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Mattice AMS, Varma A, Storey KB. Role of NADP +-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from muscle tissue of Rana sylvatica in ROS defense during freeze-tolerance. Biochimie 2023:S0300-9084(23)00070-6. [PMID: 36958591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The wood frog, Rana sylvatica, employs freeze tolerance as a winter survival strategy in seasonally cold environments. At subzero temperatures, up to 65-70% of total body water can freeze in extracellular spaces, halting vital functions (breathing, heartbeat) and causing ischemia that, in turn, can have numerous consequences including the generation of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). NADPH serves as a key donor of reductive power for most ROS detoxifying enzymes and can be generated by several metabolic pathways. One source of NADPH reducing power is the NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) reaction. The present study evaluated the properties and regulation of IDH from skeletal muscle of R. sylvatica when frogs were exposed to stress conditions: freezing, dehydration or anoxia. Purified IDH exhibited higher affinity for isocitrate under all stress conditions as compared to controls, suggesting that the enzyme is primed to synthesize NADPH relative to the control state. Immunoblotting showed reduced serine and threonine phosphorylation of muscle IDH from frozen frogs and decreased serine phosphorylation on IDH from dehydrated frogs relative to control and anoxic states, demonstrating a reversible phosphorylation regulatory mechanism for IDH activity during freezing stress. Taken together, these results suggest activation and maintenance of IDH activity despite hypometabolic conditions. This initiation in activity of IDH during freezing may play a role in antioxidant defense by contributing to maintenance of the NADPH pool under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M S Mattice
- Institute of Biochemistry & Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Anchal Varma
- Institute of Biochemistry & Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry & Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Sitz RA, Peirce ES, Luna EK, Cockrell DM, Newhard L, Peairs FB. Temperature Limits for the Brown Wheat Mite, in Colorado. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2507-2511. [PMID: 31165142 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brown wheat mites, Petrobia latens (Müller 1776, Acari: Tetranychidae), are sporadic yet economically damaging pests of winter cereals. In Colorado, their life history is closely tied to the development of winter wheat, where they are present in the field from crop planting in late September through harvest in early June. In order to withstand winter months, these mites are able to survive cold temperatures. However, the mechanisms of cold hardening and their temperature limits are unknown. This research documents the seasonal supercooling points of the brown wheat mite. Their seasonal average supercooling point stayed consistent throughout the year, never varying more than a degree from the overall average supercooling point of -17°C. The greatest variation in supercooling point was seen in the spring, during which supercooling point temperatures ranged from -9.2 to -25.5°C. We also documented the upper and lower lethal temperatures for the brown wheat mite. When comparing small nymphs to large nymph and adult stages, small nymphs were slightly more cold tolerant (lethal temperature estimates required to kill 99% of the population [LT99] were -30.8 and -30.6°C, respectively), but less heat tolerant (LT99 was 50 and 56°C, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Sitz
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, University Avenue, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Erika S Peirce
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, University Avenue, Fort Collins, CO
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, University Avenue, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Emily K Luna
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, University Avenue, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Darren M Cockrell
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, University Avenue, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Laura Newhard
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, University Avenue, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Frank B Peairs
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, University Avenue, Fort Collins, CO
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von Saltzwedel H, Scheu S, Schaefer I. Founder events and pre-glacial divergences shape the genetic structure of European Collembola species. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:148. [PMID: 27423184 PMCID: PMC4947257 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Climate oscillations in the Cenozoic reduced species richness and genetic diversity of terrestrial and aquatic animals and plants in central and northern Europe. The most abundant arthropods in temperate soils are Collembola that live in almost any soil-related habitat. Extant species show little morphological variation to Eocene fossils, suggesting persistence of species in stable habitats for millions of years. Collembola are able to evade adverse climatic conditions by moving into deeper soil layers and are tolerant to frost and draught. If these adaptations sufficed for surviving glacial periods remains open and needs to be investigated in a phylogeographic context, i.e. investigating spatial structure on molecular level. We investigated the molecular variation of three common species of Collembola at a pan-European scale to identify glacial refuges and post-glacial colonization patterns with three genetic markers. Results All genes revealed remarkable genetic structure between but not within populations, suggesting density dependent processes for establishment of populations (founder-takes-all principle), which is common for European animals and plants. In contrast to the post-glacial recolonization patterns of many aboveground organisms, divergence times of most geographic lineages indicate preservation of genetic structure since the Miocene. Conclusions Collembola survived severe climatic changes including those during Quatenary glaciation and kept high genetic variance across Europe. Likely the buffering of temperature oscilliations in soil and the ability to evade adverse climatic conditions due to cold-tolerance and horizontal migration enabled Collembola to evade strong selective pressure of abiotic forces. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0719-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge von Saltzwedel
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ina Schaefer
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
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Gerber VEM, Wijenayake S, Storey KB. Anti-apoptotic response during anoxia and recovery in a freeze-tolerant wood frog (Rana sylvatica). PeerJ 2016; 4:e1834. [PMID: 27042393 PMCID: PMC4811176 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The common wood frog, Rana sylvatica, utilizes freeze tolerance as a means of winter survival. Concealed beneath a layer of leaf litter and blanketed by snow, these frogs withstand subzero temperatures by allowing approximately 65–70% of total body water to freeze. Freezing is generally considered to be an ischemic event in which the blood oxygen supply is impeded and may lead to low levels of ATP production and exposure to oxidative stress. Therefore, it is as important to selectively upregulate cytoprotective mechanisms such as the heat shock protein (HSP) response and expression of antioxidants as it is to shut down majority of ATP consuming processes in the cell. The objective of this study was to investigate another probable cytoprotective mechanism, anti-apoptosis during oxygen deprivation and recovery in the anoxia tolerant wood frog. In particular, relative protein expression levels of two important apoptotic regulator proteins, Bax and p-p53 (S46), and five anti-apoptotic/pro-survival proteins, Bcl-2, p-Bcl-2 (S70), Bcl-xL, x-IAP, and c-IAP in response to normoxic, 24 Hr anoxic exposure, and 4 Hr recovery stages were assessed in the liver and skeletal muscle using western immunoblotting. The results suggest a tissue-specific regulation of the anti-apoptotic pathway in the wood frog, where both liver and skeletal muscle shows an overall decrease in apoptosis and an increase in cell survival. This type of cytoprotective mechanism could be aimed at preserving the existing cellular components during long-term anoxia and oxygen recovery phases in the wood frog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E M Gerber
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Current affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, ON , Canada
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Sinclair BJ, Coello Alvarado LE, Ferguson LV. An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: Methods, approaches, and workflow. J Therm Biol 2015; 53:180-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Fisker KV, Holmstrup M, Malte H, Overgaard J. Effect of repeated freeze-thaw cycles on geographically different populations of the freeze-tolerant worm Enchytraeus albidus (Oligochaeta). J Exp Biol 2014; 217:3843-52. [PMID: 25214492 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.105650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Freeze-tolerant organisms survive internal ice formation; however, the adaptations to repeated freeze-thaw cycles are often not well investigated. Here we report how three geographically different populations of Enchytraeus albidus (Germany, Iceland and Svalbard) respond to three temperature treatments - constant thawed (0°C), constant freezing (-5°C) and fluctuating temperature (0 to -5°C) - over a period of 42 days. Survival varied between treatments and populations such that enchytraeids from arctic locations had a higher survival following prolonged freeze periods compared with temperate populations. However, enchytraeids from temperate locations had the same survival rate as arctic populations when exposed to repeated freeze-thaw events. Across all populations, metabolic rate decreased markedly in frozen animals (-5°C) compared with thawed controls (0°C). This decrease is likely due to the lower temperature of frozen animals, but also to the transition to the frozen state per se. Animals exposed to repeated freeze-thaw events had an intermediate metabolic rate and freeze-thaw events were not associated with pronounced excess energetic costs. Overwintering under either condition was not associated with a decrease in lipid content; however, during exposure to constant freezing and repeated freeze-thaw events there was a noticeable decrease in carbohydrate stores over time. Thus, animals exposed to constant freezing showed a decrease in glycogen stores, while both glucose and glycogen content decreased over time when the organisms were exposed to repeated freezing. The results therefore suggest that carbohydrate resources are important as a fuel for E. albidus during freezing whereas lipid resources are of marginal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Vincents Fisker
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Building 131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Section of Soil Fauna Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Section of Soil Fauna Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Hans Malte
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Building 131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Building 131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wharton
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Wharton DA, Rowland JJ. A thermoelectric microscope stage for the measurement of the supercooling points of microscopic organisms. J Microsc 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1984.tb02523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Slotsbo S, Hansen LM, Holmstrup M. Low temperature survival in different life stages of the Iberian slug, Arion lusitanicus. Cryobiology 2011; 62:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Airborne fungal spores were monitored over periods of up to 131/2 months at three sites on Signy Island in the maritime Antarctic. Fungal spore concentrations in the air were much lower than in other parts of the world. Concentrations were very low during the austral winter but increased during the austral summer. Chlamydospores were the most abundant fungal spore type found. Spores of Cladosporium spp. were the second most frequently trapped form. All spore types samples were most abundant in the summer months, except for chlamydospores, which were most numerous during the winter. The concentration of Cladosporium spores in the air at Signy Island was compared with the concentrations of this spore type found in the air in other parts of the world. It was evident that Cladosporium loses its dominance as the most abundant component of the air spora with increasingly high latitude. The peak concentration of fungal spores occurred at two sites following the start of the thaw; at the third site, the peak occurred with the arrival of spores by long-distance transport from more northerly regions.
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Matsukura K, Tsumuki H, Izumi Y, Wada T. Physiological response to low temperature in the freshwater apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:2558-63. [PMID: 19648400 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.031500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cold hardiness of the freshwater apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, varies seasonally. We investigated lethal factors and physiological changes arising from exposure of P. canaliculata to low temperatures. Snails did not survive freezing. The supercooling point of cold-acclimated (cold tolerant) snails (-6.6+/-0.8 degrees C) did not differ significantly from that of non-acclimated ones (-7.1+/-1.5 degrees C) under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, snails died even under more moderately low temperatures approaching 0 degrees C. These results indicate that indirect chilling injury is a factor in the death of P. canaliculata at low temperatures. Regardless of whether the snails were acclimated to low temperatures, all of the dead, and even some of the snails still alive at 0 degrees C, had injured mantles, indicating that the mantle may be the organ most susceptible to the effects of low temperatures. The concentration of glucose in the posterior chamber of the kidney and concentration of glycerol in the digestive gland were significantly higher in cold-acclimated snails than in non-acclimated ones, suggesting carbohydrate metabolic pathways are altered in snails during cold acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Matsukura
- Research Team for Insect and Nematode Management, National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region, Suya 2421, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan.
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Chown SL, Sørensen JG, Sinclair BJ. Physiological variation and phenotypic plasticity: a response to`Plasticity in arthropod cryotypes' by Hawes and Bale. J Exp Biol 2008; 211:3353-7. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.019349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
In a recent publication, Hawes and Bale provide an extended discussion of phenotypic plasticity in the context of low temperature responses of animals. They argue that phenotypic plasticity may be partitioned phylogenetically at several levels and go on to explore these levels, and cold hardiness strategies that they term cryotypes, which in their view constitute cryotypic plasticity. Here we argue that this attempt to partition plasticity is misleading, that the term `genotypic plasticity' is potentially highly confusing and a misnomer for physiological variance, and that the term`superplasticity' should not be used. We also show that a definition of strategies as cryotypes is not useful and that the hypothesis about the relationship between evolutionary derivation and extent of plasticity in freeze-avoiding vs freeze-tolerant species is not supported by current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Chown
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - J. G. Sørensen
- Aarhus Centre for Environmental Stress Research, Ecology and Genetics,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade,Building 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - B. J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada,N6A 5B7
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Purać J, Burns G, Thorne MAS, Grubor-Lajsić G, Worland MR, Clark MS. Cold hardening processes in the Antarctic springtail, Cryptopygus antarcticus: clues from a microarray. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:1356-1362. [PMID: 18703067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The physiology of the Antarctic microarthropod, Cryptopygus antarcticus, has been well studied, particularly with regard to its ability to withstand low winter temperatures. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still poorly understood. 1180 sequences (Expressed Sequence Tags or ESTs) were generated and analysed, from populations of C. antarcticus. This represents the first publicly available sequence data for this species. A sub-set (672 clones) were used to generate a small microarray to examine the differences in gene expression between summer acclimated cold tolerant and non-cold tolerant springtails. Although 60% of the clones showed no sequence similarity to annotated genes in the datasets, of those where putative function could be inferred via database homology, there was a clear pattern of up-regulation of structural proteins being associated with the cold tolerant group. These structural proteins mainly comprised cuticle proteins and provide support for the recent theory that summer SCP variation within Collembola species could be a consequence of moulting, with moulting population having lowered SCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Purać
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
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SEYD EDMUNDL. The moss mites of Yes Tor, Dartmoor, Devon (Acari: Oribatida) and their evolutionary significance. Zool J Linn Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1992.tb01242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ansart A, Madec L, Vernon P. Supercooling ability is surprisingly invariable in eggs of the land snail Cantareus aspersus. Cryobiology 2007; 54:71-6. [PMID: 17189625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
From an ontogenetic point of view, invertebrate eggs are generally the most freezing intolerant stage of a species. Development state, water content and acclimation may affect their supercooling ability. In this study, we measured fresh mass, water content and temperature of crystallisation (T(c)) of eggs of the edible land snail Cantareus aspersus, depending on its form ("aspersa"vs. "maxima"), incubation temperature (20, 12 and 7 degrees C) and physiological age (as part of the complete development). We also tested their tolerance to freezing. Despite a high number of individual observations (n=759) and significant differences of fresh mass and water content between both subspecies, no effect of origin, incubation temperature or development state has been found in this study. T(c) remained constant whatever the condition, with an overall mean of -5.40+/-0.24 degrees C (mean+/-SD). We suggest that fresh mass is important, a high water content and a constantly wet surface confer to land snail eggs a poor ability to supercool. Moreover, the presence of ice nucleating agents at the egg surface (microorganisms present in the soil, calcium carbonate crystals of the egg shell) might induce freezing. Thus, considering the present results, to delay hatching by cryopreservation of eggs does not seem possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Ansart
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR 6553 Ecobio, Evolution des Histoires de Vie, Equipe EHV, bâtiment 14A, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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Renault D, Vernon P, Vannier G. Comparing the freezing susceptibility of third-instar larvae of Gnorimus variabilis (Cetoniidae: Trichiinae) from three distant geographical regions. CAN J ZOOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/z04-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We compared the freezing susceptibility of three populations of Gnorimus variabilis (L., 1758) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) sampled from three distant locations in France. To separate the effects of habitat quality from those of genetics, we reared imagos from all field populations in a common garden experiment until the emergence of the third-instar larvae. The local climate appeared to determine the cold hardiness of the third-instar larvae, which live exclusively in cold seasons. The geographical location had an effect on the frost resistance (supercooling point) of the third-instar larvae of G. variabilis. We found no significant differences between the supercooling points of the populations originating from separate latitudes but from the same longitude, Sare (–10.9 ± 4.1 °C) and Husson (–11.5 ± 3.8 °C). Nonetheless, significant differences occurred between the larvae originating from the same northern latitude but from separate longitudes, Husson and La Robertsau (–17.8 ± 2.9 °C). It is the first time that a highly significant difference in the supercooling point of one stage within a single species has been observed along geographical gradients. Moreover, 19 of the 24 larvae originating from La Robertsau were alive after they were kept for 22 h at –10 °C compared with only 7 of the 24 larvae originating from Sare. When the three populations were reared in the laboratory under the same experimental conditions, the differential cryoresistance was preserved. It is likely that the greater freezing resistance found in the third-instar larvae of G. variabilis from La Robertsau could have a genetic component.
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Sinclair BJ, Vernon P, Jaco Klok C, Chown SL. Insects at low temperatures: an ecological perspective. Trends Ecol Evol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5347(03)00014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sinclair BJ, Addo-Bediako A, Chown SL. Climatic variability and the evolution of insect freeze tolerance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2003; 78:181-95. [PMID: 12803420 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793102006024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Insects may survive subzero temperatures by two general strategies: Freeze-tolerant insects withstand the formation of internal ice, while freeze-avoiding insects die upon freezing. While it is widely recognized that these represent alternative strategies to survive low temperatures, and mechanistic understanding of the physical and molecular process of cold tolerance are becoming well elucidated, the reasons why one strategy or the other is adopted remain unclear. Freeze avoidance is clearly basal within the arthropod lineages, and it seems that freeze tolerance has evolved convergently at least six times among the insects (in the Blattaria, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera). Of the pterygote insect species whose cold-tolerance strategy has been reported in the literature, 29% (69 of 241 species studied) of those in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas 85 % (11 of 13 species) in the Southern Hemisphere exhibit freeze tolerance. A randomization test indicates that this predominance of freeze tolerance in the Southern Hemisphere is too great to be due to chance, and there is no evidence of a recent publication bias in favour of new reports of freeze-tolerant species. We conclude from this that the specific nature of cold insect habitats in the Southern Hemisphere, which are characterized by oceanic influence and climate variability must lead to strong selection in favour of freeze tolerance in this hemisphere. We envisage two main scenarios where it would prove advantageous for insects to be freeze tolerant. In the first, characteristic of cold continental habitats of the Northern Hemisphere, freeze tolerance allows insects to survive very low temperatures for long periods of time, and to avoid desiccation. These responses tend to be strongly seasonal, and insects in these habitats are only freeze tolerant for the overwintering period. By contrast, in mild and unpredictable environments, characteristic of habitats influenced by the Southern Ocean, freeze tolerance allows insects which habitually have ice nucleators in their guts to survive summer cold snaps, and to take advantage of mild winter periods without the need for extensive seasonal cold hardening. Thus, we conclude that the climates of the two hemispheres have led to the parallel evolution of freeze tolerance for very different reasons, and that this hemispheric difference is symptomatic of many wide-scale disparities in Northern and Southern ecological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Sinclair
- Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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Vernon P, Vannier G. Evolution of freezing susceptibility and freezing tolerance in terrestrial arthropods. C R Biol 2002; 325:1185-90. [PMID: 12520868 DOI: 10.1016/s1631-0691(02)01536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods have evolved various adaptations to survive adverse seasons and it has long been discussed why some arthropods are freezing-susceptible and some are freezing-tolerant. However, which mode of frost resistance came first during the course of evolution? A commonly held opinion is that no choice of strategy has been offered in evolution, because each species of arthropod may have its own evolutionary and natural history, leading to cold-hardiness. Freezing tolerance is more frequent in holometabolous insect orders and partially used by certain vertebrates, like some terrestrially hibernating amphibians and reptiles. Supported by phylogenetic, ontogenetic and ecological arguments, we suggest here that freezing tolerance is more recent than freezing susceptibility in the course of arthropods evolution. In addition, we observe that three basic modes of freezing resistance in insect species exist in the field: (i) permanent or year-round freezing-susceptible species, (ii) alternative or seasonal freezing-susceptible/freezing-tolerant species, (iii) permanent or year-round freezing tolerant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vernon
- UMR 6553 CNRS, université Rennes-1, Station biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France.
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Chown SL, Addo-Bediako A, Gaston KJ. Physiological variation in insects: large-scale patterns and their implications. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 131:587-602. [PMID: 11923075 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate how broad scale comparative physiology has an important role to play in informing a variety of assumptions made in macroecology. We do so by examining large-scale geographic variation in insect development, thermal tolerance and metabolic rate. From these studies, and those from the literature on insect water loss and thermoregulation, we show that there is often a bias to the geographic extent of available empirical data. Studies of cold hardiness are most usually undertaken at high latitudes, while investigations of upper thermal tolerances and water loss are most common in warm arid regions. Likewise, we demonstrate that much variation in insect physiological tolerances is partitioned at higher taxonomic levels, which has important implications for comparative physiology. Intriguingly, data on the full range of variables we review are available for only three species. We also show that, despite its importance, body size is regularly reported in only some kinds of investigations (metabolic rate, water loss rate), whereas in others (upper lethal temperature, cold hardiness, development) this variable is often ignored. In short, although large-scale comparative physiology can contribute considerable understanding to both physiology and ecology, there is much that remains to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Chown
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0002, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Chown SL. Physiological variation in insects: hierarchical levels and implications. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 47:649-660. [PMID: 11356411 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(00)00163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Variation, and in particular regular pattern in that variation, forms the foundation for evolutionary physiology. Nonetheless, with the exception of seemingly good fits between the tolerances of animals and the environments they live in, this variation is often not well explored. Here, three examples of different forms of such variation (both large- and small-scale) in a range of physiological traits in insects are explored. In the first example, I show that at global, regional, and local scales, variation in insect upper lethal temperatures is far less variable than variation in lower lethal temperatures, and that upper and lower tolerances are partially decoupled. Second, I demonstrate that variation in upper and lower lethal limits, desiccation resistance and tolerance, and respiration rate are often partitioned at taxonomic levels above that of the species. In other words, there is considerable phylogenetic constraint in the evolution of the responses of insects to the environment. These findings suggest that several ideas regarding insect physiological adaptations might have to be re-examined. They also suggest that approaches using both "raw" and corrected data should be adopted where possible. Finally, I demonstrate that there is considerable intra-individual variation in the characteristics of insect discontinuous gas exchange cycles. This is perhaps well-known to researchers in the field, but the implications thereof for arguments in favour of the adaptive nature of these regular cycles have not been carefully examined. Together, these findings suggest that there is still much to be learned about variation in insect physiological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L. Chown
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0002, Pretoria, South Africa
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Wright JC. Cryptobiosis 300 Years on from van Leuwenhoek: What Have We Learned about Tardigrades? ZOOL ANZ 2001. [DOI: 10.1078/0044-5231-00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
The greater latitudinal extents of occurrence of species towards higher latitudes has been attributed to the broadening of physiological tolerances with latitude as a result of increases in climatic variation. While there is some support for such patterns in climate, the physiological tolerances of species across large latitudinal gradients have seldom been assessed. Here we report findings for insects based on published upper and lower lethal temperature data. The upper thermal limits show little geographical variation. In contrast, the lower bounds of supercooling points and lower lethal temperatures do indeed decline with latitude. However, this is not the case for the upper bounds, leading to an increase in the variation in lower lethal limits with latitude. These results provide some support for the physiological tolerance assumption associated with Rapoport's rule, but highlight the need for coupled data on species tolerances and range size.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Addo-Bediako
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Cold Hardiness of the Woolly Bear Caterpillar (Pyrrharctia isabella Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 1999. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031(1999)141[0293:chotwb]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Arthropods, as poikilotherms, adapt to cold environments in a variety of ways that include extension of locomotory activity to low temperatures, enhancement of metabolic rate and maintenance of a positive energy balance whenever possible. The ecological implications for many such animals are extension of the life cycle and a requirement for an individual to overwinter several times. Prolonged sub-zero temperatures increase the risk of tissue freezing, and two main strategies have been evolved, first avoidance of freezing by supercooling, and secondly, tolerance of extracellular ice. In the first strategy, freezing is invariably lethal and extensive supercooling (to — 30 °C and below) occurs through elimination or masking of potential ice nucleators in the body and accumulation of cryoprotective substances such as polyhydric alcohols and sugars. Such species are termed freezing intolerant. The second strategy, freezing tolerance, is uncommon in arthropods and other invertebrates, and usually occurs in a single life stage of a species. Freezing of liquid in the extracellular compartment is promoted by proteinaceous ice nucleators. Freezing is therefore protective, and the lethal temperature is well below the supercooling point in freezing tolerant individuals, whereas in most freezing intolerant species it is close to or at the supercooling point. Proteins also act as antifreezes in insects of both strategies, producing a thermal hysteresis by lowering the freezing point of haemolymph in a non-colligative fashion while not affecting the melting point temperature. Recent studies and developments in arthropod cold tolerance are discussed against this background, and a broader approach than hitherto is advocated, which integrates ecological information with physiological data.
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Developmental patterns of supercooling capacity in a subantarctic wingless fly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01923362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Physiology of cold hardiness in cocoons of five earthworm taxa (Lumbricidae: Oligochaeta). J Comp Physiol B 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00354083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ramløv H, Westh P. Survival of the cryptobiotic eutardigrade Adorybiotus coronifer during cooling to −196 °C: Effect of cooling rate, trehalose level, and short-term acclimation. Cryobiology 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(92)90012-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Storey KB, Storey JM. Freeze Tolerance and Freeze Avoidance in Ectotherms. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74078-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Developments in Ecophysiological Research on Soil Invertebrates. ADV ECOL RES 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Constantinou C, Cloudsley-Thompson J. Supercooling in the various instars of the mealworm beetleTenebrio molitorL. J NAT HIST 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/00222938600770441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Storey KB, Storey JM. Freeze tolerance and intolerance as strategies of winter survival in terrestrially-hibernating amphibians. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1986; 83:613-7. [PMID: 2870854 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(86)90699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tolerate extracellular freezing as an adaptation for winter survival was tested in seven species of terrestrially-hibernating amphibians found in eastern Canada. All species had only moderate supercooling abilities, with whole animal supercooling points of -1.5 to -3 degrees C. Two salamander species, Plethodon cinereus and Ambystoma laterale, and the toad, Bufo americanus, were freezing intolerant and were killed when frozen for 24 hr at temperatures just below their supercooling points. The major winter strategy of these animals appears to behavioural avoidance of subzero temperatures. Four species of frogs Rana sylvatica, Hyla versicolor, Hyla crucifer and Pseudacris triseriata, survived extracellular freezing at moderate subzero temperatures (-2 to -4 degrees C) for periods of time ranging up to 2 weeks. All four frog species accumulated low molecular weight carbohydrates as cryoprotectants, glycerol being the major cryoprotectant in adult H. versicolor, while immature adults of this species as well as the other three species all produced high levels of glucose as the cryoprotectant.
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A mild winter delays supercooling point elevation in freeze tolerantChymomyza amoena larvae (Diptera: Drosophilidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01952012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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