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Deon M, Marchetti DP, Donida B, Wajner M, Vargas C. Oxidative Stress in Patients with X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:497-512. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Phytanic acid disturbs mitochondrial homeostasis in heart of young rats: a possible pathomechanism of cardiomyopathy in Refsum disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 366:335-43. [PMID: 22527938 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Phytanic acid (Phyt) accumulates in tissues and biological fluids of patients affected by Refsum disease. Although cardiomyopathy is an important clinical manifestation of this disorder, the mechanisms of heart damage are poorly known. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro effects of Phyt on important parameters of oxidative stress in heart of young rats. Phyt significantly increased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels (P < 0.001) and carbonyl formation (P < 0.01), indicating that this fatty acid induces lipid and protein oxidative damage, respectively. In contrast, Phyt did not alter sulfhydryl oxidation. Phyt also decreased glutathione (GSH) concentrations (P < 0.05), an important non-enzymatic antioxidant defense. Moreover, Phyt increased 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin oxidation (DCFH) (P < 0.01), reflecting increased reactive species generation. We also found that the induced lipid and protein oxidative damage, as well as the decreased GSH levels and increased DCFH oxidation provoked by this fatty acid were prevented or attenuated by the reactive oxygen species scavengers melatonin, trolox, and GSH, but not by the nitric oxide inhibitor N: (ω)-nitro-L: -arginine methyl ester, suggesting that reactive oxygen species were involved in these effects. Next, we verified that Phyt strongly inhibited NADH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex I-III) activity (P < 0.001) in heart supernatants, and decreased membrane potential and the NAD(P)H pool in heart mitochondria, indicating that Phyt acts as a metabolic inhibitor and as an uncoupler of the electron transport chain. Therefore, it can be presumed that disturbance of cellular energy and redox homeostasis induced by Phyt may possibly contribute to the cardiomyopathy found in patients affected by Refsum disease.
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In vitro evidence that phytanic acid compromises Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity and the electron flow through the respiratory chain in brain cortex from young rats. Brain Res 2010; 1352:231-8. [PMID: 20624373 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytanic acid (Phyt) tissue concentrations are increased in Refsum disease and other peroxisomal disorders characterized by neurologic damage and brain abnormalities. The present work investigated the in vitro effects of Phyt, at concentrations found in these peroxisomal disorders, on important parameters of energy metabolism in brain cortex of young rats. The parameters analyzed were CO(2) production from labeled acetate and glucose, the activities of the citric acid cycle enzymes citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase and malate dehydrogenase, as well as of the respiratory chain complexes I-IV, creatine kinase and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. Our results show that Phyt did not alter citric acid cycle enzyme activities, or CO(2) production from acetate, reflecting no impairment of the functionality of the citric acid cycle. In contrast, respiratory chain activities were reduced at complexes I, II, I-III, II-III and IV. Membrane synaptical Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity was also reduced by Phyt, with no alteration of creatine kinase activity. Considering the importance of the electron flow through the respiratory chain for brain energy metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) and of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity for maintaining membrane potential necessary for neurotransmission, the data indicate that Phyt impairs brain bioenergetics at the level of energy formation, as well as neurotransmission. It is presumed that Phyt-induced impairment of these important systems may be involved at least in part in the neurological damage found in patients affected by disorders in which brain Phyt concentrations are increased.
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Neurochemical evidence that phytanic acid induces oxidative damage and reduces the antioxidant defenses in cerebellum and cerebral cortex of rats. Life Sci 2010; 87:275-80. [PMID: 20619275 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In the present work we investigated the in vitro effects of phytanic acid (Phyt), that accumulates in Refsum disease and other peroxisomal diseases, on important parameters of oxidative stress in cerebellum and cerebral cortex from young rats. MAIN METHODS The parameters thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels (TBA-RS; lipid peroxidation), carbonyl formation and sulfhydryl oxidation (protein oxidative damage) and the concentrations of the most important nonenzymatic antioxidant defense reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined. KEY FINDINGS It was observed that Phyt significantly increased TBA-RS levels in both cerebral structures. This effect was prevented by the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and melatonin, suggesting the involvement of free radicals. Phyt also provoked protein oxidative damage in both cerebellum and cerebral cortex, as determined by increased carbonyl content and sulfhydryl oxidation. Furthermore, Phyt significantly diminished the concentrations of GSH, while melatonin and alpha-tocopherol treatment totally blocked this effect. We also verified that Phyt does not behave as a direct acting oxidant, since Phyt did not oxidize commercial solutions of GSH and reduced cytochrome c to Phyt in a free cell medium. SIGNIFICANCE Our data indicate that oxidative stress is elicited in vitro by Phyt, a mechanism that may contribute at least in part to the pathophysiology of Refsum disease and other peroxisomal disorders where Phyt is accumulated.
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X-linked adreno leukodistrophy: Profiles of very long chain fatty acids in plasma and fibroblasts in eigth Serbian patients. Indian J Clin Biochem 2007; 22:118-22. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02913328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vargas CR, Barschak AG, Coelho DM, Furlanetto V, Souza CFD, Karam SM, Jardim L, Wajner M, Giugliani R. Clinical and biochemical findings in 7 patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy treated with Lorenzo's Oil. Genet Mol Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572000000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
X-Linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a hereditary disorder of the peroxisomal metabolism biochemically characterized by the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in tissues and biological fluids. The major accumulated acids are hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) and tetracosanoic acid (C24:0). The disorder is characterized clinically by central and peripheral demyelination and adrenal insufficiency closely related to the accumulation of fatty acids. The incidence of X-ALD is estimated to be 1:25,000 males. At least six phenotypes can be distinguished. The most common phenotypes are childhood cerebral ALD and adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). The recommended therapy consists of the use of the glyceroltrioleate/glyceroltrierucate (GTO/GTE) mixture, known as Lorenzo's Oil, combined with a VLCFA-poor diet. There are alternative treatments such as bone marrow transplantation and immunosuppression, as well as the use of lovastatin and sodium phenylacetate. In the present study we report the clinical and biochemical course of 7 male patients with X-ALD treated with Lorenzo's Oil and a VLCFA-restricted diet. Treatment produced 50% reduction in C26:0 and 42.8% reduction in the C26:0/C22:0 ratio. Most patients remained clinically well, although approximately 30% of them presented a rapid clinical deterioration. The results showed a poor biochemical-clinical correlation for treatment, indicating that new therapies for X-ALD are needed in order to obtain a better prognosis for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Moacir Wajner
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil; UFRGS, Brasil
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Zomer AW, van der Burg B, Jansen GA, Wanders RJ, Poll-The BT, van der Saag PT. Pristanic acid and phytanic acid: naturally occurring ligands for the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Mayatepek E, Wanders RJ. Defective oxidation of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids in the liver of patients with Zellweger syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 1998; 21:295-7. [PMID: 9686379 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005344927944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Mayatepek
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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van Grunsven EG, van Berkel E, Ijlst L, Vreken P, de Klerk JB, Adamski J, Lemonde H, Clayton PT, Cuebas DA, Wanders RJ. Peroxisomal D-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: resolution of the enzyme defect and its molecular basis in bifunctional protein deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:2128-33. [PMID: 9482850 PMCID: PMC19272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes play an essential role in a number of different metabolic pathways, including the beta-oxidation of a distinct set of fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives. The importance of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system in humans is made apparent by the existence of a group of inherited diseases in which peroxisomal beta-oxidation is impaired. This includes X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and other disorders with a defined defect. On the other hand, many patients have been described with a defect in peroxisomal beta-oxidation of unknown etiology. Resolution of the defects in these patients requires the elucidation of the enzymatic organization of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system. Importantly, a new peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzyme was recently described called D-bifunctional protein with enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity primarily reacting with alpha-methyl fatty acids like pristanic acid and di- and trihydroxycholestanoic acid. In this patient we describe the first case of D-bifunctional protein deficiency as resolved by enzyme activity measurements and mutation analysis. The mutation found (Gly16Ser) is in the dehydrogenase coding part of the gene in an important loop of the Rossman fold forming the NAD+-binding site. The results show that the newly identified D-bifunctional protein plays an essential role in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway that cannot be compensated for by the L-specific bifunctional protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G van Grunsven
- University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Verhoeven NM, Schor DS, Roe CR, Wanders RJ, Jakobs C. Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation in peroxisomal disorders: studies in cultured human fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1361:281-6. [PMID: 9375802 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(97)00045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We studied the alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid in human fibroblasts of controls and patients affected with classical Refsum disease, rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, generalized peroxisomal disorders and peroxisomal bifunctional protein deficiency. Cultured fibroblasts were incubated with phytanic acid, after which medium and cells were collected separately. 2-Hydroxyphytanic acid and pristanic acid were measured in the medium and cells by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry. In controls, 2-hydroxyphytanic acid and pristanic acid could be detected in the medium after incubation with phytanic acid, proving that alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid via 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA to pristanic acid was active and intermediates were excreted into the medium. In cells from patients with a defective alpha-oxidation (Refsum disease, rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and generalized peroxisomal disorders) 2-hydroxyphytanic acid and pristanic acid were low or not detectable, showing that in these disorders the hydroxylation of phytanoyl-CoA to 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA is deficient. In cells with a peroxisomal beta-oxidation defect, 2-hydroxyphytanic acid and pristanic acid were formed in amounts comparable to those in the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Verhoeven
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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van Grunsven EG, Wanders RJ. Genetic heterogeneity in patients with a disorder of peroxisomal beta-oxidation: a complementation study based on pristanic acid beta-oxidation suggesting different enzyme defects. J Inherit Metab Dis 1997; 20:437-40. [PMID: 9266375 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005323221660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E G van Grunsven
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Pediatrics, The Netherlands
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13
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van Geel BM, Assies J, Wanders RJ, Barth PG. X linked adrenoleukodystrophy: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 63:4-14. [PMID: 9221959 PMCID: PMC2169642 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.63.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
X linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited disorder of peroxisomal metabolism, biochemically characterised by accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids. Accumulation of these fatty acids is associated with cerebral demyelination, peripheral nerve abnormalities, and adrenocortical and testicular insufficiency. The lowest estimated birth incidence is one per 100,000. At least six phenotypes can be distinguished, of which the two most frequent are childhood cerebral ALD and adrenomyeloneuropathy. The X-ALD gene has been identified, but thus far no relation between genotype and phenotype has been found. Diagnosis is relatively easy and can be confirmed reliably, and prenatal testing is possible in affected families. Several therapeutic options, some with promising perspectives, are available. Neurologists and other physicians seem not to be familiar with the many facets of X-ALD. In this review, the clinical presentation, the relative frequencies of the different phenotypes, and the diagnostic and therapeutic options are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M van Geel
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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van Grunsven EG, van Roermund CW, Denis S, Wanders RJ. Complementation analysis of fibroblasts from peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation deficient patients shows high frequency of bifunctional enzyme deficiency plus intragenic complementation: unequivocal evidence for differential defects in the same enzyme protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 235:176-9. [PMID: 9196058 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years many patients have been reported with a defect in peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation of unknown origin. Using a combined approach based on direct activity measurements of straight-chain acyl-CoA oxidase and complementation analysis after somatic cell fusion of fibroblasts, we have now classified 13 patients into 4 distinct groups representing different gene defects. Remarkably, we found intragenic complementation in group 2 so that group 2 is in fact made up of 3 distinct subgroups. The underlying basis for this peculiar phenomenon probably has to do with the fact that bifunctional protein harbors two catalytic activities including enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. In group 2A enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase are defective whereas in group 2B and 2C either the hydratase or 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase component of the bifunctional protein is deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G van Grunsven
- University Hospital Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Division of Clinical Chemistry, The Netherlands
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15
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Wanders RJ, Jansen G, van Roermund CW, Denis S, Schutgens RB, Jakobs BS. Metabolic aspects of peroxisomal disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 804:450-60. [PMID: 8993564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb18636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years an increasing number of inherited diseases in man have been identified in which there is an impairment in one or more peroxisomal functions. This paper discusses the current state of knowledge on these disorders with particular emphasis on the metabolic abnormalities in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wanders
- University Hospital Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, The Netherlands
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16
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Paton BC, Sharp PC, Crane DI, Poulos A. Oxidation of pristanic acid in fibroblasts and its application to the diagnosis of peroxisomal beta-oxidation defects. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:681-8. [PMID: 8609223 PMCID: PMC507104 DOI: 10.1172/jci118465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pristanic acid oxidation measurements proved a reliable tool for assessing complementation in fused heterokaryons from patients with peroxisomal biogenesis defects. We, therefore, used this method to determine the complementation groups of patients with isolated defects in peroxisomal beta-oxidation. The rate of oxidation of pristanic acid was reduced in affected cell lines from all of the families with inherited defects in peroxisomal beta-oxidation, thus excluding the possibility of a defective acyl CoA oxidase. Complementation analyses indicated that all of the patients belonged to the same complementation group, which corresponded to cell lines with bifunctional protein defects. Phytanic acid oxidation was reduced in fibroblasts from some, but not all, of the patients. Plasma samples were still available from six of the patients. The ratio of pristanic acid to phytanic acid was elevated in all of these samples, as were the levels of saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA). However, the levels of bile acid intermediates, polyenoic VLCFA, and docosahexaenoic acid were abnormal in only some of the samples. Pristanic acid oxidation measurements were helpful in a prenatal assessment for one of the families where previous experience had shown that cellular VLCFA levels were not consistently elevated in affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Paton
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
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Skoneczny M, Rytka J. Maintenance of the peroxisomal compartment in glucose-repressed and anaerobically grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Biochimie 1996; 78:95-102. [PMID: 8818216 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(96)82639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
According to the current model of peroxisome biogenesis, the inheritance of this compartment requires the growth and division of pre-existing organelles followed by their distribution between mother and daughter cells. However, no known peroxisomal functions are present nor required for Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells grown under glucose repression and in anaerobiosis and the peroxisomal compartment becomes virtually indistinguishable under such conditions. This raised the question of the fate of this compartment in such cells. Is it maintained throughout prolonged growth under glucose repression or does it disappear from the cell and then reassemble on demand? To study the maintenance of putatively functional peroxisomes in S cerevisiae cells grown under conditions of glucose repression and anaerobiosis, we applied the vector-mediated overexpression of peroxisome matrix enzyme's catalase A and acyl-CoA oxidase. Evidence is presented that in S cerevisiae the peroxisomal import machinery responsible for targeting of matrix enzymes into this compartment is preserved under glucose repression and in the absence of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Skoneczny
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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van den Bosch H, de Vet EC, Zomer AW. The role of peroxisomes in ether lipid synthesis. Back to the roots of PAF. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 416:33-40. [PMID: 9131123 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0179-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H van den Bosch
- Department Biochemistry of Lipids, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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19
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Van den Branden C, De Craemer D, Pauwels M, Vamecq J. Peroxisomes in mice fed a diet supplemented with low doses of fish oil. Lipids 1995; 30:701-5. [PMID: 7475984 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The influence of low dietary doses (0.1 and 0.8% w/w) of a commercial fish oil preparation on peroxisomes in normal mice was studied and compared to the known strong inductive effects of high (10%) fish oil diets. Low fish oil doses were chosen to supply the mice with a concentration of docosahexaenoic acid, which was beneficial to patients with a peroxisomal disease. Peroxisomes were evaluated by cytochemical, morphometric, and enzymological techniques. The 0.1% fish oil diet had no effect on peroxisomes in liver, heart, and kidney even after prolonged treatment. The 0.8% diet did not change the peroxisomal number nor the catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activity in the liver. Hepatic peroxisomal beta-oxidation, however, was increased by 50% after 14 d. This was accompanied by reduced peroxisomal size. The 0.8% diet also caused a small increase (+25%) in myocardial catalase activity. No effect was observed in kidneys. Our results indicate that in mice a low (< 0.8%) dietary fish oil dose has no or only a slight effect on hepatic peroxisomal beta-oxidation. This may be of particular interest to patients with a peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation defect and who display a severe deficiency of docosahexaenoic acid--diets supplemented with low fish oil doses will improve the docosahexaenoic acid level without adding a strong load to the disturbed fatty acid metabolism.
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Grünler J, Olsson JM, Dallner G. Estimation of dolichol and cholesterol synthesis in microsomes and peroxisomes isolated from rat liver. FEBS Lett 1995; 358:230-2. [PMID: 7843406 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The participation of peroxisomal and microsomal fractions from rat liver in dolichol and cholesterol synthesis was investigated using marker enzymes. Recovery was 8% for peroxisomes and 33% for microsomes, with virtually no cross-contamination between these fractions. Using these data, it was calculated that the peroxisomal branch-point enzyme activities for dolichol and cholesterol biosynthesis, i.e. cis-prenyltransferase and squalene synthase, were 25% and 12%, respectively, of the total homogenate activity. Treatment with mevinolin increased the peroxisomal contribution in the case of both enzymes, to levels almost equal to that of their microsomal counterparts. These results indicate that peroxisomes play a role in the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids and that the extent of this participation is increased extensively when peroxisomes are induced by various treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grünler
- Department of Biochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden
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21
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Wanders RJ, van Roermund CW, Schor DS, ten Brink HJ, Jakobs C. Phytanic acid oxidation in man: identification of a new enzyme catalysing the formation of 2-ketophytanic acid from 2-hydroxyphytanic acid and its deficiency in the Zellweger syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 1995; 18:201-3. [PMID: 7564246 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Wanders
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Department of Pediatrics, The Netherlands
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Wanders RJ, Denis S, Ruiter JP, Schutgens RB, van Roermund CW, Jacobs BS. Measurement of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation in cultured human skin fibroblasts. J Inherit Metab Dis 1995; 18 Suppl 1:113-24. [PMID: 9053546 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the main functions of mammalian peroxisomes is the beta-oxidation of a variety of fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives, including very long-chain fatty acids. Oxidation of these fatty acids is deficient in a number of different peroxisomal disorders, including the disorders of peroxisome biogenesis (Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum disease), X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and a number of other disorders of peroxisomal beta-oxidation of known and unknown aetiology. Accurate measurement of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation is of utmost importance for correct postnatal and prenatal diagnosis of these disorders. In this paper we describe a straightforward and accurate assay method to measure the beta-oxidation of palmitic acid (C16:0), hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) and pristanic acid in intact fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wanders
- University Hospital Amsterdam, Department of Pediatrics, The Netherlands
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Wanders RJ, Dekker C, Ofman R, Schutgens RB, Mooijer P. Immunoblot analysis of peroxisomal proteins in liver and fibroblasts from patients. J Inherit Metab Dis 1995; 18 Suppl 1:101-12. [PMID: 9053545 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Identification of a patient as suffering from a peroxisomal disorder usually starts by the finding of elevated very long-chain fatty acids in plasma and/or serum. This is followed by more detailed studies in blood, fibroblasts and tissues, including immunoblot analysis. Indeed, immunoblot analysis has become a valuable tool in the correct diagnosis and assignment of individual patients, except for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). We describe a simple immunoblotting procedure applicable to liver and fibroblast homo-genates using antibodies raised against catalase and the three beta-oxidation enzyme proteins acyl-CoA oxidase I, bifunctional protein and peroxisomal thiolase. The same procedure can also be used for chorionic villus biopsy specimens and has now become the method of choice for the prenatal diagnosis of Zellweger syndrome (and other disorders of peroxisome biogenesis) and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wanders
- University Hospital Amsterdam, Department of Pediatrics, The Netherlands
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Dacremont G, Cocquyt G, Vincent G. Measurement of very long-chain fatty acids, phytanic and pristanic acid in plasma and cultured fibroblasts by gas chromatography. J Inherit Metab Dis 1995; 18 Suppl 1:76-83. [PMID: 9053557 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two methods are described, both currently used in our laboratory, for the quantitative analysis of very long-chain fatty acids, phytanic acid and pristanic acid in plasma and cultured fibroblasts by gas-liquid chromatography. The first method is based on the procedure developed by Moser and Moser (1991) and the second is based on the method of Onkenhout and colleagues (1989), which is an application of the original method of Lepage and Roy for plasma and fibroblasts. A survey is given of the concentrations of very long-chain fatty acids, pristanic and phytanic acid in plasma and fibroblasts from control subjects and all patients investigated so far in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dacremont
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Gent, Belgium
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Dacremont G, Vincent G. Assay of plasmalogens and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in erythrocytes and fibroblasts. J Inherit Metab Dis 1995; 18 Suppl 1:84-9. [PMID: 9053558 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The direct transesterification method of Lepage and Roy is described as used in our laboratory for the analysis of plasmalogens and polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocytes and cultured fibroblasts by gas chromatography. An overview is given of the plasmalogen ratios and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations from controls and patients with different peroxisomal disorders investigated in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dacremont
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Gent, Belgium
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26
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Leroy JG, Espeel M, Gadisseux JF, Mandel H, Martinez M, Poll-The BT, Wanders RJ, Roels F. Diagnostic work-up of a peroxisomal patient. J Inherit Metab Dis 1995; 18 Suppl 1:214-22. [PMID: 9053553 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J G Leroy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Gent, Belgium
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27
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Wanders RJ, Ofman R, Romeijn GJ, Schutgens RB, Mooijer PA, Dekker C, van den Bosch H. Measurement of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase (DHAPAT) in chorionic villous samples, blood cells and cultured cells. J Inherit Metab Dis 1995; 18 Suppl 1:90-100. [PMID: 9053559 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase (DHAPAT) is a peroxisomal enzyme catalysing the first step in ether-phospholipid biosynthesis. DHAPAT is deficient in cells from patients suffering from a variety of peroxisomal disorders. Accurate measurement of the activity of this enzyme is of great importance, especially since it is a central parameter in the prenatal diagnosis of the disorders of peroxisome biogenesis, rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and DHAPAT-deficiency. We describe a straightforward and accurate assay allowing the activity of DHAPAT to be measured reliably in chorionic villus samples, blood cells, cultured skin fibroblasts, cultured chorionic villus fibroblasts and cultured amniocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wanders
- University Hospital Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Department of Pediatrics, The Netherlands
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28
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De Craemer D, Vamecq J, Roels F, Vallée L, Pauwels M, Van den Branden C. Peroxisomes in liver, heart, and kidney of mice fed a commercial fish oil preparation: original data and review on peroxisomal changes induced by high-fat diets. J Lipid Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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29
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Vanhole C, de Zegher F, Casaer P, Devlieger H, Wanders RJ, Vanhove G, Jaeken J. A new peroxisomal disorder with fetal and neonatal adrenal insufficiency. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1994; 71:F55-6. [PMID: 8092875 PMCID: PMC1061072 DOI: 10.1136/fn.71.1.f55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A boy with a new type of adrenoleukodystrophy is described. This was characterised by fetal and neonatal adrenal insufficiency, a neurological picture as seen in neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, but with a normal number of peroxisomes in the liver and a peroxisomal dysfunction limited to the very long chain fatty acids and pristanic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vanhole
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Wanders RJ, Dekker C, Hovarth VA, Schutgens RB, Tager JM, Van Laer P, Lecoutere D. Human alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase deficiency: a new peroxisomal disorder. J Inherit Metab Dis 1994; 17:315-8. [PMID: 7807941 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Wanders
- Department of Pediatric Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Schutgens RB, Wanders RJ, Jakobs C, Arslan-Kirchner M, Miller K, Wieacker P, Hunnemann D, Hurter P, von Schutz M. A new variant of Zellweger syndrome with normal peroxisomal functions in cultured fibroblasts. J Inherit Metab Dis 1994; 17:319-22. [PMID: 7807942 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R B Schutgens
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Pediatrics, AMC, The Netherlands
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32
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Zomer AW, de Weerd WF, Langeveld J, van den Bosch H. Ether lipid synthesis: purification and identification of alkyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase from guinea-pig liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1170:189-96. [PMID: 8399344 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(93)90070-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl-dihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase, the second enzyme involved in ether phospholipid biosynthesis from dihydroxyacetone phosphate and responsible for glycero-ether bond formation, has been purified from guinea-pig liver. Alkyl-dihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase was solubilized from a membrane fraction prepared from an enriched peroxisome fraction with Triton X-100 and potassium chloride. The solubilized enzyme was further purified by chromatography on QAE-Sephadex, Matrex Red, Phosphocellulose and Concanavalin A. Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis alkyl-dihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase appears as a 65 kDa band. Chromatofocusing revealed an isoelectric point of pH 5.9 for the enzyme. The pH optimum of alkyl-dihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase was found to be between pH 7 and 8 in a 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer. The specific activity of the enzyme was estimated to be at least 350 nmol.min-1.mg-1, corresponding to a purification of at least 13,000-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Zomer
- Centre for Biomembranes and Lipid Enzymology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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