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Ayers JD, Guevara Beltrán D, Van Horn A, Cronk L, Hurmuz-Sklias H, Todd PM, Aktipis A. COVID-19 and friendships: Agreeableness and neuroticism are associated with more concern about COVID-19 and friends' risky behaviors. Pers Individ Dif 2023; 213:112297. [PMID: 37324175 PMCID: PMC10258584 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2023.112297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance of friendships during challenging times and the mixed associations between personality traits and disease-related behaviors, we investigated the correlations between personality traits and perceptions of friendships during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected as part of a longitudinal investigation of the correlations between the pandemic and various cooperative relationships. In this investigation, we found that agreeableness and neuroticism predicted participants being more concerned about COVID-19 and bothered by friends' risky behavior, and extraversion predicted enjoying helping friends during the pandemic. Our results suggest that personality differences are associated with how individuals cope with friends' risky behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Ayers
- Department of Psychological Science, Boise State University, United States
| | | | - Andrew Van Horn
- Departments of Physics and Art History, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Lee Cronk
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, United States
| | | | - Peter M Todd
- Cognitive Science Program and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, United States
| | - Athena Aktipis
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, United States
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, United States
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Heiman SL, Claessens S, Ayers JD, Guevara Beltrán D, Van Horn A, Hirt ER, Aktipis A, Todd PM. Descriptive norms caused increases in mask wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11856. [PMID: 37481635 PMCID: PMC10363160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38593-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human sociality is governed by two types of social norms: injunctive norms, which prescribe what people ought to do, and descriptive norms, which reflect what people actually do. The process by which these norms emerge and their causal influences on cooperative behavior over time are not well understood. Here, we study these questions through social norms influencing mask wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Leveraging 2 years of data from the United States (18 time points; n = 915), we tracked mask wearing and perceived injunctive and descriptive mask wearing norms as the pandemic unfolded. Longitudinal trends suggested that norms and behavior were tightly coupled, changing quickly in response to public health recommendations. In addition, longitudinal modeling revealed that descriptive norms caused future increases in mask wearing across multiple waves of data collection. These cross-lagged causal effects of descriptive norms were large, even after controlling for non-social beliefs and demographic variables. Injunctive norms, by contrast, had less frequent and generally weaker causal effects on future mask wearing. During uncertain times, cooperative behavior is more strongly driven by what others are actually doing, rather than what others think ought to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Heiman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Scott Claessens
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jessica D Ayers
- Department of Psychological Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | | | - Andrew Van Horn
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Art History, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Edward R Hirt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Athena Aktipis
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Peter M Todd
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
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3
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Ayers JD, Sznycer D, Sullivan D, Guevara Beltrán D, van den Akker OR, Muñoz AE, Hruschka DJ, Cronk L, Aktipis A. Fitness interdependence as indexed by shared fate: Factor structure and validity of a new measure. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences 2022. [DOI: 10.1037/ebs0000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ayers JD, Krems JA, Hess N, Aktipis A. Mother-in-Law Daughter-in-Law Conflict: an Evolutionary Perspective and Report of Empirical Data from the USA. Evolutionary Psychological Science 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-021-00312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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5
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Ayers JD. Competitive scenarios increase competition in women: A meta-analysis. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences 2021. [DOI: 10.1037/ebs0000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ayers JD, Guevara Beltrán D, Van Horn A, Cronk L, Todd PM, Aktipis A. Younger people and people with higher subjective SES experienced more negative effects of the pandemic on their friendships. Pers Individ Dif 2021; 185:111246. [PMID: 34538996 PMCID: PMC8438507 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Friendships provide social support and mental health benefits, yet the COVID-19 pandemic has limited interactions with friends. In August 2020, we asked participants (N = 634) about their friendships during the pandemic as part of a larger study. We found that younger people and people with higher subjective SES reported more negative effects on their friendships, including feeling more isolated and lonelier. We also found that stress, isolation, and guilt were associated with greater COVID-related social risk-taking, such as making and visiting new friends in person. Our results suggest the pandemic is affecting friendships differently across demographic groups and these negative effects might motivate social risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Ayers
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, United States
| | | | - Andrew Van Horn
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, United States
| | - Lee Cronk
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, United States
| | - Peter M Todd
- Cognitive Science Program and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, United States
| | - Athena Aktipis
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, United States.,Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, United States
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Strumpf AA, Malmlov A, Ayers JD, Schountz T, Kendall LV. Hematologic Values of Jamaican Fruit Bats ( Artibeus jamaicensis) and the Effects of Isoflurane Anesthesia. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2020; 59:275-281. [PMID: 32164795 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) are used as an animal model for several viruses, including Middle East respiratory syndrome virus, dengue virus, Zika virus, and Tacaribe virus. However, despite ongoing studies regarding these pathogens, little is known regarding the bats' normal physiology. In this study, phlebotomy of the propetagial (cephalic) vein was performed to establish baseline hematologic parameters in an apparently healthy, captive population of Jamaican fruit bats. Furthermore, we compared results from physically restrained and isoflurane-anesthetized bats. Our findings indicate significant increases in WBC count, lymphocytes, and monocytes in the anesthetized bats. However, RBC and platelet parameters were not different between the 2 groups. This information on the normal hematologic parameters of Jamaican fruit bats, adds to our overall understanding of the normal physiology of this species, and expands our knowledge on bat species in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Strumpf
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ashley Malmlov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jessica D Ayers
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Tony Schountz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lon V Kendall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado;,
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Aktipis A, Whitaker R, Ayers JD. Do Smartphones Create a Coordination Problem for Face-to-Face Interaction? Leveraging Game Theory to Understand and Solve the Smartphone Dilemma. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1800261. [PMID: 32130740 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Smartphone use changes the landscape of social interactions, including introducing new social dilemmas to daily life. The challenge of putting down one's smartphone is an example of a classic coordination problem from game theory: the stag hunt game. In a stag hunt game, there are two possible coordination points, one that involves big payoffs for both partners (e.g., working together to hunt large game like stag) and one that involves smaller payoffs for both partners (e.g., individually hunting small game like rabbits) but is safer because it does not require that your partner choose that option as well. This is similar to the challenges of putting down smartphones to have a face-to-face interaction: you and your interaction partner might both prefer the higher payoff option of having a face-to-face interaction, but neither of you wants to put down your phone and risk not having anything to do in the meantime. It is also discussed how new technological innovations are changing the payoffs of face-to-face conversation versus side-by-side smartphone scrolling. Insights that come from applying game theory to this "social media dilemma" are discussed here and potential solutions that come out of a game theoretic analysis are offered. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/9esL578zM-E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Aktipis
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Roger Whitaker
- Cardiff University, School of Computer Science & Informatics, 5 The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Jessica D Ayers
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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Aktipis A, Cronk L, Alcock J, Ayers JD, Baciu C, Balliet D, Boddy AM, Curry OS, Krems JA, Muñoz A, Sullivan D, Sznycer D, Wilkinson GS, Winfrey P. Understanding cooperation through fitness interdependence. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 2:429-431. [PMID: 31097813 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athena Aktipis
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Lee Cronk
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joe Alcock
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jessica D Ayers
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Cristina Baciu
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel Balliet
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amy M Boddy
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Scott Curry
- Institute for Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Andrés Muñoz
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel Sznycer
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gerald S Wilkinson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Winfrey
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Hutson CL, Gallardo-Romero N, Carroll DS, Salzer JS, Ayers JD, Doty JB, Hughes CM, Nakazawa Y, Hudson P, Patel N, Keckler MS, Olson VA, Nagy T. Analgesia during Monkeypox Virus Experimental Challenge Studies in Prairie Dogs ( Cynomys ludovicianus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2019; 58:485-500. [PMID: 31142401 PMCID: PMC6643093 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Because human patients with monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection report painful symptoms, it is reasonable to assume that animals infected with MPXV experience some degree of pain. Understanding whether and how analgesics affect MPXV disease progression is crucial when planning in vivo challenge experiments. In the current study, we challenged prairie dogs with a low dose (4 ×10³ pfu) of MPXV and treated with meloxicam (NSAID) or buprenorphine (opioid); control animals did not receive analgesia or received analgesia without MPXV challenge. Subsets of animals from each group were serially euthanized during the course of the study. Disease progression and viral kinetics were similar between groups, but MXPVinfected, meloxicam-treated animals showed increasing trends of morbidity and mortality compared with other groups. Differences between no-analgesia MPXV-infected control animals and MPXV-infected animals treated with buprenorphine were minimal. The findings in the current study allow more informed decisions concerning the use of analgesics during experimental MPXV challenge studies, thereby improving animal welfare. In light of these findings, we have modified our pain scale for this animal model to include the use of buprenorphine for pain relief when warranted after MPXV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Hutson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Georgia;,
| | - Nadia Gallardo-Romero
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Darin S Carroll
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Johanna S Salzer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jessica D Ayers
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jeff B Doty
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Christine M Hughes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Yoshi Nakazawa
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Paul Hudson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Nishi Patel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - M S Keckler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Victoria A Olson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Tamas Nagy
- The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Kendall LV, Owiny JR, Dohm ED, Knapek KJ, Lee ES, Kopanke JH, Fink M, Hansen SA, Ayers JD. Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction in Animal Studies With Biohazardous Agents. ILAR J 2019; 59:177-194. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Animal models are critical to the advancement of our knowledge of infectious disease pathogenesis, diagnostics, therapeutics, and prevention strategies. The use of animal models requires thoughtful consideration for their well-being, as infections can significantly impact the general health of an animal and impair their welfare. Application of the 3Rs—replacement, refinement, and reduction—to animal models using biohazardous agents can improve the scientific merit and animal welfare. Replacement of animal models can use in vitro techniques such as cell culture systems, mathematical models, and engineered tissues or invertebrate animal hosts such as amoeba, worms, fruit flies, and cockroaches. Refinements can use a variety of techniques to more closely monitor the course of disease. These include the use of biomarkers, body temperature, behavioral observations, and clinical scoring systems. Reduction is possible using advanced technologies such as in vivo telemetry and imaging, allowing longitudinal assessment of animals during the course of disease. While there is no single method to universally replace, refine, or reduce animal models, the alternatives and techniques discussed are broadly applicable and they should be considered when infectious disease animal models are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lon V Kendall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, and Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - James R Owiny
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Erik D Dohm
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Katie J Knapek
- Comparative Medicine Training Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Erin S Lee
- Animal Resource Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jennifer H Kopanke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Michael Fink
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sarah A Hansen
- Office of Animal Resources, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jessica D Ayers
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Smith BJ, Killoran KE, Xu JJ, Ayers JD, Kendall LV. Extending the Use of Disposable Caging Based on Results of Microbiologic Surface Testing. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2018; 57:253-257. [PMID: 29784075 PMCID: PMC5966232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Prions are proteinaceous infectious agents that are highly resistant to denaturation. Sterilization of prion-contaminated mouse cages requires chemical agents and increased autoclave temperatures that damage traditional cages, thus increasing facility costs. Disposable cages are a possible alternative that might decrease replacement costs without compromising the environment of the mice. We compared our standard protocol of changing traditional cages and bedding once every 2 wk to an experimental protocol using disposable cages in which only the bedding was changed once every 2 wk over an 8-wk period. We hypothesized that disposable cages would retain an acceptable level of cleanliness (measured by ATP swabs and contact plates) for at least 8 wk when bedding is replaced every 14 d. Results from ATP swabs and contact plates showed no difference between the 2 protocols during the 8-wk experiment. Prolonged use (that is, as long as 8 wk) of disposable cages had no additional environmental concerns, compared with traditional cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado;,
| | - Kristin E Killoran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jiajie J Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jessica D Ayers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lon V Kendall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Kendall LV, Kim EK, Owiny JR, Ayers JD. Veterinary Verification and Consultation: implementation of OLAW guidance on significant changes. Lab Anim (NY) 2017; 46:63-65. [DOI: 10.1038/laban.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Siriarchavatana P, Ayers JD, Kendall LV. Anesthetic Activity of Alfaxalone Compared with Ketamine in Mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2016; 55:426-430. [PMID: 27423149 PMCID: PMC4943613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alfaxalone encased in hydroxypropyl-β -cyclodextrin is a neuroactive steroid compound that has recently been approved in the United States for use as an anesthetic in dogs and cats. We evaluated the use of alfaxalone compared with ketamine, both alone and in combination with xylazine, for anesthesia of C57BL/6 mice. We assessed time to onset of anesthesia, duration of action, reflex responses, respiratory rate, and clinical signs. Alfaxalone (80 mg/kg IP) induced a light surgical plane of anesthesia in all mice, with a time to onset of 2.2 ± 0.2 min and duration of 57.1 ± 3.8 min, whereas ketamine (80 mg/kg IP) provided only sedative effects (time to onset, 5.4 ± 0.4 min; duration, 6.9 ± 0.8 min). Clinically, alfaxalone caused a spectrum of activities, including popcorn-like jumping movements after injection, intense scratching of the face, hyperresponsiveness to noise or touch, and marked limb jerking during recovery. Adding xylazine to the single-agent protocols achieved deep surgical anesthesia (duration: alfaxalone + xylazine, 80.3 ± 17.8 min; ketamine + xylazine, 37.4 ± 8.2 min) and ameliorated the adverse clinical signs. Our preliminary analysis suggests that, because of its side effects, alfaxalone alone is not a viable anesthetic option for mice. Although alfaxalone combined with xylazine appeared to be a more viable option, some mice still experienced mild adverse reactions, and the long duration of action might be problematic regarding the maintenance of body temperature and monitoring of recovery. Further studies evaluating different routes of administration and drug combinations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parkpoom Siriarchavatana
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathumtani, Thailand
| | - Jessica D Ayers
- Laboratory Animal Resources Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
| | - Lon V Kendall
- Laboratory Animal Resources Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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17
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Ayers JD, Rota PA, Collins ML, Drew CP. Alternatives to retroorbital blood collection in hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2012; 51:239-245. [PMID: 22776125 PMCID: PMC3314528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) are a valuable animal model for many human viral diseases, including polio virus, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and herpes simplex virus. Although cotton rats have been used in research since 1939, few publications address handling and sampling techniques for this species, and the retroorbital sinus remains the recommended blood sampling site. Here we assessed blood sampling methods that are currently used in other species and a novel subzygomatic sampling site for their use in S. hispidus. The subzygomatic approach accesses a venous sinus that possibly is unique to this species and that lies just below the zygomatic arch of the maxilla and deep to the masseter muscle. We report that both the novel subzygomatic approach and the sublingual vein method can be used effectively in cotton rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Ayers
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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18
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Abstract
A series of arabinofuranosyl oligosaccharides found as constituent parts of the polysaccharide portion of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been chemically synthesized. Screening of these oligosaccharides as substrates for arabinosyltransferases present in mycobacterial membrane preparations suggests that modified oligosaccharide analogs as small as disaccharides may be inhibitors of glycan biosynthesis. Such inhibitors would be of potential utility as lead compounds in the identification of new drugs for the treatment of mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Ayers
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43202, USA
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Skelton EF, Ayers JD, Qadri SB, Moulton NE, Cooper KP, Finger LW, Mao HK, Hu Z. Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction from a Microscopic Single Crystal Under Pressure. Science 1991; 253:1123-5. [PMID: 17731809 DOI: 10.1126/science.253.5024.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Metallic filaments with submicrometer diametere have been fabricated. Standard diffraction techniques with conventional x-ray sources were unsuccessful in identifying the structure of these materials. However, with the use of synchrotron radiation produced on a wiggler beam line, diffraction data were obtained in measurement periods as short as 10 milliseconds. Two cylindrical single crystals of bismuth were studied, each with a diameter of 0.22 +/- 0.02 micrometer. The volume of sample illuminated for these measurements was 0.38 cubic micrometer, less than 0.5 femtoliter. The crystals are grown in glass capillaries, and, because bismuth expands on solidification, they are under a residual hoop stress. The crystallographic data indicate the presence of a linear compressive strain of about 2 percent, which is assumed to be the result of a residual stress of about 2 gigapascals.
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