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McFarland K, Rumbold D, Loh AN, Haynes L, Tolley SG, Gorman P, Welch B, Goodman P, Barnes TK, Doering PH, Soudant P, Volety AK. Effects of freshwater release on oyster reef density, reproduction, and disease in a highly modified estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:96. [PMID: 35029759 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Few estuaries remain unaffected by water management and altered freshwater deliveries. The Caloosahatchee River Estuary is a perfect case study for assessing the impact of altered hydrology on natural oyster reef (Crassostrea virginica) populations. The watershed has been highly modified and greatly enlarged by an artificial connection to Lake Okeechobee. Accordingly, to generate data to support water management recommendations, this study monitored various oyster biometrics over 15 years along the primary salinity gradient. Oyster reef densities were significantly affected by both prolonged high volume freshwater releases creating hyposaline conditions at upstream sites and by a lack of freshwater input creating hypersaline conditions at downstream sites. Low freshwater input led to an increase in disease caused by Perkinsus marinus and predation. Moderate (< 2000 cfs) and properly timed (winter/spring) freshets benefited oysters with increased gametogenesis, good larval mixing, and a reprieve from disease. If high volume freshets occurred in the late summer, extensive mortality occurred at the upstream site due to low salinity. These findings suggest freshwater releases in the late summer, when reproductive stress is at its peak and pelagic larvae are most vulnerable, should be limited to < 2000 cfs, but that longer freshets (1-3 weeks) in the winter and early spring (e.g., December-April) benefit oysters by reducing salinity and lessening disease intensity. Similar strategies can be employed in other managed systems, and patterns regarding the timing of high volume flows are applicable to all estuaries where the management of healthy oyster reefs is a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine McFarland
- FGCU Boulevard, Vester Marine Field Station and Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA.
- NOAA Fisheries NEFSC, Milford Laboratory, CT, Milford, 06460, USA.
| | - Darren Rumbold
- FGCU Boulevard, Vester Marine Field Station and Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA
| | - Ai Ning Loh
- FGCU Boulevard, Vester Marine Field Station and Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina, Wilmington 601 South College Rd, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - Lesli Haynes
- FGCU Boulevard, Vester Marine Field Station and Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA
- Lee County Natural Resources - Marine Services, 1500 Monroe St. Ft, Myers, FL, 33965, USA
| | - S Gregory Tolley
- FGCU Boulevard, Vester Marine Field Station and Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA
| | - Patricia Gorman
- South Florida Water Management District, 3301 Gun Club Road, West Palm Beach, FL, 33406, USA
| | - Barbara Welch
- South Florida Water Management District, 3301 Gun Club Road, West Palm Beach, FL, 33406, USA
| | - Patricia Goodman
- FGCU Boulevard, Vester Marine Field Station and Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA
- United States Army Installation Management Command DPW - Presidio of Monterey, B4463 Gigling Rd, Seaside, CA, 93955, USA
| | - Tomma K Barnes
- NOAA National Ocean Service National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 101 Pivers Island Rd, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Peter H Doering
- South Florida Water Management District, 3301 Gun Club Road, West Palm Beach, FL, 33406, USA
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Université de Brest, UBO, CNRS, IRD, Institut Universitaire Européen de La Mer, LEMAR, Rue Dumont d'Urville, Plouzané, France
| | - Aswani K Volety
- FGCU Boulevard, Vester Marine Field Station and Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina, Wilmington 601 South College Rd, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
- Elon University Alamance Building 120C, 2200 Campus Box, Elon, NC, 27244, USA
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QUEIROGA FERNANDORAMOS, MARQUES-SANTOS LUISFERNANDO, DE MEDEIROS ISACALMEIDA, DA SILVA PATRÍCIAMIRELLA. Effects of salinity and temperature on in vitro cell cycle and proliferation of Perkinsus marinus from Brazil. Parasitology 2016; 143:475-87. [PMID: 26888407 PMCID: PMC4800715 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Field and in vitro studies have shown that high salinities and temperatures promote the proliferation and dissemination of Perkinsus marinus in several environments. In Brazil, the parasite infects native oysters Crassostrea gasar and Crassostrea rhizophorae in the Northeast (NE), where the temperature is high throughout the year. Despite the high prevalence of Perkinsus spp. infection in oysters from the NE of Brazil, no mortality events were reported by oyster farmers to date. The present study evaluated the effects of salinity (5, 20 and 35 psu) and temperature (15, 25 and 35 °C) on in vitro proliferation of P. marinus isolated from a host (C. rhizophorae) in Brazil, for a period of up to 15 days and after the return to the control conditions (22 days; recovery). Different cellular parameters (changes of cell phase's composition, cell density, viability and production of reactive oxygen species) were analysed using flow cytometry. The results indicate that the P. marinus isolate was sensitive to the extreme salinities and temperatures analysed. Only the highest temperature caused lasting cell damage under prolonged exposure, impairing P. marinus recovery, which is likely to be associated with oxidative stress. These findings will contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of perkinsiosis in tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- FERNANDO RAMOS QUEIROGA
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - LUIS FERNANDO MARQUES-SANTOS
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, CEP 58051–900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - ISAC ALMEIDA DE MEDEIROS
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CEP 58051–900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - PATRÍCIA MIRELLA DA SILVA
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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La Peyre MK, Casas SM, Gayle W, La Peyre JF. The combined influence of sub-optimal temperature and salinity on the in vitro viability of Perkinsus marinus, a protistan parasite of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 105:176-81. [PMID: 20600094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Perkinsus marinus is a major cause of mortality in eastern oysters along the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts. It is also well documented that temperature and salinity are the primary environmental factors affecting P. marinus viability and proliferation. However, little is known about the effects of combined sub-optimal temperatures and salinities on P. marinus viability. This in vitro study examined those effects by acclimating P. marinus at three salinities (7, 15, 25 ppt) to 10 degrees C to represent the lowest temperatures generally reached in the Gulf of Mexico, and to 2 degrees C to represent the lowest temperatures reached along the mid-Atlantic coasts and by measuring changes in cell viability and density on days 1, 30, 60 and 90 following acclimation. Cell viability and density were also measured in 7 ppt cultures acclimated to each temperature and then transferred to 3.5 ppt. The largest decreases in cell viability occurred only with combined low temperature and salinity, indicating that there is clearly a synergistic effect. The largest decreases in cell viability occurred only with both low temperature and salinity after 30 days (3.5 ppt, 2 degrees C: 0% viability), 60 days (3.5 ppt, 10 degrees C: 0% viability) and 90 days (7 ppt, 2 degrees C: 0.6+/-0.7%; 7 ppt, 10 degrees C: 0.2+/-0.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K La Peyre
- US Geological Survey, Louisiana Fish and Wildlife Cooperative Research Unit, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Determination of the effects of temperature on viability, metabolic activity and proliferation of two Perkinsus species, and its significance to understanding seasonal cycles of perkinsosis. Parasitology 2008; 135:505-19. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008004150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe range of water temperatures in which Perkinsus species can survive and proliferate remains ill-defined, particularly at lower temperatures. The in vitro viability, metabolic activity, and proliferation of 3 isolates each of P. marinus and P. olseni trophozoites at 28°C, and at 15 and 4°C, after transfer from 28°C, were compared. Both species showed declines in metabolic activity and proliferation from 28°C to 15°C. At 4°C, both species had viability after 30 days incubation time (P. marinus 49%, P. olseni 58%), but limited metabolic activity and no proliferation. Perkinsus marinus viability was further compared when transferred directly from 28°C, 18°C and progressively from 18°C (0·5°C/day) to 2, 4 and 6°C and maintained for up to 4 months. Viability was highest under progressive transfer (77% and 54% after 30 and 60 days exposure to test temperatures). The decrease in P. marinus viability at the lower temperatures in vitro only partially explains decreasing parasite infection intensities in eastern oysters in the colder months of the year. Moreover, the significant decrease in parasite infection intensities in late winter and early spring, as temperatures increase, is likely due to an active process of elimination by oyster host defences.
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