Changes in free amino acid concentrations in tissues of the freshwater pulmonate, Helisoma duryi, during hypertonic stress

Long-term exposure to environmental diclofenac concentrations impairs growth and induces molecular changes in Lymnaea stagnalis freshwater snails

As pharmaceutical substances are highly used in human and veterinary medicine and subsequently released in the environment, they represent emerging contaminants in the aquatic compartment. Diclofenac (DCF) is one of the most commonly detected pharmaceuticals in water and little research has been focused on its long-term effects on freshwater invertebrates. In this study, we assessed the chronic impacts of DCF on the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis using life history, behavioral and molecular approaches. These organisms were exposed from the embryo to the adult stage to three environmentally relevant DCF concentrations (0.1, 2 and 10 μg/L). The results indicated that DCF impaired shell growth and feeding behavior at the juvenile stage, yet no impacts on hatching, locomotion and response to light stress were noted. The molecular findings (metabolomics and transcriptomic) suggested that DCF may disturb the immune system, energy metabolism, osmoregulation and redox balance. In addition, prostaglandin synthesis could potentially be inhibited by DCF exposure. The molecular findings revealed signs of reproduction impairment but this trend was not confirmed by the physiological tests. Combined omics tools provided complementary information and enabled us to gain further insight into DCF effects in freshwater organisms.

FMRFamide-related peptides from the kidney of the snail, Helisoma trivolvis

Three FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) were purified and characterized from the kidney of the snail, Helisoma trivolvis, by HPLC and detected using two radioimmunoassays (RIA) for FaRPs. Automated sequencing and mass spectrometry of the isolated peptides suggest the following sequences: Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide), Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide), and Gly-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2 (GDPFLRFamide). The FaRPs, predominantly the heptapeptides, were also detected by HPLC and RIA in other osmoregulatory tissues such as the skin, mantle, and the hemolymph. The level of FaRPs, detected by radioimmunoassay, appears to be lower in snails kept under hyposmotic stress than in snails kept under isosmotic stress. The FaRPs appear to be involved in osmoregulation in H. trivolvis.