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Rissmann M, Friedrichs V, Kley N, Straube M, Sadeghi B, Balkema-Buschmann A. Baseline of Physiological Body Temperature and Hematological Parameters in Captive Rousettus aegyptiacus and Eidolon helvum Fruit Bats. Front Physiol 2022; 13:910157. [PMID: 36105294 PMCID: PMC9465388 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.910157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of bats as reservoir hosts for a number of highly pathogenic zoonotic agents has led to an increasing interest of infectious disease research in experimental studies with bats. Therefore, we established breeding colonies of Rousettus aegyptiacus and Eidolon helvum fruit bats, which both have been identified as reservoir hosts for relevant zoonotic disease agents, such as Marburg virus and Lagos bat virus. Since 2013, individuals of both species have been recruited to the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI) from zoological gardens in Europe, to where these species had been introduced from the wild several decades ago. The aviaries have been designed according to national recommendations published by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture. Under these conditions, both species have been reproducing for years. To better understand the physiology of these animals, and to generate baseline knowledge for infection experiments, we monitored the body core temperatures of R. aegyptiacus bats in the aviaries, and found a circadian variation between 34°C and 41.5°C. We also determined the hematological parameters of both species, and detected specific differences between both bat species. For values of clinical chemistry, no correlation to age or sex was observed. However, species-specific differences were detected since ALT, BUN and CREA were found to be significantly higher in R. aegyptiacus and GLU and TP were significantly higher in E. helvum bats. A higher hematocrit, hemoglobin and red blood cell level was observed in subadult R. aegyptiacus, with hemoglobin and red blood cells also being significantly increased compared to E. helvum. Lymphocytes were found to be the dominant white blood cells in both species and are higher in female E. helvum. Neutrophil granulocytes were significantly higher in E. helvum bats. This underlines the necessity to define baseline profiles for each bat species prior to their use in experimental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rissmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Nils Kley
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Straube
- Landratsamt Ortenaukreis, Amt für Veterinärwesen und Lebensmittelüberwachung, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Balal Sadeghi
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anne Balkema-Buschmann,
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Ghazaryan A, Adamyan S, Hayrapetyan T, Papov G, Hakobyan L, Abroyan L, Bayramyan N, Hakobyan S, Poghosyan A, Torossian H, Karalyan Z. Comparative staining of Rhinolophus spp. white blood cells in blood smears. Vet World 2022; 15:750-756. [PMID: 35497959 PMCID: PMC9047142 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.750-756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: A drawback of studies on bat blood smears in the field is the lack of time for fixation because blood sampling using a non-lethal method often provides less time for fixation in smear preparations due to the small volume of blood collected. Usually, there is insufficient blood for another smear preparation, so it is necessary to use blood smears as rationally as possible, especially for rare bats. Many stains are used for staining peripheral blood smears, and they have advantages and disadvantages. This study aimed to examine commonly used stains for blood smears to select the best stain for staining peripheral blood smears in bats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 48 blood smears of Rhinolophus spp. bats were examined using several blood staining methods. Four methods that showed the best results were used in further experiments: Romanowsky-Giemsa, Pappenheim, hematoxylin-eosin, and eosin methylene blue. Results: Comparative analysis of different methods for staining bat blood smears revealed that the most convenient method for analyzing blood cells is Pappenheim method. Conclusion: Staining blood smears using Pappenheim method yield the least number of unsuccessful blood smear stains and are quite effective for the morphological analysis of blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astghik Ghazaryan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, A. Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Seda Adamyan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, A. Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Tigran Hayrapetyan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, A. Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - George Papov
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, A. Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Lina Hakobyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Liana Abroyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Nane Bayramyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Sona Hakobyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Arpine Poghosyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hrag Torossian
- Department of Medical Biology, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zaven Karalyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia; Department of Medical Biology, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
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Villalba-Alemán E, Bustos X, Crisante G, de Jesús R, Mata J, Pereira F, Muñoz-Romo M. Hematological Characterization of Common Bats in Urban Areas from Mérida (Venezuela), and Observations on Possible Hemopathogens. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2020.22.2.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evaristo Villalba-Alemán
- Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Xiomar Bustos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Gladys Crisante
- Investigaciones Parasitológicas ‘J. F. Torrealba’, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Rosa de Jesús
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Juliris Mata
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Felipe Pereira
- Fundación Biocontacto, Avenida Alberto Carnevali, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Mariana Muñoz-Romo
- Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
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Bandouchova H, Zukal J, Linhart P, Berkova H, Brichta J, Kovacova V, Kubickova A, Abdelsalam EEE, Bartonička T, Zajíčková R, Pikula J. Low seasonal variation in greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis) blood parameters. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234784. [PMID: 32634149 PMCID: PMC7340307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis) is a flagship species for the protection of hibernation and summer maternity roosts in the Western Palearctic region. A range of pathogenic agents is known to put pressure on populations, including the white-nose syndrome fungus, for which the species shows the highest prevalence and infection intensity of all European bat species. Here, we perform analysis of blood parameters characteristic for the species during its natural annual life cycle in order to establish reference values. Despite sexual dimorphism and some univariate differences, the overall multivariate pattern suggests low seasonal variation with homeostatic mechanisms effectively regulating haematology and blood biochemistry ranges. Overall, the species displayed a high haematocrit and haemoglobin content and high concentration of urea, while blood glucose levels in swarming and hibernating bats ranged from hypo- to normoglycaemic. Unlike blood pH, concentrations of electrolytes were wide ranging. To conclude, baseline data for blood physiology are a useful tool for providing suitable medical care in rescue centres, for studying population health in bats adapting to environmental change, and for understanding bat responses to stressors of conservation and/or zoonotic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bandouchova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zukal
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Linhart
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Berkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Brichta
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Kubickova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ehdaa E. E. Abdelsalam
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Bartonička
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Zajíčková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Strumpf AA, Malmlov A, Ayers JD, Schountz T, Kendall LV. Hematologic Values of Jamaican Fruit Bats ( Artibeus jamaicensis) and the Effects of Isoflurane Anesthesia. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:275-281. [PMID: 32164795 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) are used as an animal model for several viruses, including Middle East respiratory syndrome virus, dengue virus, Zika virus, and Tacaribe virus. However, despite ongoing studies regarding these pathogens, little is known regarding the bats' normal physiology. In this study, phlebotomy of the propetagial (cephalic) vein was performed to establish baseline hematologic parameters in an apparently healthy, captive population of Jamaican fruit bats. Furthermore, we compared results from physically restrained and isoflurane-anesthetized bats. Our findings indicate significant increases in WBC count, lymphocytes, and monocytes in the anesthetized bats. However, RBC and platelet parameters were not different between the 2 groups. This information on the normal hematologic parameters of Jamaican fruit bats, adds to our overall understanding of the normal physiology of this species, and expands our knowledge on bat species in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Strumpf
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ashley Malmlov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jessica D Ayers
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Tony Schountz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lon V Kendall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado;,
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Uzenbaeva LB, Kizhina AG, Ilyukha VA, Belkin VV, Khizhkin EA. Morphology and Composition of Peripheral Blood Cells during Hibernation in Bats (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) of Northwestern Russia. BIOL BULL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359019030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liudmila K, Vladimir M, Liudmila C, Vladimir S, Nikolay M. Haematological parameters of pond bats (Myotis dasycneme Boie, 1825 Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Ural Mountains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21658005.2017.1305153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kovalchuk Liudmila
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, The Russian Federation
| | - Mishchenko Vladimir
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, The Russian Federation
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, The Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, The Russian Federation
| | - Chernaya Liudmila
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, The Russian Federation
| | - Snitko Vladimir
- The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, The Ilmen State Reserve, Miass, The Russian Federation
| | - Mikshevich Nikolay
- Department of Health and Safety, The Ural State Pedagogical University, Yekaterinburg, The Russian Federation
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Pikula J, Bandouchova H, Kovacova V, Linhart P, Piacek V, Zukal J. Reproduction of Rescued Vespertilionid Bats (Nyctalus noctula) in Captivity: Veterinary and Physiologic Aspects. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2017; 20:665-677. [PMID: 28169186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-term conservation and educational activities of numerous nongovernmental organizations have greatly increased public awareness about bats and their lifestyle. As a result, there is growing public concern about threats to bat populations. Many species of bats declined over recent decades and there is great demand for medical services to help injured or diseased bats. Veterinary clinicians dealing with such cases have to consider many issues, including ethical issues associated with the delayed fertilization reproduction strategy of temperate insectivorous bats. An outline of veterinary and physiologic requirements for treatment of and keeping vespertilionid bats in captivity is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Bandouchova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Linhart
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Piacek
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zukal
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvetna 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Although bats are one of the largest groups within the class Mammalia and may carry several zoonotic diseases, basic information about their hematology is limited. In this study, hematocrit (Hct), total white blood cell counts (TWBC; leukocytes), and differential white blood cell counts (DWBC) of free-ranging Neotropical bats were quantified. Blood samples from 255 bats representing 26 species from the families of Emballonuridae (3 species; 33 individuals), Molossidae (2 species; 26 individuals), Mormoopidae (1 species; 1 individual), Phyllostomidae (18 species; 180 individuals), and Vespertilionidae (2 species; 15 individuals) were collected in a Caribbean lowland rainforest of Costa Rica. Hct was measured after centrifugation of microhematocrit capillaries, TWBCs were performed using the Unopette system and a hemocytometer, and DWBCs were performed on eosin methylene blue stained blood films. Hct of bats ranged between 51.8 +/- 0.7% for Phyllostomus discolor (n = 27) and 65.8 +/- 2.2% for Molossus sinaloae (n = 6). Bat species of the same taxonomic family had comparable TWBCs; these were lower for insectivorous emballonurid, molossid, and vespertilionid bat species than for mostly phytophagous phyllostomid bat species. However, Ectophylla alba (Phyllostomidae) exhibited exceptionally low TWBCs (836 +/- 166 /microl; n = 10); this was less than half of the TWBCs of all other bat species, which ranged from 1,714 +/- 297/microl for Molossus bondae (n = 20) to 7,339 +/- 1,503/microl for Trachops cirrhosus (n = 6). Species with higher TWBCs tended to have lower Hct values. Overall, blood cell morphology was similar to other mammalian species. A large number of polychromatophilic erythrocytes and differences in lymphocyte morphology were noted. This study provides important hematological values for Neotropical bat species and significantly expands the knowledge on basal physiological measurements of Chiroptera.
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Rodríguez-Durán A, Padilla-Rodríguez E. Blood Characteristics, Heart Mass, and Wing Morphology of Antillean Bats. CARIBB J SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.18475/cjos.v44i3.a12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Andersen NA, Mesch U, Lovell DJ, Nicol SC. The effects of sex, season, and hibernation on haematology and blood viscosity of free-ranging echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus). CAN J ZOOL 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/z99-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated seasonal changes in haematology and blood viscosity in free-ranging echidnas, Tachyglossus aculeatus (37 females, 28 males, and 17 juveniles), some of which had been fitted with radio transmitters, allowing them to be located and bled during hibernation. Only one haematological parameter, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, appeared to show any clear relationship with hibernation. Seasonal variation was most marked in females, with red-cell count, haematocrit, and haemoglobin levels highest in summer and lowest in spring (P < 0.001). Males had higher values than females or juveniles (P < 0.05). Plasma osmolality was highest in summer (307 ± 4 mosmol/kg, n = 11) and lowest in autumn (290 ± 6 mosmol/kg, n = 6). Contrary to expectation, blood from hibernating echidnas, when measured at 32°C and at a haematocrit of 45%, showed significantly higher viscosity than blood from nonhibernating echidnas. These increases in mean cell haemoglobin concentration and blood viscosity during hibernation appear to be due to a build-up of senescent red cells and a reduced rate of erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Smith
- Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; e-mail:
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Prinzinger R, Misovic A. Vogelblut — eine allometrische Übersicht der Bestandteile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01640285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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