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Sha JCM, Kurihara Y, Tsuji Y, Take M, He T, Kaneko A, Suda-Hashimoto N, Morimoto M, Natsume T, Zahariev A, Blanc S, Hanya G. Seasonal variation of energy expenditure in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). J Therm Biol 2018; 76:139-146. [PMID: 30143288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Animals living in seasonal environments must adapt to a wide variation of temperature changes which requires flexible adjustments of time budget and metabolic processes for efficient thermoregulation. The Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) is one of only a handful of nonhuman primate species that experience seasonal climates over a wide temperature range. We used behavior observations, accelerometer sensors and the doubly-labelled water (DLW) method to measure activity and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) of M. fuscata housed in captivity but exposed to natural seasonal variations at day lengths ranging from 10 to 12 h and temperature ranging from 0° to 32°C. Although overall activity was significantly lower in winter compared to summer and autumn, we found no effect of temperature on day-time activity. However nocturnal inactivity and mean length of sleeping bouts significantly increased along a gradient of decreasing temperatures from summer through winter, suggesting the importance of adaptive behavioral thermoregulation in this species. Energy expenditure that was unaccounted for by Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and physical activity i.e. expended through diet-induced thermogenesis or thermoregulation was between 14% and 32%. This residual energy expenditure differed between summer/autumn and winter and was relatively consistent across individuals (approximately 5-8% higher in winter). The percentage of body fat and residual energy expenditure were negatively correlated, supporting that fat storage was higher when less energy was required for thermoregulation. Our results suggest that physiological mechanisms like behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation enable M. fuscata to adapt to wide fluctuations in environmental conditions which provide insights into the evolutionary adaptations of nonhuman primates in seasonal climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chih Mun Sha
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan; School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, China.
| | | | - Yamato Tsuji
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Makiko Take
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Tianmeng He
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Zahariev
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, The National Center for Scientific Research, Strasbourg University, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, The National Center for Scientific Research, Strasbourg University, France
| | - Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
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Takeshita RSC, Bercovitch FB, Kinoshita K, Huffman MA. Beneficial effect of hot spring bathing on stress levels in Japanese macaques. Primates 2018; 59:215-225. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-018-0655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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3
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Ueno M, Nakamichi M. Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) mothers huddle with their young offspring instead of adult females for thermoregulation. Behav Processes 2016; 129:41-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Mateos A, Goikoetxea I, Leonard WR, Martín-González JÁ, Rodríguez-Gómez G, Rodríguez J. Neandertal growth: What are the costs? J Hum Evol 2014; 77:167-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Devlin MJ. The “Skinny” on brown fat, obesity, and bone. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 156 Suppl 59:98-115. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen J. Devlin
- Department of Anthropology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI 48104
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6
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Grady JM, Enquist BJ, Dettweiler-Robinson E, Wright NA, Smith FA. Dinosaur physiology. Evidence for mesothermy in dinosaurs. Science 2014; 344:1268-72. [PMID: 24926017 DOI: 10.1126/science.1253143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Were dinosaurs ectotherms or fast-metabolizing endotherms whose activities were unconstrained by temperature? To date, some of the strongest evidence for endothermy comes from the rapid growth rates derived from the analysis of fossil bones. However, these studies are constrained by a lack of comparative data and an appropriate energetic framework. Here we compile data on ontogenetic growth for extant and fossil vertebrates, including all major dinosaur clades. Using a metabolic scaling approach, we find that growth and metabolic rates follow theoretical predictions across clades, although some groups deviate. Moreover, when the effects of size and temperature are considered, dinosaur metabolic rates were intermediate to those of endotherms and ectotherms and closest to those of extant mesotherms. Our results suggest that the modern dichotomy of endothermic versus ectothermic is overly simplistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Grady
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. The Santa Fe Institute, USA, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | | | - Natalie A Wright
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Felisa A Smith
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Nowack J, Dausmann KH, Mzilikazi N. Nonshivering thermogenesis in the African lesser bushbaby, Galago moholi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 216:3811-7. [PMID: 24068349 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.089433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The capacity for nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) plays an important role during arousal from torpid states. Recent data on heterotherms inhabiting warmer regions, however, suggest that passive rewarming reduces the need of metabolic heat production during arousal significantly, leading to the question: to what extent do subtropical or tropical heterotherms depend on NST? The African lesser bushbaby, Galago moholi, enters torpid states as an emergency response only, but otherwise stays normothermic throughout the cold and dry winter season. In addition, this species shows unusual rewarming difficulties during arousal from torpor on cold days. We therefore examined the seasonal adjustments of the capacity for NST of naturally acclimatized G. moholi by stimulation with noradrenaline (NA) injection. Dissection of two adult female bushbabies revealed that G. moholi possesses brown adipose tissue, and NA treatment (0.5 mg kg(-1), s.c.) induced a significant elevation in oxygen consumption compared with control (saline) injection. However, the increase in oxygen consumption following injection of NA was not significantly different between winter and summer. Our results show that the ability to produce heat via NST seems to be available throughout the year and that G. moholi is able to change NST capacity within a very short time frame in response to cold spells. Together with results from studies on other (Afro-)tropical heterotherms, which also indicate low or even absent seasonal difference in NST capacity, this raises the question of whether the definition of NST needs to be refined for (Afro-)tropical mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nowack
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Biocentre Grindel, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Abstract
Homeotherms maintain an optimal body temperature that is most often above their environment or ambient temperature. As ambient temperature decreases, energy expenditure (and energy intake) must increase to maintain thermal homeostasis. With the wide spread adoption of climate control, humans in modern society are buffered from temperature extremes and spend an increasing amount of time in a thermally comfortable state where energetic demands are minimized. This is hypothesized to contribute to the contemporary increase in obesity rates. Studies reporting exposures of animals and humans to different ambient temperatures are discussed. Additional consideration is given to the potentially altered metabolic and physiologic responses in obese versus lean subjects at a given temperature. The data suggest that ambient temperature is a significant contributor to both energy intake and energy expenditure, and that this variable should be more thoroughly explored in future studies as a potential contributor to obesity susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R. Moellering
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Diabetes Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniel L. Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Abstract
The function of brown adipose tissue is to transfer energy from food into heat; physiologically, both the heat produced and the resulting decrease in metabolic efficiency can be of significance. Both the acute activity of the tissue, i.e., the heat production, and the recruitment process in the tissue (that results in a higher thermogenic capacity) are under the control of norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves. In thermoregulatory thermogenesis, brown adipose tissue is essential for classical nonshivering thermogenesis (this phenomenon does not exist in the absence of functional brown adipose tissue), as well as for the cold acclimation-recruited norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis. Heat production from brown adipose tissue is activated whenever the organism is in need of extra heat, e.g., postnatally, during entry into a febrile state, and during arousal from hibernation, and the rate of thermogenesis is centrally controlled via a pathway initiated in the hypothalamus. Feeding as such also results in activation of brown adipose tissue; a series of diets, apparently all characterized by being low in protein, result in a leptin-dependent recruitment of the tissue; this metaboloregulatory thermogenesis is also under hypothalamic control. When the tissue is active, high amounts of lipids and glucose are combusted in the tissue. The development of brown adipose tissue with its characteristic protein, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), was probably determinative for the evolutionary success of mammals, as its thermogenesis enhances neonatal survival and allows for active life even in cold surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cannon
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hanya G. Seasonal variations in the activity budget of Japanese macaques in the coniferous forest of Yakushima: Effects of food and temperature. Am J Primatol 2004; 63:165-77. [PMID: 15258960 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in the activity budget of Japanese macaques in the coniferous forest of Yakushima were studied over the course of 1 year. On an annual basis, they spent 38% of the daytime feeding, 16% traveling, 14% in social interactions, and 32% engaged in resting. The effects of temperature and food-related factors (i.e., food distribution, feeding speed, and food abundance) on the seasonal variations of activity budget were examined by stepwise multiple regression analysis. When the temperature was low, the macaques decreased traveling and feeding time, in accordance with the prediction that endothermal animals save energy under severe thermoregulatory cost. When the feeding speed of available foods was slow, they spent more time feeding. When high-quality foods were abundant, they decreased feeding time. These macaques did not respond to fluctuations in food distribution. The present results indicate the importance of temperature, in addition to food-related factors, as a determinant of activity budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan.
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11
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Steegmann AT, Cerny FJ, Holliday TW. Neandertal cold adaptation: physiological and energetic factors. Am J Hum Biol 2002; 14:566-83. [PMID: 12203812 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.10070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
European Neandertals employed a complex set of physiological cold defenses, homologous to those seen in contemporary humans and nonhuman primates. While Neandertal morphological patterns, such as foreshortened extremities and low relative surface-area, may have explained some of the variance in cold resistance, it is suggested the adaptive package was strongly dependent on a rich array of physiological defenses. A summary of the environmental cold conditions in which the Neandertals lived is presented, and a comparative ethnographic model from Tierra del Fuego is used. Muscle and subcutaneous fat are excellent "passive" insulators. Neandertals were quite muscular, but it is unlikely that they could maintain enough superficial body fat to offer much cold protection. A major, high-energy metabolic adaptation facilitated by modest amounts of highly thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) is proposed. In addition, Neandertals would have been protected by general mammalian cold defenses based on systemic vasoconstriction and intensified by acclimatization, aerobic fitness, and localized cold--induced vasodilation. However, these defenses are energetically expensive. Based on contemporary data from circumpolar peoples, it is estimated that Neandertals required 3,360 to 4,480 kcal per day to support strenuous winter foraging and cold resistance costs. Several specific genetic cold adaptations are also proposed--heat shock protein (actually, stress shock protein), an ACP*1 locus somatic growth factor, and a specialized calcium metabolism not as yet understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Theodore Steegmann
- Department of Anthropology, 380 MFAC, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14261, USA.
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Cure M. Plasma corticosterone response in continuous versus discontinuous chronic heat exposure in rat. Physiol Behav 1989; 45:1117-22. [PMID: 2554346 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Effects of chronic exposure (25 days) to continuous (CHE) or discontinuous (DHE) hot environment (34 degrees C) on growth rate, food intake and cortico-adrenal function were studied in adult male rats. Growth rate and food intake were 40 and 31% less respectively in CHE and 7 and 9% less respectively in DHE than in control (CE) animals. The adrenal response to heat (40 degrees C) was reduced by 54 and 82% in CHE and DHE rats respectively but the plasma corticosterone (B) response to exogenous ACTH and ether stress was not altered by chronic heat. The plasma B rhythm was altered only in CHE rats which exhibited a 40% decrease in amplitude and a delayed nocturnal recession of plasma B values. These results indicate that 1) CHE induced major alterations of behavior specially during the nocturnal period of the L-D cycle, 2) that the altered circadian B rhythm of CHE rats could be linked to changes in feeding behavior and to reduced metabolic activity, 3) and that CHE induced a poorer adaptation than DHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cure
- Centre de Recherches due Service de Santé des Armées, Unité de Bioénergétique et Environment, La Tronche
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Turleiska E, Łyszczarz J. Dehydration does not influence the summer versus winter thermal adaptation changes in rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus), living in natural photoperiod. J Therm Biol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4565(86)90016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Adair ER, Spiers DE, Rawson RO, Adams BW, Sheldon DK, Pivirotto PJ, Akel GM. Thermoregulatory consequences of long-term microwave exposure at controlled ambient temperatures. Bioelectromagnetics 1985; 6:339-63. [PMID: 3836677 DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250060403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to identify and measure changes in thermoregulatory responses, both behavioral and physiological, that may occur when squirrel monkeys are exposed to 2450-MHz continuous wave microwaves 40 hr/week for 15 weeks. Power densities of 1 or 5 mW/cm2 (specific absorption rate = 0.16 W/kg per mW/cm2) were presented at controlled environmental temperatures of 25, 30, or 35 degrees C. Standardized tests, conducted periodically, before, during, and after treatment, assessed changes in thermoregulatory responses. Dependent variables that were measured included body mass, certain blood properties, metabolic heat production, sweating, skin temperatures, deep body temperature, and behavioral responses by which the monkeys selected a preferred environmental temperature. Results showed no reliable alteration of metabolic rate, internal body temperature, blood indices, or thermoregulatory behavior by microwave exposure, although the ambient temperature prevailing during chronic exposure could exert an effect. An increase in sweating rate occurred in the 35 degrees C environment, but sweating was not reliably enhanced by microwave exposure. Skin temperature, reflecting vasomotor state, was reliably influenced by both ambient temperature and microwaves. The most robust consequence of microwave exposure was a reduction in body mass, which appeared to be a function of microwave power density.
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15
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Marques PR, Illner P, Williams DD, Gren WL, Kendall JW, Davis SL, Johnson DG, Gale CC. Hypothalamic control of endocrine thermogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1981; 241:E420-7. [PMID: 6275712 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1981.241.6.e420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic and ruminal cooling raised serum thyrotropin (TSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), norepinephrine (NE), and glucose in conscious goats in 20 degree C ambient temperature. Cooling of the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (POAH) for 2 h initially evoked shivering and vasoconstriction, leading to 1.5 degree C rise in rectal temperature (Tr). Pituitary-thyroid activation by POAH cooling was shown by peak rises in TSH of 60% at 40 min, in triiodothyronine (T3) of 54% at 80 min, and in thyroxine (T4) of 40% at 140 min. At 60 min, ACTH and NE peaked at 57 and 65%, respectively. TSH, ACTH, and NE declined during the 2nd h of POAH cooling as Tr plateaued; when POAH cooling was stopped, these hormones fell below basal level as vasodilation and panting restored Tr to normal. In contrast to the core hyperthermia evoked by POAH cooling, ruminal intubation with O degree C water (1 liter/10 kg) led to general hypothermia, Tpoah and Tr falling 1.6 degree C at 40 min. Pituitary-thyroid responses were less but ACTH and NE more, compared with POAH cooling. TSH peaked at 37% at 20 min, T3 at 55% at 60 min, and T4 at 18% at 200 min. ACTH peaked at 250% at 30 min and NE at 120% at 20 min. Thermosensitive neurons in the POAH seem to mediate more sensitive and complete control over TSH than over ACTH, or NE release, whereas extrahypothalamic core thermosensitivity (e.g., brain stem, spinal cord, abdomen) may influence ACTH and NE more than TSH release.
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Thermal and metabolic responses in the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata acclimated to an ambient temperature of 5°C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(81)93027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Body temperature, oxygen consumption, noradrenaline response and cardiovascular adaptations in the flying fox, Rousettus aegyptiacus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(79)90631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Energy metabolism, thermoregulation and water budget in the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang, boddaert 1785). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(79)90438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Goffart M, Canguilhem B, Hildwein G, Juchmès J. The sympathico-adrenomedullary system and non-shivering thermogenesis in Perodicticus potto (Prosimii, Lorisidae, Lorisinae). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1978; 61C:189-201. [PMID: 30577 PMCID: PMC8333123 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(78)90131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hildwein G, Goffart M. Standard metabolism and thermoregulation in a prosimian Perodicticus potto. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1975; 50:201-13. [PMID: 234053 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-406x(75)80225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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