Lead suppressed the expression of steroidogenesis acute regulatory (StAR) protein from 30 to 55%. Moreover, the activities P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc) enzyme and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) were reduced by lead from 15 to 25%. Thus, after 6 h exposure to lead caused profounder inhibitory effects on StAR protein expression and steroidogenic enzymes and then progesterone production compared to 2- or 3-h lead treatments in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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31
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Gorbel F, Boujelbene M, Makni-Ayadi F, Guermazi F, Croute F, Soleilhavoup JP, el Feki A. [Cytotoxic effects of lead on the endocrine and exocrine sexual function of pubescent male and female rats. Demonstration of apoptotic activity]. C R Biol 2002; 325:927-40. [PMID: 12481686 DOI: 10.1016/s1631-0691(02)01492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with the impact of chronic exposure to lead on male and female fertility in rats. Male and female rats (3 months old) were fed on commercial tablets (SICO, Sfax). For drinking, some rats were given distilled water (T = controls), the other ones were given distilled water enriched with lead acetate, either 3 (P1 group) or 6 mg ml-1 (P2 group), for 15, 30, 45, 60 or 90 days. In male rats, absolute and relative weights of testis, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicles were found to significantly decrease at day 15 in the P2 group and at day 45 in the P1 group. However, at day 60, these absolute and relative weights returned to control values. Lead-induced pathological changes in spermatogenesis were observed at day 15 by histological study: arrest of cell germ maturation, changes in the Sertoli cells, and presence of apoptotic cells revealed by borated toluidine blue in the testis. Presence of lead deposits was observed after histochemical staining using sodium rhodizonate. Serum testosterone level was found to be lowered at day 15 in both (P1) and (P2) groups, to display a peak at day 60, then to return to controls values, in spite of the continuation of the treatment. In female rats, absolute and relative weights of ovary and uterus were found unchanged. The vaginal smears practiced in females revealed the oestrus phase in all groups. Exposed females were mated with control males, and fecundity was assessed 15 days later by counting the number of pregnancies and the number of concepti per pregnancy. Fertility was found to be reduced in females of P1 and P2 groups as compared to control females (T group). Lead level in blood was found to be poorly correlated with the level of poisoning, whereas lead accumulation in tail was found to be dose-dependent. Therefore, lead accumulation in tail appears as a more reliable biomarker of exposure to lead. In summary, our study shows that chronic exposure to lead causes a double sexual disorder in rats: first, disorder deals with the hormonal function, which is affected at the early stages of poisoning, but is rapidly corrected; second, disorder deals with the genital tract, affecting the testis and the ovary, resulting in a reduced fertility in both P1 and P2 females, in spite of the presence of a normal oestrus. The cytotoxic effect of lead in males seems to be related to an apoptotic process.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Chelating Agents/pharmacology
- Cyclohexanones/pharmacology
- Estrous Cycle/drug effects
- Female
- Genitalia, Female/drug effects
- Genitalia, Female/pathology
- Genitalia, Male/drug effects
- Genitalia, Male/pathology
- Infertility, Female/chemically induced
- Infertility, Female/physiopathology
- Infertility, Male/chemically induced
- Infertility, Male/physiopathology
- Lead/blood
- Lead/pharmacokinetics
- Lead/toxicity
- Lead Poisoning/complications
- Lead Poisoning/physiopathology
- Litter Size/drug effects
- Male
- Organ Size/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reproduction/drug effects
- Sexual Maturation/drug effects
- Spermatogenesis/drug effects
- Tail/chemistry
- Testosterone/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Gorbel
- Laboratoire d'éco-physiologie animale, faculté des sciences de Sfax, 3018 Sfax, Tunisie
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Homady M, Hussein H, Jiries A, Mahasneh A, Al-Nasir F, Khleifat K. Survey of some heavy metals in sediments from vehicular service stations in Jordan and their effects on social aggression in prepubertal male mice. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2002; 89:43-9. [PMID: 12051784 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.2002.4353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle services create the potential for heavy metal accumulation in the working environment. This study assessed five vehicle services, namely body repair, oil exchange, mechanical repair, tire repair, electrical repair, and washing services for three types of vehicles: airplanes, buses, and cars. The results show that there are significant increases in the total contents of Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn, and Cr in ambient dust, with Fe being the highest and Cr the lowest. The main cause of the presence of these elements is due to the metals' corrosion from vehicle sources and petroleum residue. Variations in the concentrations with the type of service and within the same service at different locations were observed. In this study, the exposure of prepubertal male mice to industrial metal salts in drinking water at a concentration of 1000 ppm for 90 days was investigated. Exposure of male mice to lead acetate significantly reduced the social aggression of the resident untreated subjects. Additionally, this treatment resulted in decreasing weights of body, testes, preputial glands, and seminal vesicles. In comparison, no such effects were seen in mice given copper chloride or manganese chloride. The results show that only lead acetate produced a pattern of responses clearly indicative of altered gonadal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merza Homady
- Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan
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Huang BM, Lai HY, Liu MY. Concentration dependency in lead-inhibited steroidogenesis in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2002; 65:557-567. [PMID: 11939712 DOI: 10.1080/15287390252808000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lead acetate (Pb) decreases the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and the enzymatic activities of cytochrome P-450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc) and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) in a concentration-dependent manner in Leydig cells at 2 h, the duration of submaximal inhibition. This study was undertaken at 3 h of Pb incubation to compare the effects at maximal metal inhibition of steroidogenesis. Quantitatively a 3-h Pb incubation with MA-10 cells resulted in higher decreases in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-stimulated progesterone production, expression of StAR protein, and the activity of 3beta-HSD compared to 2 h. In contrast, lead inhibited dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP)-stimulated progesterone production but lacked this effect at 2 h. Surprisingly, Pb at 3 h of incubation did not affect P450scc enzyme activity, yet this enzymatic activity was inhibited at 2 h. Data indicate that incubation time is a factor in Pb-induced alterations in MA- 10 cell steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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Bataineh H, Al-Hamood MH, Elbetieha AM. Assessment of aggression, sexual behavior and fertility in adult male rat following long-term ingestion of four industrial metals salts. Hum Exp Toxicol 1998; 17:570-6. [PMID: 9821021 DOI: 10.1177/096032719801701008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
1. The effect of long-term ingestion of the industrial metals salts, manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride was investigated on aggression, sexual behavior and fertility in male rat. Adult male rats ingested solutions of these salts along with drinking water at a concentration of 1000 p.p.m. for 12 weeks. 2. Male rat sexual behavior was suppressed after the ingestion of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride. The ingestion of solutions of these salts markedly prolonged the intromission and ejaculation latencies. Aluminum chloride and copper chloride reduced the copulatory efficiency. 3. Male rat aggression was also abolished after the ingestion of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride. The ingestion of solutions of these salts markedly suppressed lateralizations, boxing bouts, fight with stud male and ventral presenting postures. 4. Fertility was reduced in male rats ingested with lead acetate. The total number of resorptions was increased in female rats impregnated by males ingested with manganese sulfate and lead acetate. 5. Body, absolute or relative testes, seminal vesicles weights were dropped in adult male rats ingested with manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride. However, the absolute or relative preputial gland weights were not affected. Collectively, these results suggest that the long-term ingestion of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride would have adverse effects on sexual behavior, territorial aggression, fertility and the reproductive system of the adult male rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bataineh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Apostoli P, Kiss P, Porru S, Bonde JP, Vanhoorne M. Male reproductive toxicity of lead in animals and humans. ASCLEPIOS Study Group. Occup Environ Med 1998; 55:364-74. [PMID: 9764095 PMCID: PMC1757597 DOI: 10.1136/oem.55.6.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To critically review the literature on male reproductive toxicity of lead in animals and humans. METHODS A systematic literature search identified a total of 32 experimental studies in animals and 22 epidemiological studies, one case report on humans and five review articles or documents. The studies were evaluated by paying attention mainly to sample size, study design, exposure, and dose characterisation, analytical method standardisation, and quality assurance. RESULTS Several studies on rats and other rodents indicated that blood lead concentrations > 30-40 micrograms/dl were associated with impairment of spermatogenesis and reduced concentrations of androgens. However, other animal studies, mainly about histopathological, spermatozoal, and hormonal end points, indicated that certain species and strains were quite resistant to the reproductive toxicity of lead and that different testicular lead concentrations could account for these differences. The human studies focused mainly on semen quality, endocrine function, and birth rates in occupationally exposed subjects, and showed that exposure to concentrations of inorganic lead > 40 micrograms/dl in blood impaired male reproductive function by reducing sperm count, volume, and density, or changing sperm motility and morphology. No relevant effects were detected on endocrine profile. CONCLUSION Several factors make it difficult to extrapolate the animal data to the human situation. The difficulties are mainly due to differences between species in reproductive end points and to the level of exposure. Concentrations of blood lead > 40 micrograms/dl seemed to be associated with a decrease in sperm count, volume, motility, and morphological alterations and a possible modest effect on endocrine profile. Dose-response relation, in particular at a threshold level, is poorly understood, and site, mode, or mechanism of action are unknown. Also, the effects were not always the same or associated in the same on sperm count and concentration. Some methodological issues and indications for future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Apostoli
- Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, Italy
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Thoreux-Manlay A, Le Goascogne C, Segretain D, Jégou B, Pinon-Lataillade G. Lead affects steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells in vivo and in vitro. Toxicology 1995; 103:53-62. [PMID: 8525490 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(95)03107-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lead is known to impede the male reproductive function, however, the mechanisms through which the adverse effects are mediated are not clearly elucidated. In order to get insight into those mechanisms, we have examined the effects of lead on the biosynthesis of steroid hormones by Leydig cells in the rat. To determine whether lead has a direct action on Leydig cells, we have compared the concentrations of testosterone secreted by Leydig cells in ex vivo experiments after animals had been injected with high doses of lead and in vitro experiments with Leydig cells from normal rats maintained in culture in presence or absence of lead. In ex vivo experiments male Spargue-Dawley rats were injected i.p. with lead acetate (8 mg lead/kg/day, 5 days a week for 5 weeks) or with sodium acetate. Testosterone production by Leydig cells isolated and maintained in culture for 48 h was then assessed under basal conditions or after stimulation by human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). Both basal and hCG-stimulated testosterone production dropped by 59% and 37%, respectively, with Leydig cells from lead-exposed rats. For in vitro experiments, cultures of Leydig cells from control rats were exposed to various concentrations of lead acetate for different periods. Dose and time-dependent reductions of testosterone level were observed in the culture medium. The effective doses of hCG for maximal and half-maximal testosterone production did not change, indicating that the sensitivity of Leydig cells to hCG was not impaired by exposure to lead in vitro. Progesterone production was also decreased after this exposure. The negative effect of lead on testosterone and progesterone production was correlated with the lower expression of the enzymes cytochromes P450scc (CYP11A1) and P450c17 (CYP17) and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis, as shown by immunohistochemistry. Ultrastructural alterations of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum observed after lead administration might be correlated with the lower expression of the microsomal enzymes P450c17 and 3 beta-HSD. Our results indicate that lead can adversely affect the Leydig cell function by impairing directly steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thoreux-Manlay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Département de Pathologie et Toxicologie Expérimentales, Fontenay-aux Roses, France
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